Estimating the incidence of Venezuelan migration and other socioeconomic factors on urban growth in Colombia.

This study investigates the intricate relationship between Venezuelan migration and urban growth in Colombia from 2018 to 2021. The study employs remote sensing data and social network metrics to uncover migration patterns and their impact on urban expansion. The methodology consists of three stages. Firstly, nighttime satellite imagery is used to analyze year-over-year urban growth in Colombia. Secondly, social network data estimates Venezuelan migration, overcoming challenges of underreporting and informal border crossings. Lastly, an econometric analysis explores the quantitative link between Venezuelan migration and urban growth, integrating socioeconomic variables to address endogeneity. The findings reveal the complex interplay of Venezuelan migration, socioeconomic factors, and urban growth. The study outlines remote sensing analysis, introducing the Anthropogenic Footprint Expansion Index (AFEI) to quantify urban growth. Facebook API data estimates migration trends and explores socioeconomic impacts on urban expansion. The analysis uncovers migration, poverty, aging, and urban population proportion as key factors affecting Colombia's urban landscape. Furthermore, the research underscores how Venezuelan migration affected short-term urban expansion pre- and post-COVID-19. Migration had a notable effect before the pandemic, but this influence waned afterward. The study highlights migration's short-term nature and emphasizes age demographics' role in medium-term dynamics.

Nimotuzumab combinado con radioterapia en el tratamiento de tumores infiltrantes y difusos del tallo cerebral en niños y adolescentes

RESUMEN Introducción: Los gliomas infiltrantes y difusos del tallo cerebral en los niños y adolescentes comportan un mal pronóstico y un tiempo corto de supervivencia. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados obtenidos con la combinación de nimotuzumab y radioterapia en tumores del tallo cerebral en niños y adolescentes. Métodos: El anticuerpo monoclonal nimotuzumab combinado con la radioterapia fue aplicado en una serie de 69 pacientes con edades entre 2 y 18 años, incluidos desde 2008 hasta 2020, y seguidos hasta agosto de 2021. Fueron irradiados en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana, con una dosis en un rango de 54 a 59 Gy. El nimotuzumab se aplicó a la dosis de 150 mg/m2 de superficie corporal, una vez por semana mientras duró el tratamiento radiante, luego cada 2 semanas con igual dosis, y finalmente, una vez por mes durante 1, 2 o más años. Resultados: Al terminar el tratamiento combinado de la radioterapia y el nimotuzumab existió respuesta en 89,9 % de los pacientes. La mediana del tiempo de supervivencia global fue de 18,8 meses y las tasas de supervivencia de la serie fueron de 76,4; 45,4; 38,9; 32,8 y 31,5 % a uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco y más años, respectivamente, estabilizada a partir de este tiempo hasta diez años y más. Tres pacientes en recaída fueron reirradiados. Conclusiones: La combinación de radioterapia y nimotuzumab fue bien tolerada y es una opción de tratamiento en tumores del tallo cerebral en niños y adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infiltrating and diffuse gliomas of the brain stem in children and adolescents lead to a poor prognosis and a short survival time. Objective: Present the results obtained with the combination of nimotuzumab and radiotherapy in brain stem tumors in children and adolescents. Methods: The monoclonal antibody called nimotuzumab combined with radiotherapy was applied in a series of 69 patients aged between 2 and 18 years, from 2008 to 2020, and followed until August 2021. They were irradiated at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology in Havana, with a dose in a range of 54 to 59 Gy. Nimotuzumab was applied at the dose of 150 mg/m2 of body surface area, once a week while the radiation treatment was active, then every 2 weeks with the same dose, and finally once a month for 1, 2 or more years. Results: At the end of the combined treatment of radiotherapy and nimotuzumab, there was a response in 89.9% of the patients. The median overall survival time was 18.8 months and series survival rates were 76.4; 45.4; 38.9; 32.8; and 31.5% at one, two, three, four, five and more years, respectively, and it was stabilized from this time to 10 years and more. Three relapsed patients were re-radiated. Conclusions: The combination of radiotherapy and nimotuzumab was well tolerated and is an option for the treatment in brain stem tumors in children and adolescents.

Caracterización de lesiones de piel en una institución de salud en Bogotá / Characterization of skin lesions in a health institution in Bogotá / Caracterização de lesões de pele em uma instituição de saúde em Bogotá

Objetivo: Describir las características de las lesiones de piel que ocurren como evento ad-verso al cuidado clínico en una institución de salud de IV nivel de complejidad. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en donde se tomaron 50 historias clínicas correspondientes a un periodo de 12 meses, de pacientes que estuvieron hospitalizados; en los que se valoró la historia desde la primera valoración y las siguientes a esta cada 7 días según protocolo institucional y por medio de la escala de Braden. Resulta-dos: El tipo de lesión de piel más frecuente son las úlceras por presión con 24 casos (40%), el lugar anatómico de lesión más reportado fue la región sacra con un 40% seguido del 30% que tenían más de una localización. En el 94% (n=47) de los casos las consecuencias del even-to ocasionaron a los pacientes tratamientos y procedimientos adicionales con un desenlace moderado. Conclusión: Las lesiones de piel más frecuentes fueron las úlceras por presión, puesto que este evento adverso representa un indicador de calidad del cuidado de enfermería, se deben mejorar las estrategias de prevención en el plan de cuidados de enfermería

Objective: To describe the characteristics of skin lesions that occur as an adverse events in a health institution of IV level of complexity. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sec-tional study was carried out in which 50 medical records corresponding to a period of 12 months were taken from patients who were hospitalized; starting the follow-up between the first assessment and the subsequent ones every 7 days according to institutional protocol and using the Braden scale. Results: The most frequent type of skin lesion is pressure ulcers with 24 cases (40%), the most reported anatomical site of injury was the sacral region with 40% followed by 30% with more than one location. In most cases (94%) the consequences of the event cause patients additional treatments and procedures with a moderate outcome. Conclusion: The most frequent skin lesions were pressure ulcers, since this adverse event represents an indicator of the quality of nursing care, prevention strategies must be improved in the nursing care plan

Objetivo: Descrever as características das lesões de pele que ocorrem como evento adverso ao atendimento clínico em uma instituição de saúde de nível de complexidade IV. Materi-ais e métodos: Realizar um estudio descritivo de corte transversal em donde se tomaron 50 historias clínicas correspondentes a um periodo de 12 meses, de pacientes que estuvieron hospitalizados; iniciando o seguimento entre a primeira valoração e os siguientes a esta cada 7 dias según protocolo institucional e por meio da escala de Braden. Resultados: El tipo de lesão de piel más frecuente son las úlceras por presión con 24 casos (40%), el lugar anatóm-ico de lesión más reportado fue la región sacra con un 40% seguido del 30% que tenían más de una localización. Em 94% (n=47) dos casos, as consequências do evento ocasionan a los pacientes tratamientos e procedimentos adicionais con un desenlace moderado. Conclusão: As lesões de pele mais frequentes foram as úlceras por pressão, visto que este evento adverso representa um indicador da qualidade da assistência de enfermagem, as estratégias de pre-venção devem ser aprimoradas no plano de cuidados de enfermagem

Altered glucocorticoid metabolism represents a feature of macroph-aging.

The aging process is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state, termed "inflammaging." It has been suggested that macrophage activation plays a key role in the induction and maintenance of this state. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for aging-associated changes in the myeloid compartment of mice. The aging phenotype, characterized by elevated cytokine production, was associated with a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and diminished serum corticosteroid levels. In particular, the concentration of corticosterone, the major active glucocorticoid in rodents, was decreased. This could be explained by an impaired expression and activity of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1), an enzyme that determines the extent of cellular glucocorticoid responses by reducing the corticosteroids cortisone/11-dehydrocorticosterone to their active forms cortisol/corticosterone, in aged macrophages and peripheral leukocytes. These changes were accompanied by a downregulation of the glucocorticoid receptor target gene glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in vitro and in vivo. Since GILZ plays a central role in macrophage activation, we hypothesized that the loss of GILZ contributed to the process of macroph-aging. The phenotype of macrophages from aged mice was indeed mimicked in young GILZ knockout mice. In summary, the current study provides insight into the role of glucocorticoid metabolism and GILZ regulation during aging.

The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper mediates statin-induced muscle damage.

Statins, the most prescribed class of drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, can cause muscle-related adverse effects. It has been shown that the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) plays a key role in the anti-myogenic action of dexamethasone. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the role of GILZ in statin-induced myopathy. Statins induced GILZ expression in C2C12 cells, primary murine myoblasts/myotubes, primary human myoblasts, and in vivo in zebrafish embryos and human quadriceps femoris muscle. Gilz induction was mediated by FOXO3 activation and binding to the Gilz promoter, and could be reversed by the addition of geranylgeranyl, but not farnesyl, pyrophosphate. Atorvastatin decreased Akt phosphorylation and increased cleaved caspase-3 levels in myoblasts. This effect was reversed in myoblasts from GILZ knockout mice. Similarly, myofibers isolated from knockout animals were more resistant toward statin-induced cell death than their wild-type counterparts. Statins also impaired myoblast differentiation, and this effect was accompanied by GILZ induction. The in vivo relevance of our findings was supported by the observation that gilz overexpression in zebrafish embryos led to impaired embryonic muscle development. Taken together, our data point toward GILZ as an essential mediator of the molecular mechanisms leading to statin-induced muscle damage.

Enfermedad de Gaucher tipo 1. Presentación de caso / Type 1 Gaucher's Disease. Presentation of a Case

La enfermedad de Gaucher es un trastorno autosómico recesivo raro debido a la ausencia de la enzima glucocerebrosidasa, produciéndose acumulación de glucocerebrósidos en el sistema retículo endotelial. Se manifiesta por alteraciones hemáticas, hepatoesplenomegalia y manifestaciones neurológicas y óseas. Las células que acumulan el glucocerebrósido son llamadas células de Gaucher. Se presenta una paciente femenina, blanca, de 16 años de edad, de procedencia rural que acudió a consulta del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja por presentar anemia, decaimiento y pérdida de peso, acompañado además por aumento de volumen del abdomen. Con el antecedente de presentar necrosis aséptica del fémur derecho, y madre diabética. Al examen físico se constató la presencia de una gran palidez cutánea mucosa, hepatoesplenomegalia. El examen neurológico fue totalmente normal. En los exámenes de sangre se encontró anemia y trombocitopenia. Se realizó biopsia de bazo, hígado y médula ósea encontrándose las células de Gaucher. El diagnóstico se realizó basado en la clínica, cobrando gran peso la presencia de manifestaciones óseas y la hepatoesplenomegalia. Se basó además en la observación histológica de las células de Gaucher y en la determinación de los niveles bajos de actividad de la enzima glucocerebrosidasa en los leucocitos de la sangre o fibroblastos cutáneos.

Gaucher disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to the absence of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, resulting in accumulation of glucocerebrosides in the endothelial reticulum system. It is manifested by hematic alterations, hepatosplenomegaly and neurological and bone manifestations. Cells that accumulate the glucocerebroside are called Gaucher cells. A 16-year-old white female patient of rural origin who came to Octavio de la Concepción y de La Pedraja Provincial Pediatric Hospital presenting anemia, decay and weight loss, was also accompanied by an increase in volume abdomen. With the history of presenting aseptic necrosis of the right femur and diabetic mother. Physical examination revealed the presence of large mucosal skin paleness, hepatosplenomegaly. The neurological examination was completely normal. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were found on the blood tests. Biopsy of the spleen, liver and bone marrow was performed with Gaucher cells. The diagnosis was made based on the clinic, with heavy presence of bone manifestations and hepatosplenomegaly. It was also based on histological observation of Gaucher cells and on the determination of low levels of glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity in blood leukocytes or cutaneous fibroblasts.

Enfermedad de Gaucher tipo 1. Presentación de caso / Type 1 Gauchers Disease. Presentation of a Case

La enfermedad de Gaucher es un trastorno autosómico recesivo raro debido a la ausencia de la enzima glucocerebrosidasa, produciéndose acumulación de glucocerebrósidos en el sistema retículo endotelial. Se manifiesta por alteraciones hemáticas, hepatoesplenomegalia y manifestaciones neurológicas y óseas. Las células que acumulan el glucocerebrósido son llamadas células de Gaucher. Se presenta una paciente femenina, blanca, de 16 años de edad, de procedencia rural que acudió a consulta del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja por presentar anemia, decaimiento y pérdida de peso, acompañado además por aumento de volumen del abdomen. Con el antecedente de presentar necrosis aséptica del fémur derecho, y madre diabética. Al examen físico se constató la presencia de una gran palidez cutánea mucosa, hepatoesplenomegalia. El examen neurológico fue totalmente normal. En los exámenes de sangre se encontró anemia y trombocitopenia. Se realizó biopsia de bazo, hígado y médula ósea encontrándose las células de Gaucher. El diagnóstico se realizó basado en la clínica, cobrando gran peso la presencia de manifestaciones óseas y la hepatoesplenomegalia. Se basó además en la observación histológica de las células de Gaucher y en la determinación de los niveles bajos de actividad de la enzima glucocerebrosidasa en los leucocitos de la sangre o fibroblastos cutáneos.(AU)

Gaucher disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to the absence of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, resulting in accumulation of glucocerebrosides in the endothelial reticulum system. It is manifested by hematic alterations, hepatosplenomegaly and neurological and bone manifestations. Cells that accumulate the glucocerebroside are called Gaucher cells. A 16-year-old white female patient of rural origin who came to Octavio de la Concepción y de La Pedraja Provincial Pediatric Hospital presenting anemia, decay and weight loss, was also accompanied by an increase in volume abdomen. With the history of presenting aseptic necrosis of the right femur and diabetic mother. Physical examination revealed the presence of large mucosal skin paleness, hepatosplenomegaly. The neurological examination was completely normal. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were found on the blood tests. Biopsy of the spleen, liver and bone marrow was performed with Gaucher cells. The diagnosis was made based on the clinic, with heavy presence of bone manifestations and hepatosplenomegaly. It was also based on histological observation of Gaucher cells and on the determination of low levels of glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity in blood leukocytes or cutaneous fibroblasts.(AU)

Induction of Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) Contributes to Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Product Curcumin in Macrophages.

GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper) is inducible by glucocorticoids and plays a key role in their mode of action. GILZ attenuates inflammation mainly by inhibition of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but does not seem to be involved in the severe side effects observed after glucocorticoid treatment. Therefore, GILZ might be a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. The present work focuses on the natural product curcumin, which has previously been reported to inhibit NF-κB. GILZ was inducible by curcumin in macrophage cell lines, primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The up-regulation of GILZ was neither associated with glucocorticoid receptor activation nor with transcriptional induction or mRNA or protein stabilization but was a result of enhanced translation. Because the GILZ 3'-UTR contains AU-rich elements (AREs), we analyzed the role of the mRNA-binding protein HuR, which has been shown to promote the translation of ARE-containing mRNAs. Our results suggest that curcumin treatment induces HuR expression. An RNA immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that HuR can bind GILZ mRNA. In accordance, HuR overexpression led to increased GILZ protein levels but had no effect on GILZ mRNA expression. Our data employing siRNA in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages show that curcumin facilitates its anti-inflammatory action by induction of GILZ in macrophages. Experiments with LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type and GILZ knock-out mice demonstrated that curcumin inhibits the activity of inflammatory regulators, such as NF-κB or ERK, and subsequent TNF-α production via GILZ. In summary, our data indicate that HuR-dependent GILZ induction contributes to the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin.

Prevalencia de anemia y estado nutricional de escolares del área periurbana de Sucre, Bolivia / Anemia prevalence and nutritional status in children of a suburban area of Sucre, Bolivia

Background: There is limited data on the nutritional status and the prevalence of anemia among school children of Bolivia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and nutritional status by anthropometry in children of a suburban area in the Municipality of Sucre, Bolivia. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving all school children aged 6 to 10years (n=195) of a suburban school of Sucre-Bolivia (2750 m over sea level). We measured weight and height and calculated Z score for weight/age, height/age, and BMI/age indices using WHO standards. Blood samples were drawn to determine hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Anemia was defined using cut-offs points adjusted for age and corrected for altitude (Hb < 13.4 d/dl). Results: The prevalence of malnutrition observed by Z scores of height/age and weight/age were 20% and 8, 7%, respectively, and mean BMIz score was -0,07. Of these children, 17.9% showed anemia (17.4% iron deficiency anemia), 22.6% iron deficiency without anemia and 19.5% depleted iron stores. Conclusions: The school age children from the suburban area of Sucre-Bolivia presented a mild prevalence of anemia and medium prevalence of stunting.

Introducción: Existen escasos datos sobre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de la anemia entre los escolares de Bolivia. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de anemia, deficiencia de hierro y el estado nutricional por antropometría en niños de una zona suburbana de la Municipalidad de Sucre, Bolivia. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal en que participaron todos los escolares de 6 a 10 años (n=195) de una escuela suburbana de Sucre-Bolivia (2750 msnm). Se midió el peso y la talla y se calculó puntaje Z peso/edad, talla/edad, e IMC utilizando tablas de la OMS. Se extrajo una muestra de sangre para determinar hemoglobina, volumen corpuscular medio y ferritina sérica. La anemia se definió utilizando un punto de corte por edad y corregidos por la altitud (Hb <13.4 d/dl). Resultados: La prevalencia de malnutrición observado por las puntuaciones Z de talla/edad y peso/edad fueron de 20% y 9%, respectivamente, y la media del z de IMC fue -0,07. De estos niños, 17, 9% presentó anemia (17,4 anemia por deficiencia de hierro), 22,6% deficiencia de hierro sin anemia y 19,5% depósitos de hierro depletados. Conclusiones: Los niños en edad escolar de la zona suburbana de Sucre-Bolivia presentaron una prevalencia leve de anemia, y una moderada prevalencia de retraso del crecimiento.

Helping schools to manage continence problems.

The charity organisations Education and Resources for Improving Childhood Continence and PromoCon regularly receive feedback from health professionals, children and families suggesting that schools struggle to cope with childhood continence problems. This article outlines the responsibilities of schools to understand continence problems, implement effective policies and procedures to meet children's needs, and recognise those children's rights to be supported in achieving continence and independence. It also describes the development of a toolkit called The Right to Go.

Chemical genetic strategy for targeting protein kinases based on covalent complementarity.

The conserved nature of the ATP-binding site of the > 500 human kinases renders the development of specific inhibitors a challenging task. A widely used chemical genetic strategy to overcome the specificity challenge exploits a large-to-small mutation of the gatekeeper residue (a conserved hydrophobic amino acid) and the use of a bulky inhibitor to achieve specificity via shape complementarity. However, in a number of cases, introduction of a glycine or alanine gatekeeper results in diminished kinase activity and ATP affinity. A new chemical genetic approach based on covalent complementarity between an engineered gatekeeper cysteine and an electrophilic inhibitor was developed to address these challenges. This strategy was evaluated with Src, a proto-oncogenic tyrosine kinase known to lose some enzymatic activity using the shape complementarity chemical genetic strategy. We found that Src with a cysteine gatekeeper recapitulates wild type activity and can be irreversibly inhibited both in vitro and in cells. A cocrystal structure of T338C c-Src with a vinylsulfonamide-derivatized pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitor was solved to elucidate the inhibitor binding mode. A panel of electrophilic inhibitors was analyzed against 307 kinases and MOK (MAPK/MAK/MRK overlapping kinase), one of only two human kinases known to have an endogenous cysteine gatekeeper. This analysis revealed remarkably few off-targets, making these compounds the most selective chemical genetic inhibitors reported to date. Protein engineering studies demonstrated that it is possible to increase inhibitor potency through secondary-site mutations. These results suggest that chemical genetic strategies based on covalent complementarity should be widely applicable to the study of protein kinases.

La metoclopramida y sus reacciones adversas sobre el sistema nervioso central / The metoclopramide and its adverse reactions on the nervous central system

Introducción: la metoclopramida ha pasado a ser entre el año 2000 y 2006 el fármaco que con mayor frecuencia se asocia con las discinesias tardías atendidas. En un análisis realizado por Food and Drug Administration se advierte que el 20 por ciento de los pacientes a los que se les prescribe metoclopramida, la utilizan por de más de 3 meses. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas a la metoclopramida reportadas y su relación con la notificación de discinesia tardía en nuestro país. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal de farmacovigilancia, que utilizó el método de notificación espontánea de reportes de reacciones adversas a medicamentos y la base de datos de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia. Se analizaron todos los reportes de reacciones adversas medicamentosas desde el año 2003 a 2008 procedentes de todo el país. Resultados: se analizaron 1 119 notificaciones de reacciones adversas medicamentosas. Los sistemas de órganos más afectados fueron el sistema nervioso central (43,2 por ciento), seguido del aparato cardiovascular (14,2 por ciento). Predominaron las reacciones adversas medicamentosas probables (73,6 por ciento) y leves (51,7 por ciento), un 0,4 por ciento se correspondió con reacciones adversas graves, mientras que las más frecuentes fueron: extrapiramidalismo (29,0 por ciento), mareos (18,2 por ciento) y temblor (9,9 por ciento). La secuencia temporal entre la ocurrencia de la reacción adversa y la toma del medicamento que predominó fue en horas (53,8 por ciento). Conclusiones: se evidenció que la población pediátrica y geriátrica muestra mayor relación con el predominio de reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central, no obstante la población adulta no debe quedar excluida, pues más de la mitad de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central reportadas ocurrieron en este grupo de edad. Ese sistema fue el más afectado, aun sin estar relacionadas con dosis elevadas. Las discinesias reportadas pueden ser clasificadas como tempranas o agudas, y las reacciones adversas que predominaron fueron las leves y probables.

Introduction: metoclopramide from 2000 to 2006 years became the drug with higher frequency of association with late dyskinesia seen. In a analysis carried out by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) it is noticed that the 20 percent of patients with a prescription of metoclopramide use it drug for more than 3 months. Objective: to characterize the adverse reactions reported of metoclopramide and its relation to the notification of a late dyskinesia in our country. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study related to pharmacosurveillance using the method of spontaneous notification of reports on drug adverse reactions and the database of the National Coordination Unit of Pharmacosurveillance. Authors analyzed all reports of drug adverse react ions from 2003 to 2008 from all country. Results: a total of 1 119 notifications of drug adverse reactions. The organic system more involved were the central nervous system (43,2 percent) followed by the cardiovascular one (14,2 percent). There was predominance of probable drug adverse reactions (73,6 percent) and slights (51,7 percent), a 0,4 percent accounted for severe adverse reactions, whereas the more frequent were: extrapyramidal syndrome (29,0 percent), dizziness (18,2 percent) and shaking (9,9 percent). The predominant temporary sequence between the occurrence of adverse reaction and drug ingestion was in hours (53,8 percent). Conclusions: it was evidenced that children and elderly populations show a great relation with the predominance of drug adverse reactions of central nervous system, however, the adult population must not to be excluded, since more than a half of above mentioned reported reactions were in this age group. That system was the more involved even though there was not a link with high doses. The reported dyskinesias may be classified as early or acute and the adverse reactions predominant were the slight and probable ones.

La metoclopramida y sus reacciones adversas sobre el sistema nervioso central / The metoclopramide and its adverse reactions on the nervous central system

Introducción: la metoclopramida ha pasado a ser entre el año 2000 y 2006 el fármaco que con mayor frecuencia se asocia con las discinesias tardías atendidas. En un análisis realizado por Food and Drug Administration se advierte que el 20 por ciento de los pacientes a los que se les prescribe metoclopramida, la utilizan por de más de 3 meses. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas a la metoclopramida reportadas y su relación con la notificación de discinesia tardía en nuestro país. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal de farmacovigilancia, que utilizó el método de notificación espontánea de reportes de reacciones adversas a medicamentos y la base de datos de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia. Se analizaron todos los reportes de reacciones adversas medicamentosas desde el año 2003 a 2008 procedentes de todo el país. Resultados: se analizaron 1 119 notificaciones de reacciones adversas medicamentosas. Los sistemas de órganos más afectados fueron el sistema nervioso central (43,2 por ciento), seguido del aparato cardiovascular (14,2 por ciento). Predominaron las reacciones adversas medicamentosas probables (73,6 por ciento) y leves (51,7 por ciento), un 0,4 por ciento se correspondió con reacciones adversas graves, mientras que las más frecuentes fueron: extrapiramidalismo (29,0 por ciento), mareos (18,2 por ciento) y temblor (9,9 por ciento). La secuencia temporal entre la ocurrencia de la reacción adversa y la toma del medicamento que predominó fue en horas (53,8 por ciento). Conclusiones: se evidenció que la población pediátrica y geriátrica muestra mayor relación con el predominio de reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central, no obstante la población adulta no debe quedar excluida, pues más de la mitad de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central reportadas ocurrieron en este grupo de edad. Ese sistema fue el más afectado, aun sin estar relacionadas con dosis elevadas. Las discinesias reportadas pueden ser clasificadas como tempranas o agudas, y las reacciones adversas que predominaron fueron las leves y probables.(AU)

Introduction: metoclopramide from 2000 to 2006 years became the drug with higher frequency of association with late dyskinesia seen. In a analysis carried out by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) it is noticed that the 20 percent of patients with a prescription of metoclopramide use it drug for more than 3 months. Objective: to characterize the adverse reactions reported of metoclopramide and its relation to the notification of a late dyskinesia in our country. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study related to pharmacosurveillance using the method of spontaneous notification of reports on drug adverse reactions and the database of the National Coordination Unit of Pharmacosurveillance. Authors analyzed all reports of drug adverse react ions from 2003 to 2008 from all country. Results: a total of 1 119 notifications of drug adverse reactions. The organic system more involved were the central nervous system (43,2 percent) followed by the cardiovascular one (14,2 percent). There was predominance of probable drug adverse reactions (73,6 percent) and slights (51,7 percent), a 0,4 percent accounted for severe adverse reactions, whereas the more frequent were: extrapyramidal syndrome (29,0 percent), dizziness (18,2 percent) and shaking (9,9 percent). The predominant temporary sequence between the occurrence of adverse reaction and drug ingestion was in hours (53,8 percent). Conclusions: it was evidenced that children and elderly populations show a great relation with the predominance of drug adverse reactions of central nervous system, however, the adult population must not to be excluded, since more than a half of above mentioned reported reactions were in this age group. That system was the more involved even though there was not a link with high doses. The reported dyskinesias may be classified as early or acute and the adverse reactions predominant were the slight and probable ones.(AU)

Evolución del estado mental del paciente sometido a la contención mecánica / Evolution of the mental state of the patient submitted to the mechanical containment

La investigación es de naturaleza cuantitativa, descriptivo de corte prospectivo, en donde se pretende caracterizar el tiempo de reversión que se manifiesta en la contención mecánica de pacientes psiquiátricos. El colectivo en estudio correspondió a 30 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 15 a los 65 años, del de ambos sexos que manifestaron como características comunes: agitación psicomotriz, con variables alternas comprendidas en, etiología orgánica y número de contenciones implementadas en cada caso. Para realizar la aplicación de los instrumentos de recolección de información se creó un formato de valoración individual de la contención mecánica, el cual fue revisado y ajustado. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el 60% de la muestra es de género masculino, el cual el 30% comprenden edades entre los 35 a 44 años, en donde se evidencian alteraciones en la normalidad de signos vitales y componentes de las esferas mentales. Aunque los síntomas se revierten en un tiempo de 2 a 3 horas por lo cual se da retiro de la contención Servicio de Observación Constante (SOC) en la ESE Hospital Mental Rudesindo Soto (HMRS) durante el segundo semestre del 2009, mecánica, el paciente continúa confuso, finalmente, se observa que la reversión de la contención mecánica en la mayoría de la muestra se presenta en tiempos de +/- 1.1 a 2 horas.

The investigation is of quantitative nature, descriptively of pilot cut, where one tries to characterize the time of reversion that is evident in the mechanical containment of psychiatric patients. The group in study corresponded(fitted) to 30 patients with ages understood(comprised) between the 15 at the age of 65, of the Service of Constant Observation (SOC) in THIS Mental Hospital Rudesindo Soto (HMRS) during the second semester of 2009, of both sexes that they showed like common characteristics: agitation psicomotriz, with alternate variables understood(comprised) in, organic etiology and number of containments implemented in every case. To realize the application of the instruments of compilation of information there was created a format of individual evaluation of the mechanical containment, which was checked and fitted. Them turned out obtained they indicate that 60 % of the sample is of masculine(male) genre, which 30 % understands ages between the 35 to 44 years, where alterations are demonstrated in the normality of vital signs and components of the mental spheres. Although the symptoms are re-spilled in a time from 2 until 3 hours by which gives itself retirement of the mechanical containment, the patient continues that confused, finally, it is observed that the reversion of the mechanical containment in most of the sample presents in times of +/-1.1 to itself at 2 hours.

Caracterización de reacciones adversas por antipsicóticos clásicos en ancianos. Cuba 2003 2008 / Classification of adverse reactions due to classical antipsychotics in elders. Cuba 2003-2009

El problema de los efectos adversos provocados por medicamentos en pacientes de la tercera edad ha tomado magnitudes considerables. Este grupo etáreo posee características especiales que lo hacen más sensible a la acción de los fármacos. Motivados por el tema se decidió realizar un estudio descriptivo y transversal de Farmacovigilancia, para caracterizar las sospechas de reacciones adversas por antipsicóticos clásicos en pacientes mayores de 60 años de edad, que fueron reportadas a la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia entre los años 2003 y 2008. Se caracterizaron las reacciones adversas. Se identificaron los antipsicóticos clásicos más reportados. Se clasificaron según severidad y por último, se describieron según sistemas de órganos afectados. El antipsicótico que alcanzó el mayor porcentaje de notificaciones fue el haloperidol (40,5 por ciento). Las reacciones más reportadas fueron: temblor, extrapiramidalismo y discinesia, respectivamente; el Sistema Nervioso Central fue el más afectado. En cuanto a la severidad, la mayoría de las reacciones fueron moderadas (76,2 por ciento). Se concluye que los resultados de la presente investigación no fueron del todo similares a otros estudios de farmacovigilancia reportados en la literatura(AU)

The problem of drug-induced adverse effects in older patients, has taken considerable magnitude. This age group has special characteristics that make them more susceptible to drug action. Motivated by the subject was decided to conduct a cross-sectional descriptive study of pharmacovigilance, to characterize the suspected adverse reactions by classical antipsychotics in patients over 60 years of age who were reported to the National Coordinating Unit of Pharmacovigilance between the years 2003-2008. Adverse reactions were characterized. We identified more classical antipsychotics reported. They were classified according to severity, and finally described as organ systems affected. The antipsychotic that achieved the highest rate of reporting was haloperidol (40.5 percent). The most commonly reported reactions were: tremor, and dyskinesia extrapyramidalism respectively, and the central nervous system most affected. In terms of severity, most reactions were mild (76.2 percent). We conclude that the results of this investigation were not entirely similar to other surveillance studies reported in the literature(AU)