A comprehensive review on carotenoids in foods and feeds: status quo, applications, patents, and research needs.

Carotenoids are isoprenoids widely distributed in foods that have been always part of the diet of humans. Unlike the other so-called food bioactives, some carotenoids can be converted into retinoids exhibiting vitamin A activity, which is essential for humans. Furthermore, they are much more versatile as they are relevant in foods not only as sources of vitamin A, but also as natural pigments, antioxidants, and health-promoting compounds. Lately, they are also attracting interest in the context of nutricosmetics, as they have been shown to provide cosmetic benefits when ingested in appropriate amounts. In this work, resulting from the collaborative work of participants of the COST Action European network to advance carotenoid research and applications in agro-food and health (EUROCAROTEN, www.eurocaroten.eu, https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA15136/#tabs|Name:overview) research on carotenoids in foods and feeds is thoroughly reviewed covering aspects such as analysis, carotenoid food sources, carotenoid databases, effect of processing and storage conditions, new trends in carotenoid extraction, daily intakes, use as human, and feed additives are addressed. Furthermore, classical and recent patents regarding the obtaining and formulation of carotenoids for several purposes are pinpointed and briefly discussed. Lastly, emerging research lines as well as research needs are highlighted.

Consumption of Spinach and Tomato Modifies Lipid Metabolism, Reducing Hepatic Steatosis in Rats.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently a serious and growing clinical problem in developed and developing countries and is considered one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functionality of dietary carotenoids provided by tomato and spinach in the dietary treatment of steatosis. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats with induced steatosis were grouped into three groups and fed standard diet (CD group) and two experimental diets supplemented with 12.75% (LC12.75 group) and 25.5% (HC25.5 group) of a mixture of spinach and tomato powder. Rats fed carotenoid-rich feeds showed an improvement in the plasma biomarkers of steatosis, with lower levels of glucose, total cholesterol, VLDL, TG, proteins, ALT and AST. Likewise, a decrease in oxidative stress was observed, with a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma (up to 54%), liver (up to 51.42%) and urine (up to 78.89%) (p < 0.05) and an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC) (up to 73.41%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, carotenoid-rich diets led to an accumulation of carotenoids in the liver and were inversely correlated with the content of total cholesterol and hepatic triglycerides, increasing the concentrations of MUFA and PUFA (up to 32.6% and 48%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The accumulation of carotenoids in the liver caused the modulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, and we particularly observed an overexpression of ACOX1, APOA1 and NRIH2 (LXR) and the synthesis of the proteins. This study suggests that dietary carotenoids from spinach and tomato aid in the dietary management of steatosis by reversing steatosis biomarkers.

Nutritional Importance of Carotenoids and Their Effect on Liver Health: A Review.

The consumption of carotenoids has beneficial effects on health, reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and macular degeneration, among others. The mechanism of action of carotenoids has not been clearly identified; however, it has been associated with the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids, which acts against reactive oxygen species and inactivating free radicals, although it has also been shown that carotenoids modulate gene expression. Dietary carotenoids are absorbed and accumulated in the liver and other organs, where they exert their beneficial effects. In recent years, it has been described that the intake of carotenoids can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This disease is characterized by an imbalance in lipid metabolism producing the accumulation of fat in the hepatocyte, leading to lipoperoxidation, followed by oxidative stress and inflammation. In the first phases, the main treatment of NAFLD is to change the lifestyle, including dietary habits. In this sense, carotenoids have been shown to have a hepatoprotective effect due to their ability to reduce oxidative stress and regulate the lipid metabolism of hepatocytes by modulating certain genes. The objective of this review was to provide a description of the effects of dietary carotenoids from fruits and vegetables on liver health.

Ameliorative Effect of Spinach on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced in Rats by a High-Fat Diet.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of dietary carotenoids from spinach on the inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipid profile, and liver transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats with steatosis induced by a high-fat diet. Two concentrations of spinach powder (2.5 and 5%) were used in two types of diet: high-fat (H) and standard (N). Although rats fed diet H showed an accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, they did not show differences in the values of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and oxygen radical absorption (ORAC) in plasma or of isoprostanes in urine compared with animals fed diet N. The consumption of spinach and the accumulation of α and ß carotenes and lutein in the liver was inversely correlated with serum total cholesterol and glucose and the content of hepatic cholesterol, increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reducing cholesterol in the livers of rats fed diet H and spinach. In addition, changes in the expression of genes related to the fatty liver condition occurred, and the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol increased, mainly through the overexpression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Related to liver metabolites, animals fed with diet H showed hypoaminoacidemia, mainly for the glucogenic aminoacids. Although no changes were observed in inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, the consumption of spinach modulated the lipid metabolism in liver, which must be taken into consideration during the dietary treatment of steatosis.

Neofobia alimentaria y trastornos de conducta alimentaria: Impacto en la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de universitarios españoles / Food neophobia and eating disorders: Impact on adherence to the Mediterranean diet of Spanish university students

RESUMEN Este estudio evaluó la actitud de los universitarios murcianos hacia los nuevos alimentos y su relación con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el riesgo de alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria y su asociación con la masa corporal. Participaron estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia a los cuales se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, peso y talla, para estimar el índice de masa corporal y se estableció su condición nutricional, y se aplicaron las encuestas para identificación de trastornos de conducta alimentaria y neofobia alimentaria. Participaron un total de 300 universitarios con un promedio de edad de 21.3 años. Sólo el 14% de las mujeres y 35% de los hombres presentaron exceso de peso. Un 44% presentan buena adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. La Neofobia fue ligeramente mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Entre los resultados se identificó que existen más conductas de trastornos de conducta alimentaria (15.5%) que neofobia (11.5%), impactando negativamente a la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Los universitarios de la Región de Murcia, presentan una puntuación en trastorno de la conducta alimentaria inferior a la reportada por otros autores, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre esta y el sexo, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea o el IMC.

ABSTRACT The study was designed to evaluate the attitude of Spanish undergraduates towards new foods and its impact on adherence to the Mediterranean diet, risk of altered eating behavior and its association with body mass. Undergraduates of the University of Murcia were invited to participate. Anthropometry (weight and height) was measured to estimate body mass and nutritional status and surveys were administered to identify eating disorders and food neophobia. A total of 300 undergraduates participated, with a mean age of 21.3 years. Only 14% of the women and 35% of the men were overweight; 44% had good adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Neophobia is slightly higher in females than males. We observed more eating disorder behaviors (15.5%) compared to food neophobia (11.5%) and that both negatively impacted the adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Undergraduates from the Murcia Region, reported an eating disorder values lower than that reported by other authors. No significant differences were found between this and sex, adherence to the Mediterranean diet or BMI.

Tomato Juice Supplementation Influences the Gene Expression Related to Steatosis in Rats.

The objective of this work was to identify the effect of tomato juice on the expression of genes and levels of metabolites related to steatosis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks-old) were grouped (6 rats/group) in four experimental groups: NA (normal diet and water), NL (normal diet and tomato juice), HA (high-fat diet and water), and HL (high-fat diet and tomato juice). After an intervention period of 5 weeks, rats were sacrificed and biochemical parameters, biomarkers of oxidative stress, liver metabolites, and gene expression were determined. Although the H diet provoked dislipemia related to steatosis, no changes in isoprostanes or liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Changes in the gene expression of the HA group were produced by the high consumption of fat, whereas the consumption of tomato juice had different effects, depending on the diet. In the NL group, the genes involved in ß-oxidation were upregulated, and in groups NL and HL upregulation of CD36 and downregulation of APOB and LPL were observed. In addition, in the HL group the accumulation of lycopene upregulated the genes FXR and HNF4A, which have been suggested as preventive factors in relation to steatosis. Regarding the metabolomics study, intake of tomato juice stimulated the biosynthesis of glutathione and amino acids of the transulfurization pathway, increasing the levels of metabolites related to the antioxidant response.

Percepción de los alimentos funcionales de un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia / Perception of the functional foods of a group of students of the University of Murcia

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el grado de conocimiento que existe entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia sobre los alimentos funcionales y si se consumen o no este tipo de alimento y el momento de su ingesta. Metodología: Para el estudio transversal, la muestra estuvo constituida por universitarios de la Región de Murcia. Tanto el grado de conocimiento como el consumo de los alimentos funcionales se determinaron mediante encuestas diseñadas para obtener dicha información, cumplimentadas voluntariamente. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 133 mujeres (63,3%) y 77 hombres (36,7%). La edad de los voluntarios encuestados osciló entre 18 y 25 años, con una media de 18,56 ± 7,1. El 5,2%, y 12,4% de los estudiantes, respondieron que consumían leches enriquecidas frecuente y ocasionalmente. En cuanto al yogur probiótico, sólo el 9% de los participantes afirmaron consumirla regularmente. La mayoría de los encuestados informaron que consumían zumo vitaminado y cereales enriquecidos ocasionalmente con 28,6% y 30,9%, respectivamente. Sólo el 10% de los participantes reportaron consumir bebidas energéticas frecuentemente y la mantequilla añadida con calcio y bajo en colesterol fue el alimento menos conocido y consumido por los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Se observó que existe una relación entre los estudios cursados y la percepción sobre estos alimentos, siendo los estudiantes de CyTA los que más conocimiento tienen sobre la funcionalidad de estos alimento (AU)

Background: The objective of this study was to know the degree of awareness that exists among students of the University of Murcia on functional foods and whether or not they are consumed this type of food and the time of its intake. Methods: The sample was constituted by university students of the Region of Murcia. Both the degree of knowledge and the consumption of functional foods were determined through questionnaires that were designed to obtain this information. The questionnaires were completed voluntarily. Results: The sample consisted of 133 women (63.3%) and 77 men (36.7%). The ages of the volunteers surveyed ranged from 18 to 25 years, with a mean of 18.56 ± 7.1. 5.2%, together with 12.4% of the students, responded to frequent and occasional enriched milks. As for probiotic yogurt, only 9% of the participants claimed to consume it on a regular basis. Most respondents reported that they consumed vitaminized juice and grains occasionally enriched with 28.6% and 30.9%, respectively. Only 10% of participants reported consuming energy drinks frequently and butter added with calcium and low in cholesterol were found to be the least known and consumed foods by students. Conclusions: it was observed that there was a relation between the degree taken by the students and the perception about these foods, being the students of CyTA the most awareness have about functionality of these foods (AU)

[Assessing food acceptance in scholar children; qualitative visual record versus food waste analysis]. / Evaluando la aceptación de alimentos en escolares: registro visual cualitativo frente a análisis de residuos de alimentos.

INTRODUCTION: School canteens have rules of management and supervision of menus, however has not been assessed if they are totally consumed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the acceptance of food by weigh food leftovers and validation of a methodology for visual estimation in school canteens of Murcia. METHODOLOGY: Participated pupils in the second and third cycle of primary education, between 8 and 12 years. The estimate of leftovers was performed by 765 food trays. Visual estimation of 300 trays was based on a categorical scale as follow: 1 (0-25%), 2 (26-50%), 3 (51- 75%), 4 (76-100%) by two dietitians and reliability was assessed with respect to the weighed food. The reliability between both methods was assessed in two samples stratified by presence or absence of school kitchen. RESULTS: The first dishes with leftovers were pasta, rice and vegetable purees and was higher in those schools without kitchen (p < 0.05). Also, the second dishes poultry and fish salads and vegetables garnish. Fruit and the total sum of leftovers was higher in schools without dining menus (p < 0.05). The agreement between evaluators was high in meat dishes and salads, and substantial in vegetables, pre-cooked, omelet, pasta, fish and rice. CONCLUSIONS: The leftlovers are high and there are differences in the acceptance of certain foods according to the type of menu offered. The visual scale is a reliable to measure acceptance indirectly, but training to catering staff is needed.

Introducción: Los comedores escolares cuentan con normativa de gestión y supervisión de menús, sin embargo no se ha valorado si son consumidos en su totalidad. Objetivo: Valorar la aceptación de alimentos mediante pesado de restos y validación de una metodología visual para su estimación en comedores escolares de Murcia. Metodología: Participaron escolares de segundo y tercer ciclo de educación primaria, de 8-12 años. La estimación de restos se realizó mediante pesado de alimentos de 765 bandejas. La valoración visual (300 bandejas) se realizó con escala categórica: 1 = 0-25%; 2 = 26-50%; 3 = 51- 75% y 4 = 76-100%, por dos dietistas y se valoró la fiabilidad con respecto al pesado de alimentos. La concordancia entre ambos métodos fue evaluada en dos muestras estratificadas por la presencia/ausencia de cocina en la escuela. Resultados: Los primeros platos con más restos fueron pasta, arroz y purés de verduras siendo mayor en aquellos colegios sin cocina en el centro (p < 0,05). También los segundos platos a base de legumbres, ave y pescado y ensaladas de guarnición. Las frutas y el total de restos son superiores en colegios sin cocina (p < 0,05). La concordancia entre evaluadoras fue alta en platos a base de carnes y en ensaladas, y considerable en legumbres, precocinados, tortilla de huevo, pasta, pescado y arroz. Conclusiones: Los restos son elevados y existieron diferencias en la aceptación de ciertos alimentos acorde al tipo de menú ofertado. La escala visual es una herramienta confiable para medir la aceptación de forma indirecta, pero necesita capacitación y entrenamiento del personal implicado.

Evaluando la aceptación de alimentos en escolares; registro visual cualitativo frente a análisis de residuos de alimentos / Assessing food acceptance in schoolar children; qualitative visual record versus food waste analysis

Introducción: Los comedores escolares cuentan con normativa de gestión y supervisión de menús, sin embargo no se ha valorado si son consumidos en su totalidad. Objetivo: Valorar la aceptación de alimentos mediante pesado de restos y validación de una metodología visual para su estimación en comedores escolares de Murcia. Metodología: Participaron escolares de segundo y tercer ciclo de educación primaria, de 8-12 años. La estimación de restos se realizó mediante pesado de alimentos de 765 bandejas. La valoración visual (300 bandejas) se realizó con escala categórica: 1 = 0-25%; 2 = 26-50%; 3 = 51- 75% y 4 = 76-100%, por dos dietistas y se valoró la fiabilidad con respecto al pesado de alimentos. La concordancia entre ambos métodos fue evaluada en dos muestras estratificadas por la presencia/ausencia de cocina en la escuela. Resultados: Los primeros platos con más restos fueron pasta, arroz y purés de verduras siendo mayor en aquellos colegios sin cocina en el centro (p < 0,05). También los segundos platos a base de legumbres, ave y pescado y ensaladas de guarnición. Las frutas y el total de restos son superiores en colegios sin cocina (p < 0,05). La concordancia entre evaluadoras fue alta en platos a base de carnes y en ensaladas, y considerable en legumbres, precocinados, tortilla de huevo, pasta, pescado y arroz. Conclusiones: Los restos son elevados y existieron diferencias en la aceptación de ciertos alimentos acorde al tipo de menú ofertado. La escala visual es una herramienta confiable para medir la aceptación de forma indirecta, pero necesita capacitación y entrenamiento del personal implicado (AU)

Introduction: School canteens have rules of management and supervision of menus, however has not been assessed if they are totally consumed. Objective: To assess the acceptance of food by weigh food leftovers and validation of a methodology for visual estimation in school canteens of Murcia. Methodology: Participated pupils in the second and third cycle of primary education, between 8 and 12 years. The estimate of leftovers was performed by 765 food trays. Visual estimation of 300 trays was based on a categorical scale as follow: 1 (0-25%), 2 (26-50%), 3 (51- 75%), 4 (76-100%) by two dietitians and reliability was assessed with respect to the weighed food. The reliability between both methods was assessed in two samples stratified by presence or absence of school kitchen. Results: The first dishes with leftovers were pasta, rice and vegetable purees and was higher in those schools without kitchen (p < 0.05). Also, the second dishes poultry and fish salads and vegetables garnish. Fruit and the total sum of leftovers was higher in schools without dining menus (p < 0.05). The agreement between evaluators was high in meat dishes and salads, and substantial in vegetables, pre-cooked, omelet, pasta, fish and rice. Conclusions: The leftlovers are high and there are differences in the acceptance of certain foods according to the type of menu offered. The visual scale is a reliable to measure acceptance indirectly, but training to catering staff is needed (AU)

[Food neophobia: impact on food habits and acceptance of healthy foods in schoolchildren]. / Neofobia alimentaria: impacto sobre los hábitos alimentarios y aceptación de alimentos saludables en usuarios de comedores escolares.

INTRODUCTION: In children, food neophobia may affect food choices and limit the variety of the diet as well as affect the sensory acceptance of new foods. OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of food neophobia in food habits and preferences of healthy food in school canteens users in the city of Murcia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 242 children in the second and third cycle of primary education (8-12 years), were included, stratified by sex and school year. A survey of habits and food preferences, food neophobia and acceptance of foods commonly consumed in the dining room was applied. In addition, a sensory test was conducted and the consumption of salads and fruits in the room was measured by the weighing method. RESULTS: The prevalence of neophobia was 16%, without difference by sex, academic year, time to use service, parental origin and being overweight or underweight. Food neophobia was associated with a detrimental effect on the consumption of vegetables and fruit, the taste for vegetables and lower consumption of cereals and cereal at breakfast and preferably less fruit and vegetables (p<0.05). A higher level of neophobia less acceptance was given to foods like chicken and lentils (p<0.05), fruit, salads and legumes (p<0.001). Food neophobia did not affect the hedonic acceptance of fruit and salads consumed in the cafeteria. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to integrate this information to stakeholders to ensure an improvement in the consumption of healthy foods.

Introducción: En los niños la neofobia puede afectar las elecciones alimentarias y limitar la variedad de la dieta así como afectar la aceptación sensorial de nuevos alimentos. Objetivo: Identificar el impacto de la neofobia alimentaria en los hábitos alimentarios y preferencias de alimentos saludables en usuarios de comedores escolares en la ciudad de Murcia. Materiales y Métodos: Participaron 242 escolares de segundo y tercer ciclo de educación primaria, de 8-12 años, con estratificación por sexo y ciclo escolar. Se aplicó una encuesta de hábitos y preferencias alimentarias, neofobia alimentaria y aceptación de alimentos de consumo habitual en el comedor. Además se realizó una prueba sensorial y se midió el consumo de ensaladas y frutas en el comedor, mediante el método de pesada. Resultados: La prevalencia de neofobia fue de 16%, sin diferencia entre sexos, ciclo escolar, tiempo del uso del comedor, origen de los padres y tener sobrepeso o bajo peso. La neofobia se asoció a un detrimento en el consumo de verduras y frutas, el gusto por las legumbres y menor consumo de cereales y sus derivados en el desayuno y a menor preferencia de frutas, verduras y hortalizas (p.

[Role of polyamines in diet. Importance of polyamines in infant nutrition]. / Papel de las poliaminas en la alimentación. Importancia de las poliaminas en la alimentación infantil.

The first studies indicating polyamines as important growth factors in breast milk began during the nineties of last century. Nevertheless, it is still not well known the role they play in infant nutrition or what the recommended intake would be for this population group. In recent years, there has been increased attention of the international scientific community towards polyamines, not only due to the important role they play in the cellular metabolism, but also to their possible implication in some diseases and during the development of the human organism. Bearing in mind that the content in polyamines of the infant formula is around tenfold less than in breast milk, it would be recommended to gain insight into this theme in order to guarantee correct nutrition during lactation.

Papel de las poliaminas en la alimentación: Importancia de las poliaminas en la alimentación infantil

Durante la década de los 90 del siglo pasado comenzaron los primeros estudios que señalaban a las poliaminas como importantes factores de crecimiento de la leche materna. Sin embargo, todavía se desconoce mucho sobre el papel que desempeñan en la alimentación infantil y cual sería la ingesta recomendada para este grupo poblacional. En los últimos años va siendo cada vez mayor la atención que muestra la comunidad científica internacional hacia las poliaminas, debido no sólo al importante papel que desempeñan en el metabolismo celular, sino por su posible participación en diversas patologías y durante el desarrollo del organismo. Sería recomendable, teniendo en cuenta que el contenido en poliaminas de las fórmulas infantiles es unas 10 veces menor al de la leche materna, profundizar más en este campo, con el fin de garantizar una correcta alimentación durante la etapa de lactancia.

Role of polyamines in diet. Importance of polyamines in infant nutrition. The first studies indicating polyamines as important growth factors in breast milk began during the nineties of last century. Nevertheless, it is still not well known the role they play in infant nutrition or what the recommended intake would be for this population group. In recent years, there has been increased attention of the international scientific community towards polyamines, not only due to the important role they play in the cellular metabolism, but also to their possible implication in some diseases and during the development of the human organism. Bearing in mind that the content in polyamines of the infant formula is around tenfold less than in breast milk, it would be recommended to gain insight into this theme in order to guarantee correct nutrition during lactation.

Estimación de la ingesta y necesidades de enriquecimiento de folatos y ácido fólico en alimentos / Folate and folic acid ontake estimation and food enrichment requirements

El término folato se utiliza de forma genérica para denominar las distintas formas químicas derivadas del ácido fólico, una de las vitaminas del grupo B (concretamente la vitamina B). Son esenciales en el metabolismo al actuar como cofactores en las reacciones de transferencia de un carbono. No obstante, solamente las plantas y los microorganismos son capaces de sintetizarlos de novo, de tal forma que tanto los animales como el hombre necesitan ingerirlos a tráves de los alimentos de la dieta. se encuentra ampliamente extendido en la naturaleza, presentándose en mayor cantidad en las verduras de hoja ancha, en hígado y en cereales Aún así, en la actualidad es una de las deficiencias nutricionales más comunes en todo el mundo, y tiene graves consecuencias sobre la salud humana. Existe evidencia de que incluso en países desarrollados la ingesta de folatos es generalmente baja, e incluso en algunos casos por debajo de los niveles óptimos. Las autoridades competentes de numerosos países están tomando medidas a este respecto, de tal forma que se está realizando la fortificación, de numerosos alimentos considerados de consumo diario, tales como leche o cereales, ya sea de forma obligatoria (Estados Unidos, Canadá o Chile) o voluntaria (la mayoría de los países de Europa)

[Essential and non essential amino acid content of infant cereals in different stages of industrial processing and its relationship with chemical scores of protein quality]. / Aminoácidos esenciales y no esenciales de harinas de cereales infantiles en distintas fases de procesado industrial y su relación con índices químicos de la calidad proteica.

The effect of technological process on essential and non essential amino acids contents in infant cereals, the protein and essential amino acids infant dietary requirements cover by infant cereals, and its quality using some chemical scores has been studied. Mix of raw flours, mix of roasted flours, mix of enzymatically, hydrolysed and drum dried flours and commercial infant cereals of four different types of infant cereals: "Multicereal" and "Wheat" (both with gluten), "Growth" and "Rice and carrot" (both gluten free) were evaluated. The technological process only show a significant effect on lysine, arginine (P < 0.05) and valine (P < 0.01) contents in "Rice and carrot" infant cereal. Protein of any studied infant cereals covers 17.4% of the daily infant requirements in, while for essential amino acids will cover about 25 to 200% until the third year of life. As we expected, the limitant amino acid was lysine in all flours. Chemical scores only were affected by technological treatment in "Rice and carrot" infant cereal, showing the gluten-free infant cereals higher values (36.7-69.5%) than gluten infant cereals (18.1%-30.7%) at the end of the processing. It should be standing out "Growth" infant cereal, because of it has a higher lysine content than other infant cereals due to the main ingredients rice and corn.