The bright side of sports: a systematic review on well-being, positive emotions and performance.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review regarding the relationship between positive psychological factors, such as psychological well-being and pleasant emotions, and sports performance. METHOD: This study, carried out through a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines considering the Web of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed and SPORT Discus databases, seeks to highlight the relationship between other more 'positive' factors, such as well-being, positive emotions and sports performance. SETTINGS: The keywords will be decided by a Delphi Method in two rounds with sport psychology experts. PARTICIPANTS: There are no participants in the present research. ASSESSMENT: The main exclusion criteria were: Non-sport thema, sample younger or older than 20-65 years old, qualitative or other methodology studies, COVID-related, journals not exclusively about Psychology. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: We obtained a first sample of 238 papers, and finally, this sample was reduced to the final sample of 11 papers. RESULTS: The results obtained are intended to be a representation of the 'bright side' of sports practice, and as a complement or mediator of the negative variables that have an impact on athletes' and coaches' performance. CONCLUSIONS: Clear recognition that acting on intrinsic motivation continues to be the best and most effective way to motivate oneself to obtain the highest levels of performance, a good perception of competence and a source of personal satisfaction.

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Affecting Women's Entrepreneurship.

This work aims to clarify the psychosocial variables that lead women to undertake and those that prevent them from doing so. Two studies were conducted using a mixed methodology to compensate for the inherent weaknesses of using each approach. The first study was based on the collection of quantitative data using the GloPEW questionnaire with a sample of 296 people. The second study, of a qualitative nature, was carried out through focus groups with a sample of 26 people. The results show that self-efficacy and emotional intelligence are the main factors to develop to promote entrepreneurship among women. Although the data show statistical strength, it seems necessary to expand the sample and incorporate more profiles of female entrepreneurs, for example, with different levels of training, given the complexity and variety of intervening factors.

Effect of Biofeedback on the Anxiety of Amateur Athletes / Efecto de la biorretroalimentación sobre la ansiedad de los deportistas aficionados

Biofeedback is an effective strategy to decrease levels of activation and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree to which amateur athletes are able to learn to control their autonomic responses through biofeedback. The hypothesis of this study is that amateur athletes with biofeedback intervention will significantly decrease their level of psychophysiological activation compared to those without the intervention. Sixteen amateur marathon athletes participated, from the city of Andria de la Puglia, Italy. They were randomly assigned to two groups, one control and one experimental (i.e., biofeedback condition, which used peripheral temperature, skin conductance, and heart rate techniques). During the intervention period, there were six 15-minute individual sessions over two weeks. Anxiety was evaluated using the STAI survey, which is a subjective scale of activation and a psychophysiological profile. The statistical analysis used in this study is analysis of variance of repeated measurements was used with a significance level of .05. For the Post Hoc or a posteriori comparison, the Sidák and the Bonferroni procedure were conducted. A significant interaction was found between the evaluation conditions, timepoints, group, including peripheral temperature and in the skin conductance. The experimental group has significant lower activation compared to the control group, higher increase of the peripheral temperature and lower conductance. There is no difference in anxiety measured with the STAI. In conclusion, the biofeedback group has learned to control their autonomic responses, as indicated by a significant decrease in the level of psychophysiological activation, compared to the group without intervention.(AU)

Intervención psicológica mediante el coaching motivacional en un caso de pérdida de peso / Psychological intervention through motivational coaching in a case of weight loss

Resumen Objetivo: Construir un índice general de vulnerabilidad del sector salud y un índice específico de vulnerabilidad en enfermedades neumológicas, que identifiquen a los municipios con menor capacidad de respuesta a la pandemia provocada por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Para generar los índices, nos basamos en tres componentes: la infraestructura y el personal disponible; la demanda sanitaria; el alcance del seguro social y de salud, todo ello mediante el método de descomposición de Shapley. Resultados: Los municipios que presentan una mayor capacidad de resiliencia ante la pandemia, en su mayoría son municipios capitales, dato que resalta la mala distribución espacial de los servicios sanitarios. Además, por las características socio económicas del país, los municipios de la región sur oeste (Oaxaca, Guerrero y Puebla); de la sierra Tarahumara (Chihuahua) y la Huasteca (San Luis de Potosí, Querétaro e Hidalgo) son los que presentan un alto índice de vulnerabilidad, al no contar con los recursos sanitarios suficientes y por tener una gran proporción de población sensible a la pandemia. Otro hallazgo importante es que, los municipios capitales, a pesar de contar con un número considerable de infraestructura hospitalaria y personal médico, poseen una alta densidad demográfica, lo que ocasiona que estén más expuestos al virus y por ende se encaminan a la saturación total de su sistema de salud; tal es el caso de municipios como Iztapalapa o Ecatepec que tras la segunda ola de pandemia rebasaron su capacidad hospitalaria. Conclusión: La vulnerabilidad del sector salud vista a través de los índices desarrollados, se agrava si se analiza la capacidad específica de atención a enfermedades respiratorias, en particular en los municipios de alta y media exposición a la pandemia por COVID-19, los hallazgos muestran la importancia de desarrollar políticas focalizadas de protección y mitigación de estos municipios.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is to obtain data on the effectiveness of the recently created motivational coaching model "La Girafa de Cantón", specifically its ability to positively influence variables such as psychological well-being and self esteem. Materials and method: A single case design of methodological triangulation is used, where the quantitative information obtained through the test-retest evaluation is combined with the Ryff Psychological Well-being scales and the Rosenberg self- esteem test with the qualitative analysis of the interviews. made. The intervention lasts for five sessions and is performed with a 20-year-old woman whose main objective is to lose five kilos of weight in approximately two months. Results: The results show a significant improvement in the retest scores, in the subjective perception of the participant regarding progress in the process and an improvement in skills to maintain healthy behaviors; in addition to significant weight loss. Conclusions: As a result of the results obtained, the intervention carried out has been effective in improving the variables studied through the self-reflection caused by the professional in psychological coaching and based on the "La Girafa de Cantón" model. Therefore, it is important the adequate application of these strategies by trained professionals and the need for future studies to strengthen the effectiveness of this intervention methodology.

Intervención psicológica para el aumento motivacional hacia la actividad física y la pérdida de peso / Psychological Intervention for Increased Motivation Towards Physical Activity and Weight Loss

Resumen Se presenta un estudio de caso con una joven de 22 años (estudiante y entrenadora de baloncesto) que quería motivarse para perder peso y desarrollar hábitos saludables (buena alimentación y ejercicio físico regular). Se utilizó el modelo "La Jirafa de Cantón" como base de la intervención que consta de cuatro partes bien diferenciadas que son: la "cabeza" o meta; el "cuello" o las expectativas x valor; el "cuerpo" o la autoestima, autoeficacia y autoconcepto; y las "patas" de la base que se refieren a las cuatro vías de obtención de información (experiencia directa, experiencia indirecta, persuasión verbal y síntomas psicofisiológicos). El análisis de datos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos se realizó mediante triangulación metodológica, midiendo en la participante las partes del modelo de la Jirafa de Cantón de manera cualitativa, y cuantitativamente el bienestar psicológico y la autoeficacia. Los resultados muestran una mejora de las variables motivacionales relacionadas con las partes del modelo, en consonancia con la mejora de las puntuaciones cuantitativas de bienestar psicológico y autoeficacia. También se observó un aumento y mantenimiento de hábitos saludables de nutrición, actividad física y pensamientos adecuados. Estos resultados están en la línea de los obtenidos en estudios anteriores similares.

Abstract: A case study is presented with a 22-year-old female (student and basketball coach) who wanted to motivate herself to lose weight and develop healthy habits (good nutrition and regular physical exercise). The "Cantón's Giraffe" model was used as the basis of the intervention, which consists of four well-differentiated parts that are: the "head" or goal; the "neck" or expectations x value; the "body" or selfesteem, self-efficacy and self-concept; and the base "legs" that refer to the four ways of obtaining information (direct experience, indirect experience, verbal persuasion and psychophysiological symptoms). The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data was carried out through methodological triangulation, measuring the parts of the Cantón's Giraffe model qualitatively in the parti- cipant, and quantitatively for psychological well-being and self-efficacy. The results show an improvement in the motivational variables related to the parts of the model, in line with the improvement in the quantitative scores for psychological well-being and self-efficacy. There was also an increase and maintenance of healthy habits of nutrition, physical activity and proper thinking. These results are in line with those obtained in previous similar studies.

Intervención clínica desde la psicología motivacional en una gimnasta joven de alta competición / Clinical intervention from motivational psychology in a highly competitive young gymnast / Intervenção clínica da psicologia motivacional numa jovem ginasta de alta competição / Intervention clinique de la psychologie motivationnelle dans une jeune gymnaste de haute compétition

Resumen Objetivo: Comprobar si se producen mejoras en las variables psicológicas de bienestar psicológico, autoeficacia y autoestima, en una gimnasta joven, aplicando una intervención psicológica basada en el modelo de coaching motivacional "La Jirafa de Cantón" Se espera que las mejoras se reflejen en datos cuantitativos de cuestionarios que recoge dichas variables, así como de forma cualitativa mediante la valoración de la gimnasta sobre la intervención realizada y sus efectos. Materiales y Métodos: Se empleó un diseño de caso único, con una joven de 12 años que practica gimnasia rítmica. La demanda vino de su entrenadora, quien percibía riesgos para su bienestar y salud mental. Se utilizó una metodología de triangulación metodológica, al combinar aspectos cuantitativos (medición pre y post de bienestar psicológico, autoeficacia y autoestima) y análisis cualitativo de las sesiones. Se empleó un protocolo de intervención, diseñado para el modelo, con las fases de identificación, intervención y seguimiento. Se realizaron un total de 11 sesiones. Resultados: Los resultados cuantitativos muestran un aumento de la puntuación en los cuestionarios de bienestar psicológico, autoestima y autoeficacia, apoyado por el análisis cualitativo favorable de las respuestas de la paciente. Conclusión: La intervención realizada se ha mostrado eficaz para mejorar las variables psicológicas medidas, en la percepción de la deportista de su ejecución deportiva, y en las percepciones de sus progenitores y su entrenadora. Intervenciones de este tipo se estiman necesarias para prevenir riesgos para la salud mental, sobre todo en deportes tan exigentes como es la gimnasia rítmica.

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate if there are improvements in the psychological variables of psychological well-being, selfefficacy and self-esteem, in a young gymnast, applying a psychological intervention based on the motivational coaching model the "Cantón's Giraffe". It is expected that the improvements will be reflected in quantitative data of questionnaires that include these variables, as well as qualitatively by the evaluation of the gymnast on the intervention performed and its effects. Method: A unique case design was used, with a 12-year-old girl who practices rhythmic gymnastics. The demand came from his coach, who perceived risks to his well-being and mental health. A methodology of methodological triangulation was used, combining quantitative aspects (pre and post measurement of psychological well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem) and qualitative analysis of the sessions. An intervention protocol was used, designed for the model, with the identification, intervention and follow-up phases. A total of 11 sessions were made. Results: The quantitative results show an increase in the scores in the psychological well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy questionnaires, supported by the favorable qualitative analysis of the patient's responses. Conclusion: The intervention carried out has been shown to be effective in improving the psychological variables measured, in the athlete's perception of her sport performance, and in the perceptions of her parents and her coach. Interventions of this type are considered necessary to prevent risks to mental health, especially in sports as demanding as rhythmic gymnastics.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a existência de melhorias nas variáveis psicológicas de bem-estar psicológico, autoeficácia e autoestima, numa jovem ginasta, após aplicação de uma intervenção psicológica baseada no modelo de coaching motivacional "La Jirafa de Cantón". Espera-se que as melhorias se refletem quantitativamente nas variáveis dos questionários, bem como qualitativamente pela perspetiva da ginasta sobre a valorização da intervenção realizada e os seus efeitos. Método: Foi utilizado um estudo de caso único, com uma jovem de 12 anos que pratica ginástica rítmica. A solicitação veio da sua treinadora, que percebeu os riscos para o bem-estar e a saúde mental. Utilizou-se uma metodologia de triangulação metodológica, combinando aspetos quantitativos (pré e pós-mensuração do bem-estar psicológico, autoeficácia e autoestima) e análise qualitativa das sessões. Elaborou-se um protocolo de intervenção com base no modelo, com as fases de identificação, intervenção e acompanhamento. Realizaram-se no total 11 sessões. Resultados: Os resultados quantitativos mostram um aumento nos escores de bem-estar psicológico, autoestima e autoeficácia, apoiados pela análise qualitativa favorável das respostas da participante. Conclusão: A intervenção realizada mostrou-se eficaz na melhoria das variáveis psicológicas medidas, na perceção do desempenho desportivo da atleta e nas perceções de seus pais e da sua treinadora Intervenções deste tipo são consideradas necessárias para prevenir os riscos à saúde mental, especialmente nos desportos exigentes como é o caso da ginástica rítmica.

Résumé Objectif: Vérifier si des améliorations se produisent dans les variables du bien-être psychologique, l'auto-efficacité et l'estime de soi, chez un jeune gymnaste, à travers l'application d'une intervention psychologique basée sur le modèle de coaching motivationnel "La Jirafa de Cantón". Les améliorations devraient être reflétées dans les données quantitatives des questionnaires contenant ces variables, ainsi que qualitativement par l'évaluation de la gymnaste sur l'intervention réalisée et ses effets. Méthode: Un design de caisse unique a été utilisé, avec une fille de 12 ans qui pratique la gymnastique rythmique. La demande émanait de son entraîneur, qui percevait des risques pour son bien-être et sa santé mentale. Résultats: Les résultats quantitatifs montrent une augmentation du score dans les questionnaires sur le bien-être psychologique, l'estime de soi et l'efficacité personnelle, étayées par l'analyse qualitative favorable des réponses du patient. Conclusion: L'intervention réalisée s'est révélée efficace pour améliorer les variables psychologiques mesurées, dans la perception de l'athlète de sa performance sportive, et dans les perceptions de leurs parents et de leur entraîneur. Des interventions de ce type sont jugées nécessaires pour prévenir les risques pour la santé mentale, en particulier dans les sports aussi exigeants tels que la gymnastique rythmique.

Intervención psicológica utilizando el modelo de coaching motivacional "La Jirafa de Cantón" en el caso de una guitarrista aficionada / Psychological intervention in an amateur guitarist using the motivational coaching model "The Giraffe of Canton"

Se presenta una intervención psicológica mediante un estudio de caso utilizando una metodología de triangulación metodológica donde se combinan análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos. La participante es una estudiante de 20 años que quiere retomar con eficiencia el tocar la guitarra invirtiendo el tiempo necesario, compaginándolo adecuadamente con sus otras actividades. Se utiliza como base para la intervención psicológica el modelo de coaching motivacional "La Jirafa de Cantón" (mediante un protocolo especialmente diseñado para este modelo) y los cuestionarios de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff y el de Autoestima de Rosenberg, además de análisis cualitativos para evaluar el proceso y la finalización de la intervención. Los resultados muestran una mejora en las puntuaciones de Autoestima, con algunas mejoras en algunas dimensiones del Bienestar Psicológico, pero no en otras, que incluso tuvieron cierta desmejora (seguramente debido por una difícil situación familiar) y una mejora significativa en la motivación en relación al objetivo planteado. Estos resultados están en la línea de eficacia de otros estudios similares

We present here a case study psychological intervention; using a methodological triangulation, that combines qualitative and quantitative analysis. The subject was a 20-year-old student girl who wants to resume efficiently playing the guitar by investing the necessary time, combining it appropriately with her other activities. The motivational coaching model "Cantón's Giraffe" (using a protocol specially designed for this model), and the Ryff Psychological Wellbeing questionnaires and the Rosenberg Self-esteem questionnaire are used as a basis for psychological intervention, as well as qualitative analysis to evaluate the process and the completion of the intervention. The results show an improvement in the scores of self-esteem, with some improvements in some dimensions of psychological well-being, but not in others, which even had some deterioration (probably due to a difficult family situation) and a significant improvement in motivation in relation to the objective raised. These results are in line with the efficacy of other similar studies