Time perspectives and procrastination in university students: exploring the moderating role of basic psychological need satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Research on procrastination, regarding time perspective factors and basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) has placed this problem at the meeting point of individual and contextual variables. The present study focused both on the individual, given that time perspectives can be defined as a person's attitude to an object (time) at three moments (present, past, future); and on contextual aspects, because the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, relatedness) is facilitated or made difficult by social contexts. Based on this, the aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between time perspectives and inter-subject procrastination variations, testing the moderating role of BPNS in this relationship. METHOD: A total of 1,188 undergraduate students, aged 17-50 years (M = 20.02, SD = 2.63), completed three questionnaires containing the variables of interest. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed significant negative (thus, potentially protective) association of future time perspective with all three procrastination dimensions (decisional procrastination, implemental delay, and lateness). Conversely, past-negative time perspective showed a positive (thus, potentially adverse) association with procrastination. Satisfaction of the need for competence also showed a negative (thus, potentially protective) association with all procrastination dimensions. On eight occasions, the relationships between time perspectives and procrastination dimensions were moderated by psychological need satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that BPNS may play relevant roles in the negative (favourable) relationships between procrastination dimensions and positive time perspectives, as well as in the positive (adverse) associations between negative time perspectives and procrastination dimensions. Contextual interventions fostering enhanced levels of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as well as future time perspective, are thus strong candidates to consider for use and evaluation by policy makers, pedagogues, teachers, coaches and other professionals interested in counteracting procrastination tendencies.

Theatrical Performance as Leisure Experience: Its Role in the Development of the Self.

Theater has been used in psychological intervention and as a metaphor for social life, tendencies that affect the self, highlighting how influential theatrical performance can be for individuals. Their limitations - in terms of the empowerment of the self and its authenticity, respectively - can be overcome by treating theatrical performance as a leisure experience, which considers that freedom and satisfaction play a central role in a more comprehensive understanding and development of the self. With this in mind, we present the conceptual and empirical bases of the leisure experience as an alternative conception of theatrical performance. To do so, we organized a 20 h theater exercise workshop with 16 university students (15 women, one man), aged between 18 and 21 years old (M = 19.06 years; SD = 1.06). The instruments used were: the Time Budget Technique (questionnaire about the activities carried out in the workshop, valued in relation to two items: perceptions of freedom and satisfaction); the Twenty-Statement Test (where people list characteristics of themselves - self-descriptions - related in this case to the theatrical exercises); and, as a third instrument, a combination of the other two - specifying which exercises were more closely related to the self-descriptions. The results showed that group discussion was the activity with the highest perception of freedom, followed by obstacle exercises; as regards the perception of satisfaction, the highest value was observed in the relaxations. In the case of the self-descriptions, the acquisition of practical and intellectual skills was significant, as well as emotional outlook and the expression of self-esteem. In sum, this empirical support - using instruments that invite an exploration of the self - revealed, on the one hand, which specific characteristics of the self are manifested by doing theatrical exercises and, on the other hand, which exercises - when experienced as leisure - have a more decisive impact on the self. Thus, this paper shows what aspects must be taken into account when deciding which activities to include in a psychosocial intervention addressed to the development of the self from the standpoint of theatrical performance as a leisure activity.

Gender-differences in conservatoire music practice maladjustment. Can contextual professional goals and context-derived psychological needs satisfaction account for amotivation variations?

In music education, women are present in great numbers. In professional settings, however, women musicians are not as predominant. With some exceptions, such as Scandinavian countries, women still pursue gender equality in professional music practice. To inquire about the causes of this, we considered if gender-differences in amotivation in conservatoire instrument practice could be associated with aspects of learning environment. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that learning environments may influence motivation, by satisfying or thwarting students' psychological needs and by selectively endorsing specific extrinsic goals. Thus, we analysed if-women and men-amotivation variations could be explained by differences in behavioural regulations and satisfaction of their psychological needs for competence and autonomy. Participants (67 women and 74 men, 18-47 years old) completed validated scales for amotivation, behavioural regulations, and needs satisfaction. Students exhibited high intrinsic and introjected regulations, and high autonomy and competence needs satisfaction. Students' identified regulation levels were modest, and external regulation and amotivation levels were low. Women students' perceived competence was lower, and their amotivation was higher than men's. Amotivation variations were explained positively by identified regulation and negatively by context-derived satisfaction of the psychological needs for competence (and autonomy, only among women). Results suggest that internalization of extrinsic goals can pose difficulties and that psychological needs satisfaction may counteract amotivation (autonomy being potentially more important for women musicians).

Young University Students' Academic Self-Regulation Profiles and Their Associated Procrastination: Autonomous Functioning Requires Self-Regulated Operations.

Students' autonomous self-regulation requires not only self-motivation but also volition or transforming motivation into specific behavioral intentions and following through. Self-regulation includes self-motivation (i.e., goal setting, learning from mistakes) and volitional regulation (i.e., strategic decision making). Furthermore, individual differences, like trait-level perseverance, significantly influence both motivation and volition. Procrastination has been defined as a volitional self-regulation problem, which involves delaying what one had intended to do, in spite of being motivated, and regardless of anticipating adverse consequences. Thus, it is a tendency toward dysregulated behavior - which may stabilize with age - in which subpar self-regulation may lead to procrastination. As a form of dysregulation, procrastination adversely affects young people's autonomy and well-being by limiting their personal growth. Previous research has confirmed a negative relationship between self-regulation and procrastination. However, more precision is demanded in: (a) examining the intertwined roles of motivational and volitional aspects of self-regulation for procrastination, and (b) distinguishing between different medium, and between medium and high levels of self-regulation. Consequently, it has been suggested that this could be accomplished by means of person-centered analyses, aimed at identifying distinct naturally occurring students' self-regulation profiles. These profiles would inform differentiated pedagogical approaches to promote self-regulation strategies counteracting procrastination tendencies. We used cluster analysis to identify academic self-regulation profiles and analyze their relationships with procrastination. Participants were 994 young university students from one public and one private university in Catalonia (41.0% men, 58.4% women, and 0.5% non-binary gender). Their age ranged from 18 to 24 years (M = 19.69, SD = 1.41). Sampling method was intentional, with proportional quotas by sex, academic year, and area of knowledge. The instrument used for data collection incorporated the Short Spanish Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSSRQ), which includes four dimensions: perseverance, learning from mistakes, goal setting, and decision making; and the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS), which considers three dimensions: decisional procrastination, implemental delay and lateness. Results obtained by means of cluster analysis distinguished between high and low academic self-regulation profiles, and also between these and two different medium self-regulation profiles, each with specific emphases on particular volitional shortcomings (i.e., weaknesses in decision-making skills and perseverance). These profiles and their relations with procrastination dimensions allow a joint evaluation via structural equation modeling (SEM) to test cognitive motivational strategies (goal setting, decision making, learning from mistakes, and decisional procrastination) together with behavioral aspects (perseverance, implemental delay), considered in the constructs of academic self-regulation and pure procrastination. From this joint evaluation, guidelines are suggested for promoting autonomy among young university students to the detriment of procrastination, thereby - and in accordance with previous research - enhancing students' well-being and growth.

University Students' Motives-for-Physical-Activity Profiles: Why They Practise and What They Get in Terms of Psychological Need Satisfaction.

Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends to recede as young adults transition from high school into university. The present study sought to understand, in the case of university students that still practice PA, their motives for PA and their relationships with psychological need satisfaction (PNS) and characteristics of practice regularity (frequency, duration, team, competitive, coach, league, federation, and type of day of the week for PA). Participants were 423 university students who reported to practice PA (203 identified as men, 191 as women, 29 did not report gender), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old (M = 19.91, SD = 1.97). Measures assessing motives for PA, PNS, and PA characteristics were completed. Hierarchical, followed by iterative, cluster analysis was used and four naturally occurring groupings of university students were identified based on their motives for PA: one extrinsic-motives cluster (with both extrinsic motives-fitness and appearance-above the mean), one all-motives cluster (with all five motives above the mean), one intrinsic-motives cluster (with all three intrinsic motives-enjoyment, competence, social-above the mean), and one low-motives cluster (with all motives below the mean). Groupings were compared in terms of the characteristics of their practice regularity (frequency, duration, competition, team, coach, league, federation, type of day of the week used for PA) and their levels of PNS (of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in PA). Significant between-group differences were observed in the duration of single principal PA sessions, minutes per week practicing main PA, total PA minutes per week, and type of day of the week used for PA. The number of days per week devoted to the principal PA and the number of total PAs practiced were similar across all four clusters. With regard to between-group differences in psychological need satisfaction in PA by cluster, these analyses showed the existence of four clearly distinguishable naturally occurring groupings based on motives for PA, which gives researchers and practitioners the possibility to analyze and implement tailored interventions aimed at promoting PA among university students.

Fitness training as a body-centered hobby: The serious leisure perspective for explaining exercise practice / El entrenamiento físico como un hobby centrado en el cuerpo: La perspectiva del ocio serio para explicar la práctica del ejercicio / O treinamento físico como um hobby centrado no corpo: a perspetiva do lazer sério para explicar a prática do exercício

Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health professionals and social institutions. However, given that the levels of practice are not ideal, the subjective variables - that give meaning, provide continuity and may increase exercise adherence - need to be studied in depth. In this sense, fitness training is analyzed as a form of serious leisure, a body-centered hobby - a way to practice and relate to the activity that leads its practitioners to adhere more to it, orienting them towards a career in acquiring and expressing skills, knowledge and experience. In total, 1,134 people (588 men, 546 women) doing fitness training, aged between 18 and 70 years old (M = 34.7, SD = 13.06), answered a questionnaire about time dedicated to exercise as serious leisure and its derived and complementary benefits. Student's t Coefficient and ANOVA were used to show the significance of the differences among the scores obtained for the rewards related to exercise and the other variables of the study. The results highlight that exercise as serious leisure is an activity whose weekly time investment makes it to acquire a central role when rewarded by sense of accomplishment, contact with others, improved health and being outdoors with the family. To conclude, this study enhances that characterizing fitness training as a body-centered hobby - which shares the principles of serious leisure - implies a new approach to the analysis of exercise while also suggesting new ways of promoting it

El ejercicio físico es una actividad cuyos beneficios para la salud han sido promovidos por los correspondientes profesionales de la salud e instituciones sociales. Sin embargo, dado que los niveles de práctica no son los ideales, las variables subjetivas -que dan sentido, proporcionan continuidad y pueden incrementar la adherencia al ejercicio- necesitan ser estudiadas en profundidad. En este sentido, se analiza el entrenamiento físico como una forma de ocio serio, el hobby centrado en el cuerpo -una manera de practicar y relacionarse con la actividad que lleva a sus practicantes a adherirse más a la misma orientándoles hacia una carrera en la adquisición y expresión de destrezas, conocimientos y experiencias. Un total de 1.134 personas (588 hombres, 546 mujeres) que realizaron entrenamiento físico, de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 70 años (M = 34.7, DT = 13.06) respondieron a un cuestionario sobre el tiempo dedicado al ejercicio como ocio serio, así como a sus beneficios derivados y complementarios. El coeficiente t de Student y el ANOVA permitieron mostrar las diferencias entre las puntuaciones de los diferentes beneficios del ejercicio según las variables contempladas en el estudio. Los resultados destacan que el ejercicio físico como ocio serio es una actividad cuya inversión de tiempo semanal le hace adquirir un papel central cuando es recompensada por el sentido de logro, el contacto con los demás, la mejora de la salud y el estar al aire libre con la familia. Para concluir, este estudio pone de manifiesto que concebir el entrenamiento físico como un hobby centrado en el cuerpo -compartiendo los principios del ocio serio-, implica un nuevo enfoque para el análisis del ejercicio físico y también sugiere nuevas formas de promoverlo

O exercício físico é uma atividade cujos benefícios à saúde foram promovidos pelos correspondentes profissionais de saúde e instituições sociais. No entanto, como os níveis de prática não são ideais, variáveis subjetivas -que fazem sentido, fornecem continuidade e podem aumentar a adesão ao exercício- precisam ser estudadas em profundidade. Nesse sentido, o treinamento físico é analisado como uma forma de lazer sério, o hobby centrado no corpo - uma maneira de praticar e se relacionar com a atividade que leva seus praticantes a aderir mais a ele, orientando-os para uma carreira em aquisições e expressão de habilidades, conhecimentos e experiências. Um total de 1.134 pessoas (588 homens, 546 mulheres) que fizeram treinamento físico, com idades entre 18 e 70 anos (M = 34,7, DT = 13,06) responderam a um questionário sobre o tempo de exercício como lazer sério, bem como seus benefícios derivados e complementares. O coeficiente t de Student e a ANOVA permitiram mostrar as diferenças entre os escores dos diferentes benefícios do exercício de acordo com as variáveis contempladas no estudo. Os resultados destacam que o exercício físico como lazer sério é uma atividade cujo investimento no tempo semanal faz com que ele adquira um papel central quando é recompensado pela sensação de conquista, contato com os outros, melhoria da saúde e estar ao ar livre com a família. Para concluir, este estudo mostra que conceber o treinamento físico como um hobby centrado no corpo -compartilhando os princípios do lazer sério- implica uma nova abordagem para a análise do exercício físico e também sugere novas maneiras de promovê-lo

Leisure and Procrastination, a Quest for Autonomy in Free Time Investments: Task Avoidance or Accomplishment?

The purpose of the research was to analyze procrastination - a problem of time management that negatively affects the autonomy of people - in relation to leisure as a domain of everyday life. Specifically, the dynamics between leisure (activities and time invested - weekly frequency and duration of activity) and procrastination factors were studied. A sample of 185 university students (118 men and 67 women: M age = 20.77 years, SD age = 2.53) answered a procrastination scale - validated for the Spanish population - which refers to four factors of procrastination (dilatory behaviors, indecision, lack of punctuality, and lack of planning) and an adaptation of the Time Budget (TB) (a table where the participants were asked to specify "the three activities that you prefer to do when you are not studying or doing a paid job"). Results show that leisure activities are associated with factors of procrastination. As a matter of fact, the different factors of procrastination were related to specific types of leisure activities, depending on the weekly frequency of the activity or its duration. In this sense, there are cases in which the greater frequency of leisure activities (hobbies and computing, social life and entertainment) seems to contain - control, inhibit - procrastination (specifically, affecting its component of indecision) variations in the weekly frequency and duration of certain type of activities result in higher or lower scores on certain factors of procrastination. In sum, the time invested in leisure can protect from or inhibit delaying tasks - which implies enhancing the autonomy of people - a deduction that opens up new lines of research to identify optimal time investments for coping with procrastination.

"Ellas a estudiar y bailar, ellos a hacer deporte": Un estudio de las actividades extraescolares de los adolescentes mediante los presupuestos de tiempo / "Elas estudam e dançam, eles praticam desportos": um estudo das atividades extracurriculares dos adolescentes por meio de orçamentos de tempo / "Girls, study and dance; boys, play sports": A study of the extracurricular activities of adolescents through time budgets

Los estudios sobre actividades extraescolares en la adolescencia muestran que el tiempo no escolar puede utilizarse para mejorar el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo de la persona, pero también es posible emplearlo en conductas de riesgo o adicciones. Estos matices diferenciales pueden analizarse mediante un presupuesto de tiempo (PT), que además de registrar las actividades practicadas, incorpora la diversidad de las mismas dentro del repertorio del adolescente, la distribución y la cantidad de tiempo destinado en distintos días y las personas que les acompañan en cada práctica. Con base en esta sensibilidad, nuestro objetivo fue conocer los usos del tiempo al salir de la escuela, atendiendo a las relaciones interpersonales y los patrones de repetición en las actividades extraescolares. Participaron 103 adolescentes (43 chicas, 60 chicos), entre 11 y 18 años (M = 14.1; DT = 2.0). Se utilizó un PT ad hoc, registrándose durante una semana las actividades -físico-deportivas, de formación o artísticas-, realizadas fuera del horario escolar, especificando con quién se realizaba cada actividad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran escasa multiactividad, diferencias entre chicas y chicos respecto a la realización de actividades, momentos y tiempos de prácticas; ciertos patrones de frecuencia temporal de práctica; diferencias en términos de horas de dedicación según actividad o género, y predominio de la presencia de los pares. Los datos recogidos muestran la utilidad de los PT para orientar estrategias de intervención dirigidas a potenciar o mejorar las jornadas extraescolares, y así incidir positivamente sobre los tiempos escolares y no escolares (AU)

Studies of extracurricular activities in adolescence show that nonschool time can be used to improve academic performance and personal development, but it is also possible to use it in risky behaviors or addictions. These distinguishing nuances can be analyzed by a time budget (TB), which records the activities accomplished, also incorporating the diversity of activities within the whole repertoire of the teenager, as well as the distribution and amount of time spent on different days and people who accompany each practice. Drawing on this, our goal was to understand the uses of time once leaving the school, taking into account interpersonal relationships and patterns of recurrence in extracurricular activities. Participants were 103 adolescents (43 girls, 60 boys), aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). An ad hoc TB was used during one week, registering the out-of-school-time activities - related to sport, education or art -, specifying who accomplished each activity with any participant. Results show little multiactivity, differences between girls and boys regarding the activities, moments and times of practices; certain patterns of temporal frequency of practice; differences in terms of hours devoted according to activity or gender, and the regular presence of peers. The data collected show the usefulness of the TB to guide intervention strategies to enhance or improve extracurricular activities sessions, thus having a positive impact on school and out-of-school time (AU)

Estudos de atividades extracurriculares na adolescência mostram que o tempo não-escolar pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e desenvolvimento pessoal, mas também é possível usá-lo em comportamentos de risco ou vícios. Essas nuances que distinguem-se podem ser analisados por um time budget (TB): além da coleta das atividades desenvolvidas, o TB incorpora a diversidade do das atividades dentro do repertório do adolescente, a distribuição e quantidade de tempo gasto em dias diferentes e as pessoas que acompanhar cada prática. Com base nessa sensibilidade, nosso objetivo foi compreender os usos do tempo depois de sair da escola, com base em relações interpessoais e padrões de recidiva em atividades extracurriculares. Participaram 103 adolescentes (43 meninas, 60 meninos), com idade entre 11 a 18 anos (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). Um TB ad hoc foi utilizado, coletando por uma semana as atividades —físico- -esportivas, formação ou artística—realizadas fora do horário escolar, especificando as pessoas que acompanham a realização de cada atividade. Os resultados mostram pouca pluriatividade, diferenças entre meninas e meninos em relação à realização de atividades, momentos e tempos de práticas; certos padrões de frequência temporal da prática; diferenças em termos de horas de dedicação como atividade ou gênero, e predominância da presença dos amigos. Os dados coletados mostram a utilidade do TB para orientar as estratégias de intervenção para aumentar ou melhorar sessões extracurriculares, e, assim, ter um impacto positivo nos tempos escolares e não-escolares (AU)

Actividad físico-deportiva como experiencia de ocio y perspectiva temporal en los jóvenes / Physical and sport activities as leisure experience and time perspective in the youth

Se analizan las relaciones entre la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas, la experiencia de ocio y la Perspectiva Temporal, en una muestra de 134 jóvenes —84 chicos y 54 chicas— entre 18 y 24 ańos. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario online que incluía: (1) un Presupuesto de Tiempo para registrar las actividades realizadas en la cotidianidad y valorar las características de estas actividades como ocio (tiempo dedicado a las mismas, frecuencia semanal y percepciones de elección propia, satisfacción y apropiación); y (2) el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, para conocer la incidencia de sus dimensiones (presente, pasada y futura). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que: los jóvenes que practican actividad física como actividad de ocio presentan una Perspectiva Temporal Balanceada; que quienes invierten más tiempo en esta práctica tienen a una mayor Perspectiva Temporal Futura; asimismo, se demuestra que las variables de la experiencia de ocio correlacionan de manera directa con el presente hedonista y el pasado positivo. Con estos hallazgos, se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de considerar la Perspectiva Temporal y la experiencia de ocio en los programas de intervención para la promoción y mantenimiento de la actividad físico-deportiva

Relationships among the practice of physical and sport activities, the leisure experience and Time Perspective are analyzed. Sample was integrated by 134 young (84 men and 54 women), aged 18 to 24. Data was collected with an online questionnaire, which included: (1) a Time Budget with the purpose of registering activities in daily life and valuing the leisure characteristics of these activities (time devoted, week frequency and perceptions of freedom of choice, satisfaction and appropriation); and (2) the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, in order to know the incidence of its dimensions (past, present, and future). Results show that: youth who practices physical and sport activities as leisure show a Balanced Time Perspective; moreover, variables of leisure experience are related to present hedonist and past positive. These results put into manifest the need of considering the Time Perspective and the leisure experience in intervention programs addressed to promote and maintain physical and sport activities

Estudio de la relación del entorno psicosocial en la práctica deportiva de la mujer / Study of the relationship between the psychosocial environment and women's sport practice

Se analiza la influencia ejercida por personas del entorno en la práctica deportiva de una muestra de 636 mujeres de España entre 15 y 64 años (M = 38.36; DE = 11.51). Como instrumento de medida se empleó un cuestionario online de preguntas cerradas sobre la práctica de actividades físico- deportivas y el apoyo psicosocial de los otros significativos (padre, madre, hermano/a, mejor amigo/a y compañeros/as de trabajo), siguiendo el Inventario de Conductas de Salud (ICS; Wold, Aarö y Smith, 1994 -versión de Balaguer, 2000). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una práctica deportiva predominantemente baja (1-2 días a la semana), siendo en las mujeres entre 50-64 años en quienes se observa mayor asiduidad en dicha práctica (5-7 días). Con respecto a las influencias del entorno, se advierte que la mujer que practica deporte está más rodeada de hermanos/as, mejores amigos/as y compañeros/as de trabajo que practican deporte -y las animan a ello-, antes que del padre y de la madre; en particular, destaca el apoyo del/la mejor amigo/a que aumenta con la edad. Estos datos complementan hallazgos de estudios precedentes, y al tiempo sugieren nuevos aspectos investigar con respecto a la práctica deportiva de las mujeres en España (AU)

The influence of surrounding people in women’s sport practice is analysed. The sample was made up of 636 women from Spain, aged between 15 and 64 (M = 38.36; SD = 11.51). The measurement instrument was an online survey with close-ended questions about the practice of sportphysical activities and the support of significant others (father, mother, brothers/sisters, best friends and workmates), which followed the Health Behaviour Survey (HBS; Wold, Aarö and Smith, 1994 - versioned by Balaguer, 2000). Results show predominantly low levels of sport practice (1-2 days/week), with women aged 50-64 having the highest levels of practice (5-7 days/week). Concerning influences from the environment, it is noticeable that brothers/sisters, best friends and workmates who not only practice sport but also encourage women to practise it are more influential than parents; in particular, the presence of supportive friends increases with age. These data complement preceding studies, as well as suggest new research issues related to women’s sport practice in Spain (AU)

El tiempo libre como heurístico del self: una metodología para el análisis de la complejidad del sujeto / Free time as a heuristic for the self: a methodology to anlyze the complexity of the subject

Las actividades de ocio y tiempo libre se han considerado importantes para el desarrollo del self - sí mismo - como proceso psicosocial (entre otros, Csikszentmihalyi y Kleiber, 1991; Cuenca, 2008a; Grossman y O'Connell, 2000; Kleiber, 1999; Munné y Codina, 1996, 2002; Wearing y Wearing, 1992). El análisis empírico de este vínculo y los procesos que se generan entre ellos es lo que pretende mostrar la Metodología Cualitativa Secuencial (MCS; Codina, 1999, 2005a y b). Esta estrategia metodológica permite poner de manifiesto la complejidad del tiempo libre, del self y de las relaciones entre ambos (Codina, 2004a y b; Codina y Pestana, 2008; Pestana, 2007; Pestana y Codina, 2005). Como muestra del potencial explicativo de la MCS, en este trabajo se ejemplifica una aproximación empírica al self con base en la dialogicidad derivada de las ideas de M. Bajtín (1961/2003a, 1974/2003b) y en los aspectos complejos -no linealidad, fractalidad, borrosidad- descritos por F. Munné (1997a, 2000) en su modelo del self. Investigar empíricamente propuestas teóricas sobre el self como las de Bajtín y Munné posibilita aprehender las relaciones del desarrollo de la persona con un comportamiento más libre. En un sentido más general, la MCS contribuye a resaltar el carácter vertebrador de la libertad y la mismidad en el análisis del sujeto contemporáneo.

Both leisure and free time activities have been considered important for self development as a psychosocial process (among others, Csikszentmihalyi & Kleiber, 1991; Cuenca, 2008a; Grossman & O'Connell, 2000; Kleiber, 1999; Munné & Codina, 1996, 2002; Wearing & Wearing, 1992). Putting into evidence the processes derived from the relationship between leisure/free time activities and self has been the purpose of the Sequential Qualitative Methodology (SQM; Codina, 1999, 2005a & b). This methodological strategy has made possible to show the complexity among free time, self and their relationships (Codina, 2004a & b; Codina & Pestana, 2008; Pestana, 2007; Pestana & Codina, 2005). As an example of the SQM potential of explanation, this contribution offers an empirical approximation to the self, based on M. M. Bakhtin's dialogical perspective (1961/2003a, 1974/2003b), and the complex aspects (non-linearity, fractality and fuzziness) described by F. Munné (1997a, 2000) in his model of the self. Empirical research about both Bakhtin and Munné proposals makes possible apprehending the relationships between a person's development and a free behavior. In a more general sense, the SQM contributes to underline the significance of freedom and selfhood in analyzing the contemporary subject.

El tiempo libre como heurístico del self: una metodología para el análisis de la complejidad del sujeto / Free time as a heuristic for the self: a methodology to anlyze the complexity of the subject

Las actividades de ocio y tiempo libre se han considerado importantes para el desarrollo del self - sí mismo - como proceso psicosocial (entre otros, Csikszentmihalyi y Kleiber, 1991; Cuenca, 2008a; Grossman y O'Connell, 2000; Kleiber, 1999; Munné y Codina, 1996, 2002; Wearing y Wearing, 1992). El análisis empírico de este vínculo y los procesos que se generan entre ellos es lo que pretende mostrar la Metodología Cualitativa Secuencial (MCS; Codina, 1999, 2005a y b). Esta estrategia metodológica permite poner de manifiesto la complejidad del tiempo libre, del self y de las relaciones entre ambos (Codina, 2004a y b; Codina y Pestana, 2008; Pestana, 2007; Pestana y Codina, 2005). Como muestra del potencial explicativo de la MCS, en este trabajo se ejemplifica una aproximación empírica al self con base en la dialogicidad derivada de las ideas de M. Bajtín (1961/2003a, 1974/2003b) y en los aspectos complejos -no linealidad, fractalidad, borrosidad- descritos por F. Munné (1997a, 2000) en su modelo del self. Investigar empíricamente propuestas teóricas sobre el self como las de Bajtín y Munné posibilita aprehender las relaciones del desarrollo de la persona con un comportamiento más libre. En un sentido más general, la MCS contribuye a resaltar el carácter vertebrador de la libertad y la mismidad en el análisis del sujeto contemporáneo.(AU)

Both leisure and free time activities have been considered important for self development as a psychosocial process (among others, Csikszentmihalyi & Kleiber, 1991; Cuenca, 2008a; Grossman & O'Connell, 2000; Kleiber, 1999; Munné & Codina, 1996, 2002; Wearing & Wearing, 1992). Putting into evidence the processes derived from the relationship between leisure/free time activities and self has been the purpose of the Sequential Qualitative Methodology (SQM; Codina, 1999, 2005a & b). This methodological strategy has made possible to show the complexity among free time, self and their relationships (Codina, 2004a & b; Codina & Pestana, 2008; Pestana, 2007; Pestana & Codina, 2005). As an example of the SQM potential of explanation, this contribution offers an empirical approximation to the self, based on M. M. Bakhtin's dialogical perspective (1961/2003a, 1974/2003b), and the complex aspects (non-linearity, fractality and fuzziness) described by F. Munné (1997a, 2000) in his model of the self. Empirical research about both Bakhtin and Munné proposals makes possible apprehending the relationships between a person's development and a free behavior. In a more general sense, the SQM contributes to underline the significance of freedom and selfhood in analyzing the contemporary subject.(AU)