RESUMO
Phospholipases such as phospholipase-A, phospholipase-B, phospholipase-C and phospholipase-D are important functional enzymes of the cell membrane responsible for a variety of functions such as signal transduction, production of lipid mediators, metabolite digestion and playing a pathological role in central nervous system diseases. Phospholipases have shown an association with Alzheimer's disease and these enzymes have found a correlation with several metabolic pathways that can lead to the activation of inflammatory signals via astrocytes and microglial cells. We also highlighted unhealthy practices like smoking and consuming processed foods, rich in nitroso compounds and phosphatidic acid, which contribute to neuronal damage in AD through phospholipases. A few therapeutic approaches such as the use of inhibitors of phospholipase-D,phospholipase A2 as well as autophagy-mediated inhibition have been discussed to control the onset of AD. This paper serves as a crosstalk between phospholipases and their role in neurodegenerative pathways as well as their influence on other biomolecules of lipid membranes, which are acquired through unhealthy diets and possible methods to treat these anomalies occurring due to their metabolic disorder involving phospholipases acting as major signaling molecules.
RESUMO
Biological approaches and coagulation are frequently used to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) for treatment of ceramic effluent water. The technology known as the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) can accomplish this goal. Further, the process of emulsification-aided innovative MBBR using biosurfactants can be proposed for ceramic effluent treatment. In a step-by-step upgrading scheme, biosurfactants and a consortia of halophilic and halotolerant microbial culture was utilized for the treatment of the effluent water. Over the course of 21 days, a progressive decrease in COD of up to 95.79% was achieved. Over the next 48 h period, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was reduced by 98.3%, while total suspended solids (TSS) decreased by 79.41%. With the use of this innovative MBBR technology, biofilm formation accelerated, lowering the COD, BOD, and TSS levels. This allows treated water to be used for further research on recycling it back into the ceramics sector and repurposing it for agricultural purposes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Implementation of modified MBBR technology for the treatment of effluent water. Biosurfactants could reduce in the organic and inorganic loads. Increase in MLSS values with COD removal observed. The plant operations without the use of chemical coagulants was effective with biosurfactants. Biofilm formation on carriers was scraped and the presence of surfactin and rhamnolipid was confirmed.
