Efficient and environmental-friendly perovskite solar cells via embedding plasmonic nanoparticles: an optical simulation study on realistic device architectures.

Solution-processed, lead halide-based perovskite solar cells have recently overcome important challenges, offering low-cost and high solar power conversion efficiencies. However, they still undergo unoptimized light collection due mainly to the thin (∼350 nm) polycrystalline absorber layers. Moreover, their high toxicity (due to the presence of lead in perovskite crystalline structures) makes it necessary that the thickness of the absorber layers to be further reduced. Here we address these issues via embedding spherical plasmonic nanoparticles of various sizes, composition, concentrations, and vertical positions, in realistic halide-based perovskite solar cells. We theoretically show that plasmon-enhanced near-field effects and scattering leads to a device photocurrent enhancement up to ∼7.3% when silver spheres are embedded inside the perovskite layer. An even further enhancement, up to ∼12%, is achieved with the combination of silver spheres in perovskite and aluminum spheres inside the hole transporting layer (PEDOT:PSS). The proper involvement of nanoparticles allows the employment of much thinner perovskite layers (up to 150 nm), reducing thus significantly the toxicity. Providing the requirements related to the design parameters of nanoparticles, our study establishes guidelines for a future development of highly-efficient, environmentally friendly and low-cost plasmonic perovskite solar cells.

Advanced Photonic Processes for Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems.

Solar-energy harvesting through photovoltaic (PV) conversion is the most promising technology for long-term renewable energy production. At the same time, significant progress has been made in the development of energy-storage (ES) systems, which are essential components within the cycle of energy generation, transmission, and usage. Toward commercial applications, the enhancement of the performance and competitiveness of PV and ES systems requires the adoption of precise, but simple and low-cost manufacturing solutions, compatible with large-scale and high-throughput production lines. Photonic processes enable cost-efficient, noncontact, highly precise, and selective engineering of materials via photothermal, photochemical, or photophysical routes. Laser-based processes, in particular, provide access to a plethora of processing parameters that can be tuned with a remarkably high degree of precision to enable innovative processing routes that cannot be attained by conventional approaches. The focus here is on the application of advanced light-driven approaches for the fabrication, as well as the synthesis, of materials and components relevant to PV and ES systems. Besides presenting recent advances on recent achievements, the existing limitations are outlined and future possibilities and emerging prospects discussed.

Solution processed reduced graphene oxide electrodes for organic photovoltaics.

Since the isolation of free standing graphene in 2004, graphene research has experienced a phenomenal growth. Due to its exceptional electronic, optical and mechanical properties, graphene is believed to be the next wonder material for optoelectronics. The enhanced electrical conductivity, combined with its high transparency in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum, enabled graphene to be an ideal low cost indium-tin oxide (ITO) substitute. Solution-processed reduced graphene oxide combines the unique optoelectrical properties of graphene with large area deposition and flexible substrates rendering it compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing methods. This paper provides an overview of recent research progress in the application and consequent physical-chemical properties of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide-based films as transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be effectively utilized as the TCE in flexible OPVs, where the brittle and expensive ITO is incompatible. The prospects and future research trends in graphene-based TCEs are also discussed.

Improving the efficiency of organic photovoltaics by tuning the work function of graphene oxide hole transporting layers.

A facile, fast, non-destructive and roll-to-roll compatible photochemical method for simultaneous partial reduction and doping of graphene oxide (GO) films through ultraviolet laser irradiation in the presence of a Cl2 precursor gas is demonstrated. The photochemical chlorinated GO-Cl films were fully characterized by XPS and Raman measurements, in which grafting of chloride to the edges and the basal plane of GO was confirmed. By tuning the laser exposure time, it is possible to control the doping and reduction levels and therefore to tailor the work function (WF) of the GO-Cl layers from 4.9 eV to a maximum value of 5.23 eV. These WF values match with the HOMO level of most polymer donors employed in OPV devices. Furthermore, high efficiency poly(2,7-carbazole) derivative (PCDTBT):fullerene derivative (PC71BM) based OPVs with GO-Cl as the hole transporting layer (HTL) were demonstrated with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.56% which is 17.35% and 19.48% higher than that of the pristine GO and PEDOT:PSS based OPV devices, respectively. The performance enhancement was attributed to more efficient hole transportation due to the energy level matching between the GO-Cl and the polymer donor.