Redox-Dependent Expression of Genes Encoding NADPH Oxidase 5 and the Key Antioxidant Enzymes during Formation of Drug Resistance of Tumor Cells to Cisplatin.

Expression of genes that plays a significant role in the control of cellular redox homeostasis was studied during the development of drug resistance of human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV-3 cells to cisplatin. It was found that the development of drug resistance was accompanied by enhanced expression of the genes encoding the key antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, CAT, GPX1, and HO-1) and transcription factor Nrf2, as well as reduced expression of the gene encoding NOX5 isoform of NADPH oxidase. The results testify to redox-dependent development of the adaptive antioxidant response as an important process in the mechanism of formation of resistance to cisplatin.

Exposure of luminous marine bacteria to low-dose gamma-radiation.

The study addresses biological effects of low-dose gamma-radiation. Radioactive 137Cs-containing particles were used as model sources of gamma-radiation. Luminous marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum was used as a bioassay with the bioluminescent intensity as the physiological parameter tested. To investigate the sensitivity of the bacteria to the low-dose gamma-radiation exposure (≤250 mGy), the irradiation conditions were varied as follows: bioluminescence intensity was measured at 5, 10, and 20°Ð¡ for 175, 100, and 47 h, respectively, at different dose rates (up to 4100 µGy/h). There was no noticeable effect of gamma-radiation at 5 and 10°Ð¡, while the 20°Ð¡ exposure revealed authentic bioluminescence inhibition. The 20°Ð¡ results of gamma-radiation exposure were compared to those for low-dose alpha- and beta-radiation exposures studied previously under comparable experimental conditions. In contrast to ionizing radiation of alpha and beta types, gamma-emission did not initiate bacterial bioluminescence activation (adaptive response). As with alpha- and beta-radiation, gamma-emission did not demonstrate monotonic dose-effect dependencies; the bioluminescence inhibition efficiency was found to be related to the exposure time, while no dose rate dependence was found. The sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene did not reveal a mutagenic effect of low-dose gamma radiation. The exposure time that caused 50% bioluminescence inhibition was suggested as a test parameter for radiotoxicity evaluation under conditions of chronic low-dose gamma irradiation.

[The use of SPECT-CT for visualization of sentinel lymph nodes and lymph drainage pathways in prostate cancer patients].

There was studied the use of SPECT-CT for visualization of sentinel lymph nodes and lymph drainage pathways in 35 patients with localized prostate cancer (cT1-T2 N0 M0). Sentinel lymph nodes were imaged in 31 (89%) patients. There were advantageously detected drainage pathways to exterior (77%) and internal iliac (58%) lymph nodes. Visceral (29%) lymph nodes (paraprostatic, paravesical and mesorectal) were less determined. There was established high informative value of SPECT-CT for imaging sentinel lymph nodes, determining their location as well as identification of lymph drainage pathways in patients with prostate cancer.

[Feasibility of cytologic diagnosis of bone tumors]. / Vozmozhnosti tsitologicheskoi diagnostiki kostnykh opukholei.

Main advantages of the cytological method are demonstrated: possibilities of obtaining material from areas which are hardly accessible for open biopsy, investigation of bone tumor before or during the operation, etc. Detailed biological characteristics of tumor cells by means of DNA-flow cytometry, roentgenological and clinical data help to establish correctly a morphological variant of bone tumor and thus to choose an adequate therapeutical method.

[Cytologic diagnosis of metastases of stomach cancer during laparoscopy]. / Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika metastazov raka zheludka pri laparoskopii.

The detection of gastric carcinoma metastases to the peritoneum necessitates the development of a specific treatment strategy. The present paper reviews the results of analyses of ascitic fluid and impressions obtained in laparoscopy from 42 patients. Eighty-one investigations have been carried out. Malignant cells have been detected in 93.1% of impressions and in 50% of ascites. Three types of mesothelial cells are described, all of them present both in the impressions and in the fluid. Type I cells are more incident in proliferation of the mesothelial cells. They are often similar to adenocarcinoma cells as regards their chromatin structure, hyperchromatism, eccentric position of the nucleus, and cytoplasmic basophilia. In distinction from the adenocarcinoma cells, the mesothelial cells are monomorphous and are much smaller. Type I mesothelial cells differ from signet ring cell carcinoma in the following: nuclear hyperchromatism in mesothelial cells is combined with cytoplasmic basophilia, whereas in signet ring cells a colorless vacuole occupies the whole of the cytoplasm in case of a hyperchromatic eccentric nucleus.

[DNA cell content in benign and malignant tumors of various sites]. / Soderzhanie v kletkakh DNK pri dobrikachestvennykh i zlokachestvennykh opukholiakh razlichnoi lokalizatsii.

Three basic approaches to the problem of DNA content in normal and malignant cells are presented. The literature analysis (48 references) indicates the possibility of diagnosis of malignant condition in some tissues on the basis of DNA content measurement if a high number of aneuploid cells non-characteristic for a given state are present in the sample. The question of the correlation between the DNA content and prognosis remains open until now. Although some approaches appear to be perspective at present, literature analysis does not give the evidence of feasibility of using the flow methods for massive screening.

DNA ploidy and proliferation characteristics of bowel polyps analysed by flow cytometry compared with cytology and histology.

56 human adenomatous bowel polyps and 44 samples of macroscopically unchanged bowel mucosa taken at a distance of 2-10 cm from the polyp were investigated by histology, cytology, and flow cytometry in respect to their dysplasia grade and DNA distributions. 30 human adenomatous polyps of the same localization were investigated by histology and flow cytometry; in 14 cases in addition to the DNA-patterns per se their changes mediated by heparin, a polyanion, were recorded. Histological and cytological investigations revealed mild dysplasia in 25 cases, moderate dysplasia in 43 cases and severe dysplasia in 18 cases. DNA aneuploidy was correlated with the histological finding of mild dysplasia three times, of moderate dysplasia twice and severe dysplasia five times. All other cases, also macroscopically unchanged bowel mucosa revealed DNA diploidy. In these diploid cases, cell cycle stage analysis yielded a higher proportion of cells in S-phase and G2M phase in adenomas with severe dysplasia in comparison to adenomas with moderate and mild dysplasia (P less than 0.05). Macroscopically unchanged bowel mucosa showed about the same values as adenomas with mild dysplasia. The heparin mediated increase in fluorescence intensity is different for adenomas with mild and moderate dysplasia, and attributed to the latter a higher proliferative activity (P less than 0.05).

[Morphological and cytophotometric characteristics of polyps of the colon and rectum]. / Morfologicheskaia i tsitofotometricheskaia kharakteristika polipov tolstoi i priamoi kishok.

Material from 60 patients with colon and rectum polyps as well as "normal" mucous membrane (44 patients) taken at some distance from polyps are studied. DNA content was measured by a flow cytometry method (ICP-II) in parallel to morphological (cytological and histological) examination of biopsies. Analysis of material was performed by groups depending on the epithelial dysplasia degree in the adenomas. Diploid cells dominated in the adenomas. Significant increase of cells in S- and (G2 + M)-phases of cell cycles is noted in the adenomas with a severe epithelial dysplasia as compared to the adenomas with a mild or moderate dysplasia. Aneuploid cells are detected in 5 adenomas, 4 of them morphologically were those with a severe dysplasia including 2 cases in which it was difficult to differentiate between a severe dysplasia and carcinoma although the signs of invasion were absent.

Seasonal variations of DNA synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells of hibernating animals--I. DNA synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells of ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus) during deep hibernation.

The conditions for obtaining crypt cells from ground squirrel small intestine were chosen which allow flow-through cytofluorometric analysis of the DNA synthesis of this tissue. DNA synthesis was found to be greatly reduced in the intestinal crypt cells of ground squirrel during deep hibernation in torpid animals, in animals during spontaneous arousals and in animals prevented from hibernation. The conclusion is made about endogenous control of the DNA synthesis in the cells of true hibernators.

[Laser flow cytofluorometry as a supplementary method of determining the degree of tumor differentiation in breast cancer patients]. / Lazernaia protochnaia tsitofliuorimetriia kak dopolnitel'nyi metod opredeleniia stepeni differentsirovki opukholi u bol'nykh rakom molochnoi zhelezy.

Content of cell DNA and RNA was studied by method of laser flowing cytophotometry in 21 cases of pretumorous conditions and 64 tumours of mammary gland. A clear-cut difference in DNA and RNA histograms is shown in non-proliferative and proliferative forms of mastopathy, in mastopathy and infiltrating mammary gland carcinoma. Likewise, a clear-cut correlation between the degree of malignancy and a nucleic acid content in the carcinoma cells is established.

[Cytological diagnosis of small cell lung cancer]. / Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika melkokletochnogo raka legkogo.

Morphometric studies using the Integral instrumentation complex and the ICP--II pulsed cytophotometer assays of DNA in lung tumor cells of various histological patterns were conducted to obviate difficulties involved in establishing differential cytologic diagnosis of small cell undifferentiated lung cancer. It was shown that morphometric and pulsed cytophotometric measurements may offer considerable advantage when used in conjunction with other procedures of differential diagnosis with a view to improving diagnosis of various forms of lung tumors and small cell undifferentiated lung cancer, in particular.

[Cytological classification of bone tumors]. / Tsitologicheskaia klassifikatsiia opukholei kostei.

The creation of a classification is a first need for the improvement of the cytological diagnosis. The cytologic classification of bone tumours is worked out on the basis of the International Histological Classification. The possibilities and limitations of the cytologic method are taken into consideration. A brief description of all nosological entities mentioned in the classification is given.