DPI-3290 [(+)-3-((alpha-R)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-methylbenzamide]. II. A mixed opioid agonist with potent antinociceptive activity and limited effects on respiratory function.

Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazines have been of interest as analgesic agents for the management of moderate-to-severe pain. In this study, we compared the antinociceptive properties and respiratory depressant activity of one such agent, (+)-3-((alpha-R)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-methylbenzamide (DPI-3290), with those of established narcotic analgesics, morphine and fentanyl. Intravenous administration of DPI-3290 in conscious laboratory rats increased antinociception in a dose-dependent manner with a corresponding ED(50) value of 0.05 +/- 0.0072 mg/kg. Simultaneous measurement of arterial blood gas in animals treated with DPI-3290 demonstrated dose-dependent increases in pCO2 with an ED(50) value of 0.91 +/- 0.22 mg/kg. In comparison, morphine and fentanyl increased antinociception in rats with ED(50) values of 2.01 +/- 0.0005 and 0.0034 +/- 0.00024 mg/kg, respectively, and the ED(50) value for morphine-induced changes in pCO2 was 4.23 +/- 0.72 mg/kg, whereas the ED(50) value for fentanyl-induced changes in pCO2 was 0.0127 +/- 0.0035 mg/kg. A separate series of experiments were designed to examine the effects of DPI-3290 on mu-opioid receptor induced antinociception and hypercapnia. Intravenous bolus doses of DPI-3290 that ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/kg had no effect on antinociception mediated by alfentanil (2 microg/kg/min i.v.) but reduced hypercapnia by approximately 50%. Results from these studies demonstrate the equivalent antinociceptive efficacy of DPI-3290, morphine, and fentanyl but dramatic differences in the hypercapnia that antinociceptive doses of these drugs produce. When measured simultaneously, DPI-3290 had an 18.2-fold difference in the ratio comparing the ED(50) value for antinociception with the ED(50) value for changes in pCO2; this ratio was 2.1 for morphine and 3.7 for fentanyl. Furthermore, DPI-3290 reduced the alfentanil-mediated hypercapnia without any effect on antinociception. Together, the balanced opioid agonist activity of DPI-3290 may provide a means of powerful analgesia while mitigating the mu-opioid receptor-mediated hypercapnia.

DPI-3290 [(+)-3-((alpha-R)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-methylbenzamide]. I. A mixed opioid agonist with potent antinociceptive activity.

Compound (+)-3-((alpha-R)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-methylbenzamide (DPI-3290), is one of a series of novel centrally acting agents with potent antinociceptive activity that binds specifically and with high affinity to opioid receptors. In saturation equilibrium binding studies performed at 25 degrees C using membranes from rat brain or guinea pig cerebellum, the Ki values measured for DPI-3290 at delta-, mu-, and kappa-opioid receptors were 0.18 +/- 0.02, 0.46 +/- 0.05, and 0.62 +/- 0.09 nM, respectively. In vas deferens isolated from laboratory mice, DPI-3290 decreased electrically induced tension development in a concentration-dependent manner with corresponding IC50 values of 1.0 +/- 0.3, 6.2 +/- 2.0, and 25.0 +/- 3.3 nM at delta-, mu-, and kappa-receptors, respectively. The activity of DPI-3290 in isolated vas deferens tissue was approximately 20,000, 175.8, and 1500 times more efficacious than morphine, and 492, 2.5, and 35 times more efficacious than fentanyl at delta-, mu-, and kappa-receptors, respectively. In ileal strips isolated from guinea pigs, DPI-3290 inhibited tension development with a corresponding IC50 value of 3.4 +/- 1.6 nM at mu-opioid receptors and 6.7 +/- 1.6 nM at kappa-opioid receptors. Intravenous administration of 0.05 +/- 0.007 mg/kg DPI-3290 produced a 50% antinociceptive response in rats. The antinociceptive properties of DPI-3290 were blocked by naloxone (0.5 mg/kg s.c.). Compared with morphine, this study demonstrated that DPI-3290 is more potent and elicited a similar magnitude of antinociceptive activity in the rat, actions mediated by its mixed opioid receptor agonist activity. The marked antinociceptive activity of DPI-3290 will likely provide a means for relieving severe pain in patients that require analgesic treatment.