Rapid and Efficient Analysis of Microcystins, Nodularin, Cylindrospermopsin, and Anatoxin-a in Drinking Water by LC Tandem MS.

A fast and sensitive LC-MS method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 11 cyanotoxins in drinking water. The toxins in this method included eight microcystins, as well as nodularin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. Sample processing involved a small sample volume and a direct dilution procedure that could be performed in minutes rather than hours using traditional SPE procedures. This method also featured a short acquisition time of 12 min with an adequate separation of all analytes. Validation results demonstrated good sensitivity with LODs <100 ng/L and good precision (RSD < 20%) and accuracy. Analyte stability was also thoroughly studied. The matrix effect was minimal, and tap water used for calibrators and controls. No sample carryover was observed after the highest concentration calibrator.

Development of a Scale to Measure Death Perspectives: Overcoming and Participating.

Kastenbaum and Aisenberg have suggested that persons can cope with the impact of death and dying by altering their understanding of what each means to them as well as by changing their behavioral responses to such experiences. The present study's purpose was to develop a reliable and valid measure to assess an individual's particular death perspective based on Kastenbaum and Aisenberg's distinctions between overcomers and participators. The Death Perspective Scale developed here assessed the extent to which individuals utilize either an overcoming or participating approach to (a) assigning meaning to dying and death and (b) behaviorally responding to death-related experiences. Based upon the data collected from 168 adults varying by age and gender, findings suggested that both overcoming and participating could be reliably assessed, correlated with measures of death anxiety and death attitudes, and varied reliably (p < .05) by age and gender, wherein such differences were for the most part consistent with predictions by Kastenbaum and Aisenberg espoused over 30 years ago. Findings here suggested that overcomers reported more fear of death and dying and were less accepting in this respect, while participators reported fewer death-related fears and were more accepting. Women and older adults were more participating, while men and younger adults were more overcoming, though such effects varied depending upon whether meaning versus response to death was considered. The consistency between the present findings and the predictions Kastenbaum and Aisenberg suggests that while person's orientations to death and dying seem to transcend sociocultural change, empirically based efforts to better understand how our death system impacts persons need to move forward.