Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand III. Genera Aedeomyia, Ficalbia, Mimomyia, Hodgesia, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Uranotaenia.

Illustrated keys for the identification of fourth-instar larvae and adult females of seven genera of mosquitoes are presented, along with the geographic distribution of each species and the known immature habitats. Sixty-seven mosquito species belonging to genera Aedeomyia, Ficalbia, Mimomyia, Hodgesia, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Uranotaenia are recognized in Thailand. Hodgesia bailyi and Uranotaenia (Pfc.) abstrusa are included as new country records, and four new undescribed species in the subgenus Uranotaenia are reported.

Six new species of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group, reinterpretation of An. elegans and vector implications.

Among Oriental anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), several major vectors of forest malaria belong to the group of Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus Dönitz. We have morphologically examined representative material (> 8000 specimens from seven countries) for taxonomic revision of the Leucosphyrus Group. Six new species are here described from adult, pupal and larval stages (with illustrations of immature stages) and formally named as follows: An. latens n. sp. (= An. leucosphyrus species A of Baimai et al., 1988b), An. cracens n. sp., An. scanloni n. sp., An. baimaii n. sp. (formerly An. dirus species B, C, D, respectively), An. mirans n. sp. and An. recens n. sp. Additionally, An. elegans (James) is redescribed and placed in the complex of An. dirus Peyton & Harrison (comprising An. baimaii, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. elegans, An. nemophilous Peyton and Ramalingam, An. scanloni and An. takasagoensis Morishita) of the Leucosphyrus Subgroup, together with An. baisasi Colless and the An. leucosphyrus complex (comprising An. balabacensis Baisas, An. introlatus Baisas, An. latens and An. leucosphyrus). Hence, the former Elegans Subgroup is renamed the Hackeri Subgroup (comprising An. hackeri Edwards, An. pujutensis Colless, An. recens and An. sulawesi Waktoedi). Distribution data and bionomics of the newly defined species are given, based on new material and published records, with discussion of morphological characters for species distinction and implications for ecology and vector roles of such species. Now these and other members of the Leucosphyrus Group are identifiable, it should be possible to clarify the medical importance and distribution of each species. Those already regarded as vectors of human malaria are: An. baimaii[Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), India (Andamans, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Myanmar, Thailand]; An. latens[Borneo (where it also transmits Bancroftian filariasis), peninsular Malaysia, Thailand]; probably An. cracens (Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand); presumably An. scanloni (Thailand); perhaps An. elegans (the Western Ghat form of An. dirus, restricted to peninsular India); but apparently not An. recens (Sumatra) nor An. mirans[Sri Lanka and south-west India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)], which is a natural vector of simian malarias. Together with typical An. balabacensis, An. dirus and An. leucosphyrus, therefore, the Leucosphyrus Group includes about seven important vectors of forest malaria, plus at least a dozen species of no known medical importance, with differential specific distributions collectively spanning > 5000 km from India to the Philippines.

Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Revision of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae). This is a comprehensive revision of 20 species of the Leucosphyrus Group of the Neomyzomyia Series of Anopheles (Cellia). Morphological description of the adults, male and female, male genitalia, pupa and fourth-instar larva are provided for each taxon in addition to bionomics, distribution data and systematic discussion for each species, including diagnostic characters. Identification keys for females and fourth-instar larvae are provided. When possible medical importance of each species is included. Illustrations of of the adults, fourth-instar larvae and pupae are provided. Distribution maps for each species are mainly based on the material examined; however, when possible published data were also used. Tables on adult character variations, fourth-instar larval and pupal setal branching are included as appendices. A neotype for An. takasagoensis Morishita and An. sulawesi Koesoemawinangoen, and a lectotype for An. balabacensis Baisas, are designated. The authorship of An. sulawesi previously cited as Waktoedi is corrected to Koesoemawinangoen.

Revisão do Grupo Leucosphyrus de Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae). Apresenta-se a revisão taxonômica de 20 espécies do Grupo Leucosphyrus da Série Neomyzomyia de Anopheles (Cellia). Apresentam-se as descrições morfológicas dos adultos, machos e fêmeas, genitália masculina, pupa e larva de quarto estádio, bem como dados de bionomia, distribuição e discussão sistemática para cada espécie, incluindo caracteres diagnósticos. Foram acrescentadas chaves dicotômicas de identificação para as espécies, utilizando caracteres dos adultos fêmeas e larvas de quarto estádio. Quando possível, foram incluídos dados sobre a importância médica de cada espécie. Foram também apresentadas ilustrações dos adultos, das larvas de quarto estádio e das pupas. Os mapas de distribuição das espécies foram elaborados com base no material examinado, no entanto, quando possível utilizou-se dados adicionais publicados na literatura. Fornecem-se tabelas com as variações dos caracteres dos adultos, das cerdas das larvas de quarto estádio das pupas. São designados os neótipos de An. takasagoensis Morishita e An. sulawesi Koesoemawinangoen, e o lectótipo de An. balabacensis Baisas. O nome do autor de An. sulawesi previamente citado como sendo Waktoedi foi corrigido para Koesoemawinangoen.

Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae): neotype designation and description.

Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided for the adult male and female, male genitalia, pupal, and larval stages of Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald, a major vector of human malaria in Central and South America. Taxonomic and related literature records, diagnostic features, distribution, and bionomics of the species are included. A neotype male for the species from the type locality of Grenada is designated.

Mosquito studies in Belize, Central America: records, taxonomic notes, and a checklist of species.

Data from mosquito collections made in Belize, Central America, between September 1990 and April 1993 are presented. A total of 537 collections yielding 15,139 specimens are summarized. One genus, 4 subgenera, and 31 species are recorded from Belize for the 1st time. A checklist of the 111 mosquito species now known to occur in Belize is presented.

The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Lloyd E. Rozeboom mosquito collection.

The Lloyd E. Rozeboom mosquito collection from the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD, has been transferred to the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. This historically and taxonomically important collection has specimens representing 32 genera, 78 subgenera, and 763 species from most mosquito faunal areas of the world. The collection consists of 12,015 individually pinned and labeled adults, and 7,179 microscope slide preparations of immature stages and male and female genitalia. A tabulation of genera, subgenera, species, countries, faunal areas, and number of specimens for each type of preparation is provided.

Wyeomyia (Prosopolepis) confusa (Lutz): subgeneric validation, species description, and recognition of Wyeomyia flui (Bonne-Wepster and Bonne) as the senior synonym of Wyeomyia kerri del Ponte and Cerqueira.

Prosopolepis Lutz is validated as a monotypic subgenus of Wyeomyia Theobald and the type species, Weomyia confusa (Lutz), is redescribed. The description includes illustrations of the male and female genitalia, the 4th-stage larva, and the pupa. Prosopolepis flui Bonne-Wepster and Bonne is resurrected from synonymy with Wy. confusa and recognized as the senior synonym of Wyeomyia kerri del Ponte and Cerqueira. Wyeomyia flui does not belong in the subgenus Prosopolepis and remains in the genus Wyeomyia without subgeneric placement. Trichoprosopon pusillum Lutz and Nuñez-Tovar is not synonymous with Wy. confusa and is provisionally regarded as a nomen dubium within Wyeomyia. The identity of Wy. confusa is fixed by neotype selection.

Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States.

Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus is recorded for the 1st time in the United States. Four adult females were collected in light traps at 2 sites in New York and one site in New Jersey during the months of August and September 1998. Notes on bionomics are provided. Illustrations of the adult female, male, and larva are included.

Characterization of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis larval habitats.

A survey of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis larval habitats was performed throughout most of its known geographic range. Eleven key environment variables characterized most larval habitats of this important vector of malaria in the Americas. Larval habitats occurred mainly in valley and foothill areas which were often situated in arid regions. Immatures were found primarily during the dry season in sun-exposed freshwater stream pools with clear, shallow, stagnant water containing abundant filamentous green algae and/or aquatic vegetation.

Biochemical systematics and population genetic structure of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, vector of malaria in Central and South America.

An electrophoretic survey of 42 populations of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis collected throughout its known geographic distribution was performed to clarify the taxonomic status of this important malaria vector species. The results indicated strong differences in the allele frequencies of three enzyme loci (glycerol dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase) of the 33 loci analyzed. No fixed electromorphic differences separate the populations of An. pseudopunctipennis. The populations of An. pseudopunctipennis showed little genetic divergence, with Nei distances ranging from 0 to 0.079. A comparison of An. pseudopunctipennis data with either one of three other Anopheles species showed a high genetic distance of 0.335 with a closely related species, An. franciscanus; 0.997 with An. crucians, and 2.355 with An. (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus. Geographic populations of An. pseudopunctipennis were classified into three clusters; one cluster included populations collected in North America (United States and Mexico) and Guatemala, one cluster included populations from Belize and South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Argentina); and one cluster was represented by populations from the Island of Grenada (type-locality of An. pseudopunctipennis). Based on our isozyme analyses, we defined these clusters as three geographic populations of An. pseudopunctipennis. Of the two mainland populations, one extends from the southern United States south through Mexico and Guatemala, and the other extends north from southern South America through Central America to Belize. These two geographic populations converge in southern Mexico and northern Central America. One part of the convergence zone was identified in the area of eastern Guatemala and southern Belize.

Apparent changes in the abundance and distribution of Anopheles species on Grenada island.

Results of a recent survey of the 3 species of Anopheles mosquitoes, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsis, and Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis, on the island of Grenada are contrasted with the only other published survey of these species on Grenada, which was published in 1938. Results suggest that a significant change in the abundance and distribution of each species has occurred over this period. Physical characteristics of the aquatic habitats for each species are described and compared.

Asociación de vectores de arbovirus con galerias arboreas y el medio domestico en el sureste de Bolivia / Associations of arbovirus vectors with gallery forests and domestic environments in southeastern Bolivia

Con motivo de los brotes simultáneos de fiebre amarilla y dengue presunto entre los indios ayoreos durante el primer trimestre de 1982, se procedió a la captura de mosquitos demésticos y silvestres en Rincón del Tigre, Bolivia, del 8 al 27 de mayo de 1982. No se detectó la presencia de Aedes aegypti. Vectores silvestres del virus de la fiebre amarilla, encontrados en las galerías arbóreas de la zona, eran probablemente los responsables de los casos humanos de fiebre amarilla. Pese a las pruebas serológicas de infecciones anteriores por virus del dengue en Rincón del Tigre, no se obtuvieron aislamientos ni otros indicios que manifestaran la presencia del virus del dengue. Este artículo presenta observaciones sobre la fauna de mosquitos asociados con los medios doméstico y silvestre y expone en detalle los patrones de actividad hematófaga diurna de las especies más abundantes capturadas con cebo humano

Asociación de vectores de arbovirus con galerías arboreas y el medio doméstico en el sureste de Bolivia / Association of arbovirus vectors with gallery forests and domestic environments in southeastern Bolivia

Con motivo de los brotes simultáneos de fiebre amarilla y dengue presunto entre los indios ayoreos durante el primer trimestre de 1982, se procedió a la captura de mosquitos domésticos y silvestres en Rincón del Tigre, Bolivia, del 8 al 27 de mayo de 1982. No se detectó la presencia de Aedes aegypti. Vectores silvestres del virus de la fiebre amarilla, encontrados en las galerías arbóreas de la zona, eran probablemente los responsables de los casos humanos de fiebre amarilla. Pese a las pruebas serológicas de infecciones anteriores por virus del dengue en Rincón del Tigre, no se obtuvieron aislamientos ni otros indicios que manifestaran la presencia del virus del dengue. Este artículo presenta observaciones sobre la fauna de mosquitos asociados con los medios domésticos y silvestre y expone en detalle los patrones de actividad hematófaga diurna de las especies más abundantes capturadas con cebo humano (AU)

Cytogenetic studies of some species complexes of Anopheles in Thailand and Southeast Asia.

Recent studies on cytogenetics, behavioral, geographical and distinct morphological characters on adult, pupal and larval stages have revealed that "balabacensis" is a species complex. Anopheles dirus the mainland species, is distributed widely in Thailand and is renowned for its role as primary vector of human malarial parasites. Further, evidence from cytogenetic and taxonomic studies suggests that "An. dirus" is a species complex comprising at least four distinct species provisionally designated: dirus A, B, C and D. These cryptic species are distinguishable only partially morphologically, but can be separated on the basis of metaphase chromosomes using the Giemsa and Hoechst 33258 staining techniques. Apparently, these siblings show distinct patterns of geographic distribution in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. The recognition of dirus as a complex of species in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia requires a re-evaluation of the role that the individual members of this complex have in the transmission of malaria parasites in this region. Cytological analysis of gene rearrangements in ovarian polytene chromosomes has shown that An. maculatus is a sibling-species complex consisting of at least four species in Thailand provisionally designated: maculatus A, B, C and G. These siblings are sympatric in some populations. Furthermore, species B is so highly polymorphic for chromosome rearrangements that four geographic forms can be recognized. It is not known whether these four forms are subspecies or yet further species within the species B complex. These sibling-species must be differentiated in order to understand any differential capabilities in their transmission of human malaria parasites. Anopheles nivipes was elevated from synonymy under An. philippinensis to full species status by Reid, a decision recently confirmed by cross mating experiments. The Thailand Malaria Division does not differentiate these two species and only identifies An. philippinensis, yet, An. nivipes is by far the most common of the two species in Thailand. Furthermore, preliminary surveys of the ovarian polytene chromosomes of several widely separated populations of An. nivipes in Thailand have revealed at least two distinct chromosomal types of nivipes based on fixed inversions on the X chromosomes.

Asociación de vectores de arbovirus con galerías arboreas y el medio doméstico en el sureste de Bolivia / Association of arbovirus vectors with gallery forests and domestic environments in southeastern Bolivia

Con motivo de los brotes simultáneos de fiebre amarilla y dengue presunto entre los indios ayoreos durante el primer trimestre de 1982, se procedió a la captura de mosquitos domésticos y silvestres en Rincón del Tigre, Bolivia, del 8 al 27 de mayo de 1982. No se detectó la presencia de Aedes aegypti. Vectores silvestres del virus de la fiebre amarilla, encontrados en las galerías arbóreas de la zona, eran probablemente los responsables de los casos humanos de fiebre amarilla. Pese a las pruebas serológicas de infecciones anteriores por virus del dengue en Rincón del Tigre, no se obtuvieron aislamientos ni otros indicios que manifestaran la presencia del virus del dengue. Este artículo presenta observaciones sobre la fauna de mosquitos asociados con los medios domésticos y silvestre y expone en detalle los patrones de actividad hematófaga diurna de las especies más abundantes capturadas con cebo humano (AU)