Single generation cycles and delayed feedback cycles are not separate phenomena.

We study a simple model for generation cycles, which are oscillations with a period of one or a few generation times of the species. The model is formulated in terms of a single delay-differential equation for the population density of an adult stage, with recruitment to the adult stage depending on the intensity of competition during the juvenile phase. This model is a simplified version of a group of models proposed by Gurney and Nisbet, who were the first to distinguish between single-generation cycles and delayed-feedback cycles. According to these authors, the two oscillation types are caused by different mechanisms and have periods in different intervals, which are one to two generation times for single-generation cycles and two to four generation times for delayed-feedback cycles. By abolishing the strict coupling between the maturation time and the time delay between competition and its effect on the population dynamics, we find that single-generation cycles and delayed-feedback cycles occur in the same model version, with a gradual transition between the two as the model parameters are varied over a sufficiently large range. Furthermore, cycle periods are not bounded to lie within single octaves. This implies that a clear distinction between different types of generation cycles is not possible. Cycles of all periods and even chaos can be generated by varying the parameters that determine the time during which individuals from different cohorts compete with each other. This suggests that life-cycle features in the juvenile stage and during the transition to the adult stage are important determinants of the dynamics of density limited populations.

Mapping of gene-specific markers on the genetic map of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

With the exception of the fact that it is made up of eight different chromosomes, the physical organization of the 738-Mb genome of the important legume crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is unknown. In an attempt to increase our knowledge of the basic structure of this genome, we determined the map positions of a series of genes involved in plant defence responses (DR) by genetic linkage analysis. Exploiting the sequence data available in GenBank, we selected genes known to be induced in chickpea and other plants by pathogen attack. Gene-specific primers were designed based on conserved regions, and used to detect the corresponding gene sequences in a segregating population derived from an interspecific cross between Cicer arietinum and C. reticulatum. Forty-seven gene-specific markers were integrated into an existing map based on STMS, AFLP, DAF and other anonymous markers. The potential of this approach is discussed.

Endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions, confirmed by surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound is increasingly used for evaluation of pancreatic cancer. The potential of sonographic morphology to differentiate histology type and biological behaviour of pancreatic lesions is doubtful. METHODS: We prospectively studied 115 patients with focal pancreatic lesions on endoscopic ultrasound. Morphology was assessed using Olympus UM3/20/200 echoendoscopes. Histologic confirmation of diagnosis was obtained in all patients. RESULTS: Endoscopic ultrasound correctly diagnosed 18/34 benign and 77/81 malignant lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV for diagnosing malignancy were 95%, 53%, 83%, 83% and 82%, respectively. Endosonographic diagnosis of the lesions (% correct) were: pancreatic cancer, 84 (63.3%); chronic pancreatitis, 14 (71.4%); ampullary cancer, 9 (77.8%); cystadenoma, 5 (80%); ampullary adenoma, 2 (50%); acute pancreatitis, 1 (0). In 13 patients of chronic pancreatitis, diagnosed as cancer, diagnosis was based on absence of sonographic features of chronic pancreatitis (7) or suspected involvement of adjacent structures (6). In 3 patients malignancy was missed owing to features of chronic pancreatitis. Non-suspected neuroendocrine tumours were misjudged in all 10 cases using morphologic criteria as pancreatic cancer (8), cystadenoma and chronic pancreatitis. Accuracy for prediction of metastatic lymph nodes and an advanced pancreatic cancer stage (TxN1 or T3Nx) was 61% and 75%, respectively. On retrospective analysis, a lesion >2 cm, vessel ingrowth, absence of cystic spaces and absence of diffuse pancreatitis were associated with pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS: While overall sensitivity was high, specificity of endoscopic ultrasound for diagnosis of malignancy was low, especially in presence of chronic pancreatitis. In addition, endosonography had only a limited potential to predict the histological type of lesions.

Characterization and mapping of sequence-tagged microsatellite sites in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome.

A size-selected genomic library comprising 280,000 colonies and representing approximately 18% of the chickpea genome, was screened for (GA)n, (GAA)n and (TAA)n microsatellite-containing clones, of which 389 were sequenced. The majority (approximately 75%) contained perfect repeats; interrupted, interrupted compound and compound repeats were only present in 6%-9% of cases. (TAA)-microsatellites contained the longest repeats, with unit numbers from 9 to 131. For 218 loci primers could be designed and used for the detection of microsatellite length polymorphisms in six chickpea breeding cultivars, as well as in C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, wild, intercrossable relatives of chickpea. A total of 174 primer pairs gave interpretable banding patterns, 137 (79%) of which revealed at least two alleles on native polyacrylamide gels. A total of 120 sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers were genetically mapped in 90 recombinant inbred lines from an inter-species cross between C. reticulatum and the chickpea cultivar ICC 4958. Markers could be arranged in 11 linkage groups (at a LOD score of 4) covering 613 cM. Clustering as well as random distribution of loci was observed. Segregation of 46 markers (39%) deviated significantly (P > or = 0.05) from the expected 1:1 ratio. The majority of these loci (73%) were located in three distinct regions of the genome. The present STMS marker map represents the most advanced co-dominant DNA marker map of the chickpea genome.

Alternative splicing generates a novel isoform of the rat metabotropic GABA(B)R1 receptor.

Here we present a novel isoform of the metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptor for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The isoform, termed GABA(B)R1c (R1c), differs from the recently identified R1a and R1b receptors by an in-frame insertion of 31 amino acids between the second extracellular loop and the fifth transmembrane region. Analysis of the rat GABA(B)R1 gene demonstrates that the insertion is the result of an alternative splicing event within a 567-bp intron between exons 16 and 17. In situ hybridization in the rat brain shows a wide distribution of R1c transcripts and an overlap with the R1a and R1b transcripts. The highest mRNA levels are found in cerebellar Purkinje cells, cerebral cortex, thalamus and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Western blots and immunodetection of recombinant epitope-tagged receptors as well as [125I]CGP71872 photoaffinity labelling of cell membranes demonstrate that R1c is correctly expressed, although at a lower level than the previously identified isoforms. When coexpressed with the newly characterized GABA(B)R2, R1c functionally couples to G-protein-activated Kir3.1/3.2 channels in Xenopus oocytes and to PLC-activating chimeric G(alpha)qo subunits in HEK-293 cells with a similar EC50 for agonists. These data suggest that the R1c isoform represents a functional GABA(B)R in the rat brain.

Human gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors are differentially expressed and regulate inwardly rectifying K+ channels.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid type B receptors (GABABRs) are involved in the fine tuning of inhibitory synaptic transmission. Presynaptic GABABRs inhibit neurotransmitter release by down-regulating high-voltage activated Ca2+ channels, whereas postsynaptic GABABRs decrease neuronal excitability by activating a prominent inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) conductance that underlies the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of two human GABABRs, hGABABR1a (hR1a) and hGABABR1b (hR1b). These receptors closely match the pharmacological properties and molecular weights of the most abundant native GABABRs. We show that in transfected mammalian cells hR1a and hR1b can modulate heteromeric Kir3.1/3.2 and Kir3.1/3.4 channels. Heterologous expression therefore supports the notion that Kir3 channels are the postsynaptic effectors of GABABRs. Our data further demonstrate that in principle either of the cloned receptors could mediate inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. We find that in the cerebellum hR1a and hR1b transcripts are largely confined to granule and Purkinje cells, respectively. This finding supports a selective association of hR1b, and not hR1a, with postsynaptic Kir3 channels. The mapping of the GABABR1 gene to human chromosome 6p21.3, in the vicinity of a susceptibility locus (EJM1) for idiopathic generalized epilepsies, identifies a candidate gene for inherited forms of epilepsy.

Expression cloning of rat cerebellar adenosine A1 receptor by coupling to Kir channels.

G protein activation of inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels by heptahelical receptors is an important signaling motif in slow synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain. To isolate candidate receptors responsive to the purine nucleoside adenosine, a cerebellar cDNA library was constructed in the vector pSGEM and transcripts were injected into Xenopus Laevis oocytes co-expressing Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.2 subunits. Stepwise fractionation and functional characterization of the library using two-electrode voltage clamp measurements resulted in the identification of a single unique cDNA clone with an open reading frame of 326 amino acids. The pharmacological properties as determined from the responses to cyclopentyl-adenosine (CPA, EC50 = 7 nM) and CGS21680 (EC50 = 2.6 microM) were typical of adenosine A1 receptors. The differential receptor coupling to heteromeric Kir channels composed of Kir3.1-4 subunits provides a useful technique to isolate novel heptahelical receptors.