Description of Trypoxylonsicklum sp. nov. from Vietnam and a key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollare group (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae).

Background: Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) consists of 633 known species worldwide and the genus is divided into numerous species groups. In Vietnam, 19 species of Trypoxylon have been recorded to date. In this study, a new species, Trypoxylonsicklum Pham and Antropov sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. The new species is the second member of the Trypoxylonfulvocollare species group. A key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollaris group is presented. New information: Trypoxylonsicklum Pham and Antropov sp. nov., is described as a new species and is the second member of the Trypoxylonfulvocollare species group. A key to species in the Trypoxylonfulvocollaris group is presented.

Diagnostic performance of 128-slice computed tomography angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic performance and influencing factors of 128-slice coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) compared with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis study enrolled 139 patients suspected of having CAD, who underwent and received a 128-slice CCTA and ICA. Results: The patient-based model showed high sensitivity and a positive predictive value of 93.2% and 95.3%, respectively (for stenosis ≥50%). However, these values were lower when analyzed using vessel-based (85.6% and 81.1%) and segment-based (73.9% and 66.6%) models. Specificity and negative predictive value were highest in the segment-based model, decreasing in vessel- and patient-based models at 96.4% and 95.4%, 90.5% and 90.0%, and 36.4% and 42.1%, respectively (for stenosis ≥70%). All diagnostic values were reduced when the calcium score was ≥400 Agatston units. Conclusion: 128-slice CCTA is an optimal, minimally invasive, and high-performance method to diagnose the stenosis and morphology of coronary artery lesions. The diagnostic performance of 128-slice CCTA is very high. Heart rate and body mass index do not affect diagnostic accuracy, whereas a calcium score ≥400 Agatston units is a factor that causes a decrease in diagnostic performance.

New record of the rare genus Analysson Krombein, 1985 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from Vietnam, with description of a new species.

Analysson Krombein 1985, a rare genus of the family Crabronidae, is recorded for the first time from Vietnam. Analysson vietnamensis Pham sp. nov., the second species of the genus, is described and illustrated. A key to both species of Analysson is presented.

A cross-sectional study of MIS TLIF in treatment of spondylolisthesis: initial good results from 92 Vietnamese patients.

Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion has proven effectiveness in treating spondylolisthesis, but there were few reports applying the technique from scarce resourcing developing countries. In this study, the authors report the results and share our experience of minimally invasive spinal transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in spondylolisthesis treatment in Vietnamese patients. Materials and methods: In this study, the authors enroled 92 patients diagnosed with single-level, grade I or grade II lumbar spondylolisthesis from January 2019 to October 2022. Results: The median age in our study was 47.79±12.61 (range 15-75), the male/female ratio was 1/2.3. The mean disease duration was 28.57 months. Conventional X-ray images showed that there were 74 patients (80.43%) with spondylolisthesis grade I, 18 patients (19.57%) with grade II. Spondylolisthesis occured mainly in L4-L5 with 53 patients (57.61%). The isthmic sign was recorded in 16 patients (31.4%). The mean blood loss was 149.46 ml. Patients walked on average of 3.22 days after surgery. VAS score reduced significantly in both back and leg. Spinal function improved significantly with a preoperative Owestry Disability Index of 48.18% decrease to 15.18% 12 months after surgery. The surgical results were good and excellent at 95.00% after 12 months of surgery according to Macnab scale. The fusion rate reached 97.50%. Conclusions: The results of this Macnab's classification study show that minimally invasive spinal transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion is an effective treatment for spondylolisthesis with less pain, less blood loss after surgery, and high fusion rate.

Organo-photocatalytic C-H bond oxidation: an operationally simple and scalable method to prepare ketones with ambient air.

Oxidative C-H functionalization with O2 is a sustainable strategy to convert feedstock-like chemicals into valuable products. Nevertheless, eco-friendly O2-utilizing chemical processes, which are scalable yet operationally simple, are challenging to develop. Here, we report our efforts, via organo-photocatalysis, in devising such protocols for catalytic C-H bond oxidation of alcohols and alkylbenzenes to ketones using ambient air as the oxidant. The protocols employed tetrabutylammonium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as the organic photocatalyst which is readily available from a scalable ion exchange of inexpensive salts and is easy to separate from neutral organic products. Cobalt(ii) acetylacetonate was found to be greatly instrumental to oxidation of alcohols and therefore was included as an additive in evaluating the alcohol scope. The protocols employed a nontoxic solvent, could accommodate a variety of functional groups, and were readily scaled to 500 mmol scale in a simple batch setting using round-bottom flasks and ambient air. A preliminary mechanistic study of C-H bond oxidation of alcohols supported the validity of one possible mechanistic pathway, nested in a more complex network of potential pathways, in which the anthraquinone form - the oxidized form - of the photocatalyst activates alcohols and the anthrahydroquinone form - the relevant reduced form of the photocatalyst - activates O2. A detailed mechanism, which reflected such a pathway and was consistent with previously accepted mechanisms, was proposed to account for formation of ketones from aerobic C-H bond oxidation of both alcohols and alkylbenzenes.

Taxonomic studies on Dasyproctus Lepeletier & Brullé (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from North Vietnam with description of two new species.

Seven species of Dasyproctus Lepeletier & Brullé, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) are recorded from North Vietnam. Of these, D. vietnamensis and D. longi are new species, and D. idrieus (Cameron) and D. pentheri Leclercq are recorded for the first time from the country. Keys to both sexes of Dasyproctus from North Vietnam based on morphological characters are given, and new distributional records are also presented.

Significant and sustained decrease in non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections during COVID-19 public health interventions.

Public health interventions to decrease the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were largely implemented in the United States during spring 2020. This study evaluates the additional effects of these interventions on non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections from a single healthcare system in the San Francisco Bay Area. The results of a respiratory pathogen multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel intended for inpatient admissions were analyzed by month between 2019 and 2020. We found major decreases in the proportion and diversity of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral illnesses in all months following masking and shelter-in-place ordinances. These findings suggest real-world effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on droplet-transmitted respiratory infections.

Preparation of Key Intermediates for the Syntheses of Coenzyme Q10 and Derivatives by Cross-Metathesis Reactions.

An alternative catalytic strategy for the preparation of benzylmethacrylate esters, key intermediates in the synthesis of coenzyme Q10 and derivatives, was reported. This strategy avoided undesirable stoichiometric reduction/oxidation processes by utilizing the catalytic formation of allylarenes and then cross-metathesis to selectively form E-benzylmethacrylate esters with good yields (58-64%) and complete E-selectivity. The ester intermediates were reduced to common key benzylallylic alcohols (90-92% yield), which were subsequently used in the formal syntheses of coenzyme Q10 and one derivative.

The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species.

The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 from northwest Vietnam is studied. Six species of the genus are recorded for the area. Of these, C. dolichothorax (Kohl, 1918) and C. gracile Hensen, 1988 are new records, whereas C. tanvinhensis sp. nov. is described as a new species. Notes on the nest of the new species and keys to both sexes of the six species reported from northwest Vietnam are provided.

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: the impact of recombination within the emerging O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock affecting animal production and trade throughout Asia and Africa. Understanding FMD virus (FMDV) global movements and evolution can help to reconstruct the disease spread between endemic regions and predict the risks of incursion into FMD-free countries. Global expansion of a single FMDV lineage is rare but can result in severe economic consequences. Using extensive sequence data we have reconstructed the global space-time transmission history of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage (which normally circulates in the Indian sub-continent) providing evidence of at least 15 independent escapes during 2013-2017 that have led to outbreaks in North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the Far East and the FMD-free islands of Mauritius. We demonstrated that sequence heterogeneity of this emerging FMDV lineage is accommodated within two co-evolving divergent sublineages and that recombination by exchange of capsid-coding sequences can impact upon the reconstructed evolutionary histories. Thus, we recommend that only sequences encoding the outer capsid proteins should be used for broad-scale phylogeographical reconstruction. These data emphasise the importance of the Indian subcontinent as a source of FMDV that can spread across large distances and illustrates the impact of FMDV genome recombination on FMDV molecular epidemiology.

Association of Rapid Molecular Testing With Duration of Respiratory Isolation for Patients With Possible Tuberculosis in a US Hospital.

Importance: New guidelines recommend that molecular testing replace sputum-smear microscopy to guide discontinuation of respiratory isolation in patients undergoing evaluation for active tuberculosis (TB) in health care settings. Objective: To evaluate the implementation and impact of a molecular testing strategy to guide discontinuation of isolation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective cohort study with a pragmatic, before-and-after-implementation design of 621 consecutive patients hospitalized at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center who were undergoing sputum examination for evaluation for active pulmonary TB from January 2014 to January 2016. Interventions: Implementation of a sputum molecular testing algorithm using GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert; Cepheid) to guide discontinuation of isolation. Main Outcomes and Measures: We measured the proportion of patients with molecular testing ordered and completed; the accuracy of the molecular testing algorithm in reference to mycobacterial culture; the duration of each component of the testing and isolation processes; length of stay; mean days in isolation and in hospital; and mean cost. We extracted data from hospital records and compared measures before and after implementation. Results: Clinicians ordered sputum testing for TB for 621 patients at ZSFG during the 2-year study period. Of 301 patients in the preimplementation period with at least 1 sputum microscopy and culture ordered, clinicians completed the rapid TB testing evaluation process for 233 (77%).Among 320 patients evaluated in the postimplementation period, clinicians ordered molecular testing for 234 (73%) patients and received results for 295 of 302 (98%) tests ordered. Median age was 54 years (interquartile range, 44-63 years), and 161 (26%) were women. The molecular testing algorithm accurately diagnosed all 7 patients with culture-confirmed TB and excluded TB in all 251 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture-negative results. Compared with the preimplementation period, there were significant decreases in median times to final rapid test result (39.1 vs 22.4 hours, P < .001), discontinuation of isolation (2.9 vs 2.5 days, P = .001), and hospital discharge (6.0 vs 4.9 days, P = .003), on average saving $13 347 per isolated TB-negative patient. Conclusions and Relevance: A sputum molecular testing algorithm to guide discontinuation of respiratory isolation for patients undergoing evaluation for active TB was safe, feasible, widely and sustainably adopted, and provided substantial clinical and economic benefits. Molecular testing may facilitate more efficient, patient-centered evaluation for possible TB in US hospitals.

Association between in-hospital guideline adherence and postdischarge major adverse outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the association between physician adherence to prescribing guideline-recommended medications during hospitalisation and 6-month major adverse outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was carried out in two public hospitals in Vietnam between January and October 2015. Patients were followed for 6 months after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who survived during hospitalisation with a discharge diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and who were eligible for receiving at least one of the four guideline-recommended medications. EXPOSURES: Guideline adherence was defined as prescribing all guideline-recommended medications at both hospital admission and discharge for eligible patients. Medications were antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers and statins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Six-month major adverse outcomes were defined as all-cause mortality or hospital readmission due to cardiovascular causes occurring during 6 months after discharge. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between guideline adherence and 6-month major adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 512 patients were included. Of those, there were 242 patients (47.3%) in the guideline adherence group and 270 patients (52.3%) in the non-adherence group. The rate of 6-month major adverse outcomes was 30.5%. A 29% reduction in major adverse outcomes at 6 months after discharge was found for patients of the guideline adherence group compared with the non-adherence group (adjusted HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.98; p=0.039). Covariates significantly associated with the major adverse outcomes were percutaneous coronary intervention, prior heart failure and renal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital guideline adherence was associated with a significant decrease in major adverse outcomes up to 6 months after discharge. It supports the need for improving adherence to guidelines in hospital practice in low-income and middle-income countries like Vietnam.

Real-world performance of the new US HIV testing algorithm in medical settings.

BACKGROUND: Our medical center laboratory recently adapted its 24/7, two-hourly testing program to use an ARCHITECT-Multispot-viral load (AR-MS-VL) algorithm in place of a previous rapid test-immunofluorescence (RT-IF) algorithm. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated screening test performance, acute case detection, turnaround time and ability to resolve HIV status under the new algorithm. STUDY DESIGN: We considered consecutive HIV tests from January to November 2015. AR-MS-VL results at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (ZSFG) were compared with RT-IF results at ZSFG and also with AR-MS-VL results in the recently completed CDC Screening Targeted Populations to Interrupt On-going Chains of HIV Transmission with Enhanced Partner Notification (STOP) Study for targeted testing of MSM at publicly funded testing sites in San Francisco. RESULTS: Among 21,985 HIV tests performed at ZSFG, 16,467 were tested by RT-IF and 5518 by AR-MS-VL. There were 321 HIV infections detected, of which 274 (84%) were known HIV+ cases, and 47 were newly identified HIV infections. Considering only patients of HIV-negative or -unknown status, prevalence was 0.22%. Under the AR-MS-VL algorithm, turnaround times for screening results and full algorithm results were 3 and 21h; status-unresolved cases were reduced (from 47% to 22%) compared with the RT-IF algorithm. The positive predictive value (PPV) of a new-positive AR screening test was low (0.44) at ZSFG, where no acute infections were detected. At STOP Study sites where HIV prevalence was higher and acute infection was more common, the AR PPV was higher (0.93). All 24 false-positive AR screening tests at ZSFG had a signal/cutoff (S/CO) ratio of <15 and all 88 true-positive tests had S/CO ratio >15. Of 62 acute infections in the STOP Study, 23 (37%) had an S/CO<15. DISCUSSION: An AR-MS-VL algorithm is feasible and can return rapid results in a large medical center. In this setting, reactive 4th generation assay tests that are negative for HIV antibodies are typically false-positive with low S/CO ratios.

[Threshold for allogeneic red cell transfusions in adult patients]. / Stratégie transfusionnelle pour les concentrés erythrocytaires chez l'adulte.

Red cell concentrate is a life-saving but expensive and sometimes limited resource. Its use is associated with a wide range of rare but potentially severe complications. Adequate red cell transfusion is critical in terms of costs, resource utilization and safety. Transfusion thresholds have been widely debated and recent evidence suggest that a restrictive transfusion strategy may allow safely reducing the use of red cell concentrates and even improving clinical outcomes in some situations. The aim of this article is to review the physiologic adaptive responses to anemia and to discuss the clinical evidence about erythrocyte transfusion strategies in adult patients in order to provide evidence-based transfusion recommendations.

Irreversibility and chaos: role of lubrication interactions in sheared suspensions.

We investigate non-Brownian particles suspended in a periodic shear-flow using simulations. Following Metzger and Butler [Phys. Rev. E 82, 051406 (2010)], we show that the chaotic dynamics arising from lubrication interactions are too weak to generate an observable particle dispersion. The irreversibility observed in periodic flow is dominated by contact interactions. Nonetheless, we show that lubrication interactions must be included in the calculation to obtain results that agree with experiments.

A semiclassical study of cis-trans isomerization in HONO using an interpolating moving least-squares potential.

The interpolating moving least-squares (IMLS) approach for constructing potential energy surfaces has been developed and employed in standard classical trajectory simulations in the past few years. We extend the approach to the tunneling regime by combining the IMLS fitting method and the semiclassical scheme that incorporates tunneling into classical trajectory calculations. Dynamics of cis-trans isomerization in nitrous acid (HONO) is studied as a test case to investigate various aspects of the approach such as the strategy for growing the surface, the basis set employed, the scaling of the IMLS fits, and the accuracy of the surface required for obtaining converged rate coefficients. The validity of the approach is demonstrated through comparison with other semiclassical and quantum mechanical studies on HONO.

The Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes via Organo-SOMO Catalysis: A Novel Approach to Ring Construction.

The intramolecular asymmetric cyclization of aldehydes has been accomplished using singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) catalysis. Selective oxidation of chiral enamines (formed by the condensation of an aldehyde and a secondary amine catalyst) leads to the formation of a 3π-electron radical species. These chiral SOMO-activated radical cations undergo enantioselective cyclization with an array of pendent allylsilanes thus efficiently providing a new approach to the construction of five-, six- and seven-membered carbocycles and heterocycles.

Infection studies with two highly pathogenic avian influenza strains (Vietnamese and Indonesian) in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), with particular reference to clinical disease, tissue tropism and viral shedding.

Pekin ducks were infected by the mucosal route (oral, nasal, ocular) with one of two strains of Eurasian lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus: A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/453/2004 and A/duck/Indramayu/BBVW/109/2006 (from Indonesia). Ducks were killed humanely on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after challenge, or whenever morbidity was severe enough to justify euthanasia. Morbidity was recorded by observation of clinical signs and cloacal temperatures; the disease was characterized by histopathology; tissue tropism was studied by immunohistochemistry and virus titration on tissue samples; and viral shedding patterns were determined by virus isolation and titration of oral and cloacal swabs. The Vietnamese strain caused severe morbidity with fever and depression; the Indonesian strain caused only transient fever. Both viruses had a predilection for a similar range of tissue types, but the quantity of tissue antigen and tissue virus titres were considerably higher with the Vietnamese strain. The Vietnamese strain caused severe myocarditis and skeletal myositis; both strains caused non-suppurative encephalitis and a range of other inflammatory reactions of varying severity. The principal epithelial tissue infected was that of the air sacs, but antigen was not abundant. Epithelium of the turbinates, trachea and bronchi had only rare infection with virus. Virus was shed from both the oral and cloacal routes; it was first detected 24 h after challenge and persisted until day 5 after challenge. The higher prevalence of virus from swabs from ducks infected with the Vietnamese strain indicates that this strain may be more adapted to ducks than the Indonesia strain.

Yemen and Vietnam capripoxviruses demonstrate a distinct host preference for goats compared with sheep.

Sheeppox and goatpox are caused by viruses that are members of the genus Capripoxvirus, and globally result in significant production losses. To improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and evaluate host species preferences, sheep and goats were inoculated either with a capripoxvirus isolate from Yemen or from a recent outbreak in Vietnam. Blood, swabs and tissues were collected at various time points following experimental challenge and assessed for viral DNA content using real-time PCR and infectivity using virus isolation. The Yemen isolate was considerably more pathogenic in goats with 100 % mortality and morbidity compared with sheep with 0 % mortality and 100 % morbidity. The Vietnam isolate was also more pathogenic in goats with 100 % morbidity and an estimated 33 % mortality rate compared with mild morbidity and a 0 % mortality rate in sheep. Higher viral titres were observed in nasal, oral and conjunctival swabs from goats inoculated with either the Yemen or Vietnam isolate compared with those collected from sheep. Although the highest viral titres were detected in primary and secondary skin lesions in sheep and goats, the severity of clinical disease observed in each species varied according to the inoculum used. Whereas both the Yemen and Vietnam isolates clearly caused more severe disease in goats, the Yemen isolate was also moderately pathogenic in sheep. The Vietnam isolate, in contrast, caused only very mild disease in sheep. Limited DNA sequencing revealed ORF 074 of the Vietnam isolate to be identical to that of several goatpox virus isolates from China, suggesting a possible Chinese origin.