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1.
J Virol ; 98(5): e0034724, 2024 May 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38651897

RESUMO

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is differentially expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cell types. The expression of ACE2 is under tight regulation, but the mechanisms regulating ACE2 expression have not yet been well defined. Through a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen, we discovered that host factors TRAF3, DYRK1A, and RAD54L2 (TDR) form a complex to regulate the expression of ACE2. Knockout of TRAF3, DYRK1A, or RAD54L2 reduces the mRNA levels of ACE2 and inhibits the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 continuously evolves by genetic mutations for the adaption to the host. We have identified mutations in spike (S) (P1079T) and nucleocapsid (N) (S194L) that enhance the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cells that express ACE2 at a low level. Our results have revealed the mechanisms for the transcriptional regulation of ACE2 and the adaption of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE: The expression of ACE2 is essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. We identify a new complex-the TDR complex-that acts to maintain the abundance of ACE2 in host cells. The identification and characterization of the TDR complex provide new targets for the development of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection. By analysis of SARS-CoV-2 virus replicating in cells expressing low levels of ACE2, we identified mutations in spike (P1079T) and nucleocapsid (S194L) that overcome the restriction of limited ACE2. Functional analysis of these key amino acids in S and N extends our knowledge of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on virus infection and transmission.


Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/genética , Mutação , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Internalização do Vírus , Células Vero , Chlorocebus aethiops , Animais , Linhagem Celular
2.
Viruses ; 16(2)2024 02 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38400066

RESUMO

The integration of viral DNA into a host genome is an important step in HIV-1 replication. However, due to the high failure rate of integration, the majority of viral DNA exists in an unintegrated state during HIV-1 infection. In contrast to the robust expression from integrated viral DNA, unintegrated HIV-1 DNA is very poorly transcribed in infected cells, but the molecular machinery responsible for the silencing of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA remains poorly characterized. In this study, we sought to characterize new host factors for the inhibition of expression from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. A genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening revealed the essential role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the silencing of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. PTEN's phosphatase activity negatively regulates the PI3K-Akt pathway to inhibit the transcription from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. The knockout (KO) of PTEN or inhibition of PTEN's phosphatase activity by point mutagenesis activates Akt by phosphorylation and enhances the transcription from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway by Akt inhibitor in PTEN-KO cells restores the silencing of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. Transcriptional factors (NF-κB, Sp1, and AP-1) are important for the activation of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in PTEN-KO cells. Finally, the knockout of PTEN increases the levels of active epigenetic marks (H3ac and H3K4me3) and the recruitment of PolII on unintegrated HIV-1 DNA chromatin. Our experiments reveal that PTEN targets transcription factors (NF-κB, Sp1, and AP-1) by negatively regulating the PI3K-Akt pathway to promote the silencing of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.


Assuntos
HIV-1 , NF-kappa B , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/metabolismo , HIV-1/fisiologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Humanos
3.
Cell Rep ; 39(8): 110840, 2022 05 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35613597

RESUMO

The integration of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome results in single-strand gaps and 2-nt overhangs at the ends of viral DNA, which must be repaired by cellular enzymes. The cellular factors responsible for the DNA damage repair in HIV-1 DNA integration have not yet been well defined. We report here that HIV-1 infection potently activates the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, and the FA effector proteins FANCI-D2 bind to the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 integrase. Knockout of FANCI blocks productive viral DNA integration and inhibits the replication of HIV-1. Finally, we show that the knockout of DNA polymerases or flap nuclease downstream of FANCI-D2 reduces the levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA, suggesting these enzymes may be responsible for the repair of DNA damages induced by viral DNA integration. These experiments reveal that HIV-1 exploits the FA pathway for the stable integration of viral DNA into host genome.


Assuntos
Anemia de Fanconi , HIV-1 , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/metabolismo , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteína do Grupo de Complementação D2 da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/metabolismo , Humanos , Ubiquitinação
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