[New ESC guidelines 2019 for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia]. / Neue ESC-Leitlinien 2019 zur Behandlung von supraventrikulären Tachykardien.

The new guidelines for the management of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) were published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in September 2019. The key message of the guidelines is that catheter ablation should be offered as a first line treatment to most patients during a comprehensive discussion of the risks and advantages. This recommendation recognizes that catheter ablation has nowadays become a widely established, effective and safe treatment method with a very low complication rate, which has revolutionized the treatment of SVT due to the substantial technical developments in recent years. The new guidelines also include a refinement of the recommendations for the use of antiarrhythmic drug treatment. Most of the previously used medications have been downgraded based on the currently available evidence situation. The recommendations suggest that with the exception of beta blockers and calcium channel blockers, most drugs used to treat SVT are proarrhythmogenic. The occurrence of SVT is associated with a higher risk of complications during pregnancy and the new guidelines provide new and specific recommendations for this patient group. It must be emphasized that all antiarrhythmic drugs should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. It is important to realize that if drug treatment is ineffective, contraindicated or undesired, pregnant women with persistent or recurrent arrhythmia can now be treated with catheter ablation using new techniques that avoid exposing the patient and the fetus to hazardous levels of radiation.

Adaptor complex-independent clathrin function in yeast.

Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are major structural components of clathrin-coated vesicles, functioning in clathrin coat assembly and cargo selection. We have carried out a systematic biochemical and genetic characterization of AP complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using coimmunoprecipitation, the subunit composition of two complexes, AP-1 and AP-2R, has been defined. These results allow assignment of the 13 potential AP subunits encoded in the yeast genome to three AP complexes. As assessed by in vitro binding assays and coimmunoprecipitation, only AP-1 interacts with clathrin. Individual or combined disruption of AP-1 subunit genes in cells expressing a temperature-sensitive clathrin heavy chain results in accentuated growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defects, providing further evidence that AP-1 is a clathrin adaptor complex. However, in cells expressing wild-type clathrin, the same AP subunit deletions have no effect on growth or alpha-factor maturation. Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography revealed normal elution patterns of clathrin-coated vesicles in cells lacking AP-1. Similarly, combined deletion of genes encoding the beta subunits of the three AP complexes did not produce defects in clathrin-dependent sorting in the endocytic and vacuolar pathways or alterations in gel filtration profiles of clathrin-coated vesicles. We conclude that AP complexes are dispensable for clathrin function in S. cerevisiae under normal conditions. Our results suggest that alternative factors assume key roles in stimulating clathrin coat assembly and cargo selection during clathrin-mediated vesicle formation in yeast.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apl2p, a homologue of the mammalian clathrin AP beta subunit, plays a role in clathrin-dependent Golgi functions.

Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate selective intracellular protein traffic from the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. At these sites, clathrin-associated protein (AP) complexes have been implicated in both clathrin coat assembly and collection of cargo into nascent vesicles. We have found a gene on yeast chromosome XI that encodes a homologue of the mammalian AP beta subunits. Disruptions of this gene, APl2, and a previously identified beta homologue, APl1, have been engineered in cells expressing wild-type (CHC1) or temperature sensitive (chc1-ts) alleles of the clathrin heavy chain gene. APl1 or APl2 disruptions (apl1 delta or apl2 delta) yield no discernable phenotypes in CHC1 strains, indicating that the Apl proteins are not essential for clathrin function. However, the apl2 delta, but not the apl1 delta, allele enhances the growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defects of chc1-ts cells. Disruption of APl2 also partially suppresses the vacuolar sorting defect that occurs in chc1-ts cells immediately after imposition of the non-permissive temperature. These Golgi-specific effects of apl2 delta in chc1-ts cells provide evidence that Apl2p is a component of an AP complex that interacts with clathrin at the Golgi apparatus.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae APS1 gene encodes a homolog of the small subunit of the mammalian clathrin AP-1 complex: evidence for functional interaction with clathrin at the Golgi complex.

Clathrin-associated protein (AP) complexes have been implicated in the assembly of clathrin coats and the selectivity of clathrin-mediated protein transport processes. We have identified a yeast gene, APS1, encoding a homolog of the small (referred to herein as sigma) subunits of the mammalian AP-1 complex. Sequence comparisons have shown that Aps1p is more similar to the sigma subunit of the Golgi-localized mammalian AP-1 complex than Aps2p, which is more related to the plasma membrane AP-2 sigma subunit. Like their mammalian counterparts, Aps1p and Aps2p are components of distinct, large (> 200 kDa) complexes and a significant portion of the Aps proteins co-fractionate with clathrin-coated vesicles during gel filtration chromatography. Unexpectedly, even though the evolutionary conservation of AP small subunits is substantial (50% identity between mammalian and yeast proteins), disruptions of APS1 (aps1 delta) and APS2 (aps2 delta), individually or in combination, elicit no detectable mutant phenotypes. These data indicate that the Aps proteins are not absolutely required for clathrin-mediated selective protein transport in cells expressing wild type clathrin. However, aps1 delta accentuated the slow growth and alpha-factor pheromone maturation defect of cells carrying a temperature-sensitive allele of clathrin heavy chain (Chc) (chc1-ts). In contrast, aps1 delta did not influence the effects of chc1-ts on vacuolar protein sorting or receptor-mediated endocytosis. The aps2 delta mutation resulted in a slight effect on chc1-ts cell growth but had no additional effects. The growth defect of cells completely lacking Chc was compounded by aps1 delta but not aps2 delta. These results comprise evidence that Aps1p is involved in a subset of clathrin functions at the Golgi apparatus. The effect of aps1 delta on cells devoid of clathrin function suggests that Aps1p also participates in clathrin-independent processes.

Analysis of Paramecium macronuclear DNA using pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

We have analyzed the macronuclear DNA of Paramecium tetraurelia using orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. The mean size of the linear macronuclear DNA molecules is approximately 450 kb. Less than 6% of the macronuclear DNA is larger than 800 kb. Using pulse times of 20, 40, 60 and 90 s we show that the macronuclear fragment containing the A type variable surface antigen gene migrates reproducibly as a 320-kb linear DNA. Over the same pulse times we describe the unusual migration of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of P. tetraurelia. At pulse times of 20 and 40 s the rDNA migrates at limit mobility (300 and 500 kb, respectively) whereas with 60- and 90-s pulse times, 2 components of rDNA are observed; 1 fraction independent of pulse time migrating at limit mobility, and a 2nd component migrating between 100-kb and 400-kb linear markers. Based upon previous electron micrographic studies of Paramecium rDNA as well as data presented here we conclude that the majority of Paramecium rDNA molecules are a circular DNA form.