Development and application of a self-report measure for assessing sensitive information disclosures across multiple modes.

Building on the literature that approaches self-disclosure as a decision-making process, we proposed a self-reported Sensitive Information Disclosure (SID) measure and tested the measure's reliability and validity in two studies across a variety of interview modes and settings. We used theory to identify potential dimensions of sensitive information disclosures, created potential scale items, performed two separate card sorts, and validated the resulting pool of items in two separate experiments. Participants answered the SID scale items following an interview involving sensitive information, potential risk, and after-disclosure vulnerability. Study 1 was a laboratory experiment conducted with 165 university students. Exploratory factor analysis results revealed a two-factor structure, Personal Discomfort and Revealing Personal Information. Study 2 replicated these procedures using confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the factor structure and demonstrate the scale's reliability and validity, with a sample of 77 students and 275 participants from Amazon's M-Turk. Together, these results demonstrate that the proposed 11-item SID scale has good convergent and discriminant validity as well as good reliability. A quasi-experimental application of the measure is illustrated using the substantive findings from Study 2. This research fills a gap in the literature by developing a topic-free scale to measure SID as a dependent variable. The ability to accurately measure sensitive information disclosure is an important and necessary step toward developing a more thorough understanding of how people feel and react when asked to provide personal information in diverse interview settings.

Using feature preview to investigate the roles of top-down and bottom-up processing in conjunction search.

The venerable conjunction search paradigm is a widely used tool to investigate how we search for items of interest from among visually complex surroundings. Models of visual search have long predicted that standard conjunction search is guided primarily by top-down processing. Prior attempts to test this claim experimentally have done so by altering some aspect of the standard conjunction search, whether by manipulating the distractor ratio or by including a feature singleton. Although suggestive, these manipulations result in a task that differs slightly from standard conjunction search. To leave the standard conjunction search paradigm intact, we used the feature preview task developed by Olds and Fockler [Olds, E. S., & Fockler, K. A. (2004). Does previewing one stimulus feature help conjunction search? Perception, 33, 195-216]. Our results show that in standard conjunction search the effect of bottom-up activation is not necessarily detrimental to search performance as previously suggested by computational models of visual search. Instead, bottom-up activation limits the scope of search, thereby boosting the efficiency of standard conjunction searches. Subjects also showed a bias to group items by color rather than orientation even when color differences were reduced nearly to threshold, indicating that the salience advantage of color is complemented by a general bottom-up preference for color.