Perspectivas dos pais acerca da interação socialde crianças com cicatrizes de queimaduras / Parents' perspectives on the social interactionof children with burn scars

As queimaduras provocam efeitos físicos e psicológicos devastadores nos indivíduos, sobretudo em crianças e adolescentes, e podem modificar a qualidade de vida da pessoa. O objetivo foi analisar o impacto das cicatrizes por queimaduras em crianças menores de oito anos na interação com amigos, família e escola, na perspectiva dos pais. Estudo quantitativo de corte transversal realizado com os pais de crianças <8 anos de idade, vítimas de queimaduras e internadas em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados no norte do Paraná e acompanhadas ambulatorialmente, de 2017 a 2020. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de dois instrumentos: caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica; e Brisbane Burn Scar Impact Profile. Realizou-se análise descritiva e teste Qui-quadrado utilizando-se o SPSS®. Participaram 34 pais cujas crianças sofreram queimaduras, sendo 52,9% de 1 a 3 anos de idade, 58,8% sexo masculino, 82,2% por agente etiológico térmico e a internação foi de 73,5% devido à Superfície Corpórea Queimada ≤20%. Após a alta os pais identificaram que as cicatrizes de queimaduras tinham "um pouco" e "pouco" impacto nas cicatrizes nas relações de amizade e na interação social. Para os pais, prevaleceu a resposta "nada" de impacto, seguido por "um pouco" e "muito" na escola, nas brincadeiras, nos jogos e nas atividades diárias. Quanto às reações emocionais e ao humor, a maior parte dos pais considerou "nada". Nesse sentido, os pais responderam às questões quanto à própria percepção sobre as atividades diárias do seu filho e, em geral, a cicatriz de queimadura não impactou na qualidade de vida da criança.

Burns cause devastating physical and psychological effects on individuals, especially children and adolescents, and can change a person's quality of life. The objective was to analyze the impact of burn scars in children under eight years of age in the interaction with friends, family and school, from the parents' perspective. Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out with the parents of children <8 years old who were victims of burns and admitted to a Burn Treatment Center in northern Paraná and monitored on an outpatient basis, from 2017 to 2020. Data collection occurred using two instruments: sociodemographic and clinical characterization; Brisbane Burn Scar Impact Profile. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test were performed using SPSS®. 34 parents participated whose children suffered burns, 52.9% aged 1 to 3 years old, 58.8% male, 82.2% due to thermal etiological agent and 73.5% hospitalization was due to Burned Body Surface ≤ 20%. After discharge, the parents identified that the burn scars had "a little" and "little" impact on the scars in friendship relationships and social interaction. For parents, the answer "nothing" of impact prevailed, followed by "a little" and "a lot" in school, play, games and daily activities. As for emotional reactions and mood, most parents considered "nothing" that impacted the child with burn scars. In this sense, parents answered questions regarding their own perception of their child's daily activities and, in general, the burn scar did not impact the child's quality of life.

HIV and AIDS in the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2007-2022: trends and spatiotemporal distribution.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the incidence rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study with an analytical component of time series analysis was conducted in the state of Paraná from 2007 to 2022. The data source was the Notifiable Diseases Information System. To study the trend, the Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression model was used by decomposing the time series, and for spatial analysis, the Moran's index was applied. RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 50,676 HIV/AIDS records. The incidence rate showed an increasing trend, with an average growth of 2.14% [95% confidence interval - 95%CI 1.16-3.13] per month. From 2007 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2022, the average number of cases in the state was 105.64 and 159.20 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with significant variation among municipalities. Spatial clusters of high risk persisted in the metropolitan region, the capital, and coastal areas, and a new cluster was observed in the northern region of the state. CONCLUSION: The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS showed an upward trend over time. The number of cases varied considerably in some municipalities, especially in the coastal region. Spatial analysis revealed geospatial patterns of high risk in the main metropolitan areas of Paraná: Curitiba (including the coastal area), Londrina, and Maringá, which share characteristics such as a high degree of urbanization and ongoing economic development.

Evaluation by community health agents of the attributes of Primary Health Care for fighting leprosy: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the attributes of Primary Healthcare are present in leprosy control actions in Londrina from Community Health Workers' (CHW) perspectives. METHOD: Observational and evaluative study. Data collection occurred between January and March 2020 in Londrina, Paraná, using the questionnaire "Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) - Hansen's disease - CHW version" and a population-based census of 246 CHWs from 52 Primary Healthcare Units. The analyses used a cutoff point (≥ 6.6), central tendency, and dispersion measures. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze differences. Results: The general performance towards the primary healthcare attributes were evaluated as strong (mean = 6.95 / SD = 1.08) and the essential score (mean = 7.39 / SD = 1.0). On the other hand, the derived score was evaluated as poor (mean = 6.07 / sd = 1.06). Concerning the Access attribute, the rural zone had a lower score than the urban (mean = 4.47 / SD = 1.63). Conclusion: The study highlights issues that can be improved, such as first contact access, catalog of services offered to leprosy patients, information provided to the community, professional training, and differences in PHC performance between urban and rural regions.

Association between near miss maternal with sociodemographic factors and health assistants / Associação entre o near miss materno com fatores sociodemográficos e assistenciais de saúde

Abstract Objectives: evaluate the association between the maternal near miss rate (TNMM) and sociodemographic and health care factors. Methods: this is an aggregated, cross- sectional epidemiological survey, with regression analysis and spatial analysis, with the units of analysis being the 399 municipalities that make up the four health macro- regions in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Data from the years 2018 to 2021 were obtained through the state maternal near miss report and monitoring system. Results: the state's total TNMM was 6.4 per 1,000 live births, with an increasing trend during the studied period (p<0.001). Sociodemographic and healthcare factors were not associated with TNMM, except for municipalities with a higher degree of urbanization (β adjusted=0.022; CI95%=0.002-0.041) and located in the northern health macro-region (β adjusted=12.352; CI95%= 10.779-15.099), demonstrated by clusters with high and positive associations (high-high). Conclusion: the lack of association with sociodemographic and care factors may be due to their low effect on near miss, or the underreporting of near miss cases in the state. The differences found can be justified by the organization of health services and the intense regionalization of municipalities belonging to the macronorth, which have a better near miss report culture.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação existente entre a taxa de near miss materno (TNMM) com fatores sociodemográficos e assistenciais de saúde. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica agregada, transversal, com análises de regressão e análise espacial, sendo as unidades de análise os 399 municípios que compõem as quatro macrorregiões de saúde do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os dados provenientes dos anos de 2018 a 2021 foram obtidos por meio do sistema estadual de notificação e monitoramento do near miss materno. Resultados: a TNMM total do estado foi de 6,4 por 1.000 nascidos-vivos, com tendência de aumento no período estudado (p<0,001). Fatores sociodemográficos e assistenciais não se associaram com a TNMM, exceto municípios com maior grau de urbanização (β ajustado=0,022; IC95%= 0,002-0,041) e localizados na macrorregião norte de saúde (β ajustado=12,352; IC95%= 10,779; 15,099), demonstrado por clusters com associações altas e positivas (high- high). Conclusão: a ausência de associação com os fatores sociodemográficos e assistenciais podem decorrer do baixo efeito dos mesmos sobre o near miss, ou à subnotificação de casos de near miss materno no estado. As diferenças encontradas podem ser justificadas pela organização dos serviços de saúde e intensa regionalização dos municípios pertencentes à macronorte, os quais apresentam melhor cultura de notificação de near miss.

HIV and AIDS in the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2007-2022: trends and spatiotemporal distribution / HIV e AIDS no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, 2007-2022: tendência e distribuição espaçotemporal

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the incidence rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: An ecological study with an analytical component of time series analysis was conducted in the state of Paraná from 2007 to 2022. The data source was the Notifiable Diseases Information System. To study the trend, the Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression model was used by decomposing the time series, and for spatial analysis, the Moran's index was applied. Results: The total sample consisted of 50,676 HIV/AIDS records. The incidence rate showed an increasing trend, with an average growth of 2.14% [95% confidence interval - 95%CI 1.16-3.13] per month. From 2007 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2022, the average number of cases in the state was 105.64 and 159.20 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively, with significant variation among municipalities. Spatial clusters of high risk persisted in the metropolitan region, the capital, and coastal areas, and a new cluster was observed in the northern region of the state. Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV/AIDS showed an upward trend over time. The number of cases varied considerably in some municipalities, especially in the coastal region. Spatial analysis revealed geospatial patterns of high risk in the main metropolitan areas of Paraná: Curitiba (including the coastal area), Londrina, and Maringá, which share characteristics such as a high degree of urbanization and ongoing economic development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a evolução espaçotemporal das taxas de incidência do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com componente analítico de séries temporais e análise espacial no estado do Paraná, de 2007 a 2022. A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Para estudar a tendência, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten por meio da decomposição de séries temporais e, para a análise espacial, foi aplicado o Índice de Moran. Resultados: A amostra total foi composta de 50.676 registros de HIV/AIDS. A taxa de incidência apresentou tendência crescente, com crescimento médio de 2,14% (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,16-3,13) ao mês. Nos períodos de 2007 a 2014 e 2015 a 2022, a média de casos no estado foi de 105,64 e 159,20 a cada 100 mil habitantes, respectivamente, com importantes variações entre os municípios. Agrupamentos espaciais de alto risco permaneceram na região metropolitana à capital e litoral e um novo agrupamento foi observado à região norte do estado. Conclusão: As taxas de incidência do HIV/AIDS apresentaram tendência temporal crescente. O número de casos variou substancialmente em alguns municípios, principalmente naqueles localizados na região litorânea. A análise espacial revelou padrões geoespaciais de alto risco nas principais regiões metropolitanas do Paraná: Curitiba (abrange o litoral), Londrina e Maringá, as quais compartilham características como elevado grau de urbanização e constante desenvolvimento econômico.

Effectiveness of neurolysis as a treatment for complications of leprosy neuritis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Complications of leprosy neuritis are considered serious and apparent, with the potential to disable and/or limit individuals. These complications affect not only a patient's physical functioning, but also their family and social lives, while directly impacting the ability to work and/or maintain financial independence, subsequently interfering with their overall quality of life. The present review, therefore, aimed to analyze the effectiveness of neurolysis as an alternative treatment for the complications associated with leprosy neuritis. METHODS: The present review was performed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, in an effort to answer the following research question: what is the effectiveness of neurolysis as a treatment for leprosy neuritis complications? This research question was defined using the patient-intervention-outcome (PIO) framework, where leprosy represents 'P', neurolysis for 'I', and neuropathic pain/motor function/sensorial function/physical disability/quality of life for 'O'. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials and prospective observational cohort studies were included in the present review, with no time or date restrictions. RESULTS: The present review included 1 randomized clinical trial and 10 prospective studies, published between 1976 and 2020. All of the outcomes showed improvement, with relief from neuropathic pain being the primary finding. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence obtained in the present review suggested that neurolysis is an effective alternative for the treatment of physical disabilities, the recovery of sensory and motor function, the restoration of quality of life, and neuropathic pain relief.

"Educational Material on HIV": validity of health educational technology for people living with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: to validate the educational technology "Educational Material on HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). METHODS: a methodological study with 39 expert judges in HIV/AIDS, using a 5-point Likert scale for assessment. Data were tabulated, processed and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega tests were performed to analyze internal consistency, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, for reliability. Agreement was established by a Level Content Validity Index greater than 0.90. RESULTS: the assessment instrument showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.89; McDonald's omega of 0.91) with reliable values. Based on the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, judges' answers showed acceptable reliability, mean score 0.89 (p<0.001). Agreement among judges was greater than 0.90 in the three assessed dimensions (objectives, presentation and relevance). CONCLUSIONS: the technology was considered a qualified and adequate tool by the judges regarding its objectives, presentation and relevance.

Capacitação profissional em hanseníase na Atenção Primária à Saúde: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Professional training in leprosy in Primary Health Care: a scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: Descrever a sistematização do desenvolvimento de uma revisão de escopo para mapear evidências científicas relativas à capacitação profissional da equipe de assistência ao paciente em hanseníase na Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO: Fundamentar-se-á nas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), atendendo às orientações do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Espera-se que as evidências encontradas na literatura nacional e internacional possam direcionar profissionais e gestores na implementação de ações de controle e eliminação da hanseníase como problema de saúde pública, por meio da educação.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the systematization of a scoping review to map scientific evidence related to the professional training of the members of the leprosy primary health care team. METHOD: The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be met, as well as the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines. It is expected that the evidence found in the national and international literature can guide professionals and managers in implementing actions to control and eliminate leprosy, a public health problem, through education.

Effectiveness of neurolysis as a treatment for complications of leprosy neuritis: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Background: Complications of leprosy neuritis are considered serious and apparent, with the potential to disable and/or limit individuals. These complications affect not only a patient's physical functioning, but also their family and social lives, while directly impacting the ability to work and/or maintain financial independence, subsequently interfering with their overall quality of life. The present review, therefore, aimed to analyze the effectiveness of neurolysis as an alternative treatment for the complications associated with leprosy neuritis. Methods: The present review was performed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, in an effort to answer the following research question: what is the effectiveness of neurolysis as a treatment for leprosy neuritis complications? This research question was defined using the patient-intervention-outcome (PIO) framework, where leprosy represents 'P', neurolysis for 'I', and neuropathic pain/motor function/sensorial function/physical disability/quality of life for 'O'. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials and prospective observational cohort studies were included in the present review, with no time or date restrictions. Results: The present review included 1 randomized clinical trial and 10 prospective studies, published between 1976 and 2020. All of the outcomes showed improvement, with relief from neuropathic pain being the primary finding. Conclusions: The evidence obtained in the present review suggested that neurolysis is an effective alternative for the treatment of physical disabilities, the recovery of sensory and motor function, the restoration of quality of life, and neuropathic pain relief.

"Educational Material on HIV": validity of health educational technology for people living with HIV / "Material Educativo sobre VIH": validación de tecnología educativa en salud para personas que viven con VIH / "Material Educativo sobre HIV": validação de tecnologia educacional em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV

ABSTRACT Objectives: to validate the educational technology "Educational Material on HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Methods: a methodological study with 39 expert judges in HIV/AIDS, using a 5-point Likert scale for assessment. Data were tabulated, processed and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega tests were performed to analyze internal consistency, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, for reliability. Agreement was established by a Level Content Validity Index greater than 0.90. Results: the assessment instrument showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.89; McDonald's omega of 0.91) with reliable values. Based on the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, judges' answers showed acceptable reliability, mean score 0.89 (p<0.001). Agreement among judges was greater than 0.90 in the three assessed dimensions (objectives, presentation and relevance). Conclusions: the technology was considered a qualified and adequate tool by the judges regarding its objectives, presentation and relevance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: validar la tecnología educativa "Material Educativo sobre VIH" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Métodos: estudio metodológico con 39 jueces expertos en VIH/SIDA, utilizando una escala Likert de 5 puntos para evaluación. Los datos fueron tabulados, procesados y analizados mediante análisis descriptivo. Se realizaron las pruebas alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald para analizar la consistencia interna y el Intraclass Correlation Coefficient para la confiabilidad. La concordancia fue establecida por un Level Content Validity Index superior a 0,90. Resultados: el instrumento de evaluación mostró alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,89; omega de McDonald de 0,91) con valores confiables. Con base en el Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, las respuestas de los jueces mostraron una confiabilidad aceptable, puntaje promedio de 0,89 (p<0,001). La concordancia entre jueces fue superior a 0,90 en las tres dimensiones evaluadas (objetivos, presentación y relevancia). Conclusiones: la tecnología fue considerada una herramienta calificada y adecuada por los jueces en cuanto a sus objetivos, presentación y pertinencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: validar a tecnologia educacional "Material Educativo sobre HIV" (INPI - BR 10 2020 003765 0). Métodos: estudo metodológico com 39 juízes experts em HIV/AIDS, utilizando escala Likert de 5 pontos para avaliação. Os dados foram tabulados, processados e analisados mediante análise descritiva. Realizaram-se os Testes alfa de Cronbach e ômega de McDonald para análise da consistência interna, e Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, para confiabilidade. A concordância foi estabelecida pelo Level Content Validity Index maior que 0,90. Resultados: o instrumento de avaliação apresentou alta consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,89; ômega de McDonald de 0,91) com valores confiáveis. A partir do Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, as respostas dos juízes apresentaram confiabilidade aceitável, escore médio 0,89 (p<0,001). A concordância entre os juízes foi superior a 0,90 nas três dimensões avaliadas (objetivos, apresentação e relevância). Conclusões: a tecnologia foi considerada uma ferramenta qualificada e adequada pelos juízes quanto aos seus objetivos, apresentação e relevância.

Caracterização demográfica, clínica e terapêutica dos casos de pneumonia hospitalar não associada à ventilação mecânica / Demographic, clinical and therapeutic characterization of the cases of hospital-acquired non-ventilator associated pneumonia

Objetivo: Caracterizar os indivíduos adultos internados que desenvolveram Pneumonia Hospitalar Não Associada à Ventilação Mecânica, segundo variáveis demográficas, clínicas e terapêuticas. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado em hospital terciário do norte do Paraná; considerando as fichas de notificação das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, internados no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Em relação ao sexo houve similaridade, com maior prevalência em pacientes acima de 60 anos e com o tempo de permanência prolongado; as variáveis clínicas resultaram em 50,6% de pacientes com hemocultura associada à pneumonia negativa, destes,53,6% evoluíram a óbito. Quanto às culturas de secreção traqueal, obteve-se maior índice de Acinetobacter baumanni, com a utilização do antimicrobiano piperacilina sódica + tazobactam sódico. Conclusão: Os casos de Pneumonia Hospitalar Não Associada à Ventilação Mecânica ocorreram na mesma proporção entre os sexos, com prevalência em idosos e evolução de óbito de mais da metade dos indivíduos. O perfil clínico das secreções traqueais, hemocultura de Staphylo spp, revela que o microrganismo Acinetobacter baumanni foi o mais prevalente, tendo como escolha terapêutica de antimicrobiano a classe das cefalosporinas. Descritores: Pneumonia. Infecção Hospitalar. Pneumonia Associada à Assistência à Saúde. Enfermagem.

Objective: To characterize the hospitalized adult individuals thatdeveloped hospital-acquired non-ventilator associated pneumonia, according to demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables.Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study, carried out at a tertiary-level hospital in northern Paraná; considering the notification forms of Healthcare-Associated Infectionsfrom theHospital Infection Control Commissionin patients aged at least 18years old, admitted from January2017 to December2018.Results: There was similarity in relation to gender, with higher prevalence in patients over 60years old and with prolonged hospitalization time; the clinical variables resulted in 50.6% of patients with negative blood cultures associated with pneumonia, with 53.6% of them evolving to death. Regarding the tracheal secretioncultures, a higher index of Acinetobacter baumanniwas obtained, with use of the piperacillin sodium+tazobactam sodiumantimicrobial.Conclusion:The cases of hospital-acquired non-ventilator associated pneumoniaoccurred in the same proportion between the genders, with prevalence in older adults and evolution of death in more than half of the individuals. The clinical profile of the tracheal secretions andStaphylosppblood cultures reveals that the Acinetobacter baumannimicroorganism was the most prevalent, with thecephalosporins class as the antimicrobial therapeutic choice.Descriptors:Pneumonia. Cross Infection. Health-Care Associated Pneumonia. Nursing.

Acquired and Transmitted Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among the Incarcerated Population and Its Determinants in the State of Paraná-Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. The study analyzed the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the prison population of the state of Paraná. (2) Methods: Ecological study of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases registered in the Paraná Information System, Brazil (2008 to 2018). We performed descriptive statistics of quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, we used binary regression logistics, where the odds ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. (3) Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the incarcerated population, 98 were drug-resistant tuberculosis. We observed that educational level of up to 8 to 11 years of schooling, negative bacterial culture (test outcome) and no tobacco use were factors associated with the non-development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, while clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up showed an association for the development of drug resistance. (4) Conclusions: The study showed that clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and a positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Trend and Spatial Distribution of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Liberty-Deprived Populations in the State of Paraná, Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments reported by the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2008 and 2018. For the time trend, the Prais-Winsten method was used. To verify the spatial association, the Getis-Ord Gi* technique was used. (3) Results: During the study period, 653 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the studied population, of which 98 (15%) were drug-resistant. Prais-Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01-0.16). Hotspots were also noted in the north, east, and west macro-regions of the state. (4) Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as an increasing trend of these cases, was evidenced in all regions of the state among liberty-deprived populations,. The spatial analysis revealed priority areas for drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments.

Tuberculosis among People Living on the Street and Using Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illegal Drugs: Analysis of Territories in Extreme Vulnerability and Trends in Southern Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis presents an epidemiological trend toward inequality, especially among people in social exclusion and situations of vulnerability. This study aimed to analyze territories with a concentration of people diagnosed with tuberculosis in a street situation and who partake in chronic use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. We also analyzed trends in this health condition in southern Brazil. (2) Methods: Ecological study, developed in the 399 municipalities of Paraná, southern Brazil, with all tuberculosis cases in the homeless population registered in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases between 2014 and 2018. For data analysis, we used descriptive statistics, the Prais-Winsten autoregression method for the time series, and the Getis-Ord Gi technique* for spatial analysis. (3) Results: in total, 560 cases were reported. We found a predominance of alcohol, smoking, and illicit drug users, with an increasing trend in the state and clusters of spatial risk in the East health macro-region. (4) Conclusions: We observed territories with critical levels of highly vulnerable people who use psychoactive substances and are in a street situation. The results highlight the importance of incorporating public policies of social protection for these individuals and resolutive health services that receive these cases and assist in eradicating TB.

Inequality of gender, age and disabilities due to leprosy and trends in a hyperendemic metropolis: Evidence from an eleven-year time series study in Central-West Brazil.

The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of leprosy (Hansen's Disease), in a hyperendemic metropolis in the Central-West region of Brazil. We studied trends over eleven years, both in the detection of the disease and in disabilities, analyzing disparities and/or differences regarding gender and age. This is an ecological time series study conducted in Cuiabá, capital of the state of Mato Grosso. The population consisted of patients diagnosed with leprosy between the years 2008 and 2018. The time series of leprosy cases was used, stratifying it according to gender (male and female), disability grade (G0D, G1D, G2D, and not evaluated) and age. The calendar adjustment technique was applied. For modeling the trends, the Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL) was used. We identified 9.739 diagnosed cases, in which 58.37% were male and 87.55% aged between 15 and 59 years. Regarding detection according to gender, there was a decrease among women and an increase in men. The study shows an increasing trend in disabilities in both genders, which may be related to the delay in diagnosis. There was also an increasing number of cases that were not assessed for disability at the time of diagnosis, which denotes the quality of the services.

Caracterização epidemiológica do HIV/AIDS em adolescentes em um município no Sul do Brasil / Epidemiological characterization of HIV/AIDS in adolescents who live in a municipality from southern Brazil

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de HIV/AIDS em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados secundários do Sistema Nacional de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, de 2007 a 2019, de adolescentes residentes em um município no Sul do Brasil. Verificou-se por meio de análise descritiva e medidas de frequência variáveis demográficas, características de transmissão, infecções oportunistas e evolução dos casos. Resultados: Foram notificados 84 casos, com predomínio de idade entre 17 a 19 anos (92,8%); ensino médio completo/incompleto (50,0%); sexo masculino (73,8%) e raça branca (69,0%). Quanto à exposição ao HIV, 75,0% eram homens com relações homoafetivas declaradas. A incidência, por quadriênios, foi a seguinte: 14 casos, 26 casos e 41 casos, e em 2019, 3 casos. O coeficiente de mortalidade foi de 0,35/100.000 habitantes. Dos diagnósticos, 67,9% foram confirmados por teste rápido e 39,3% por exames laboratoriais. No momento do diagnóstico, 42,9%apresentavam AIDS. Os sinais clínicos de maior prevalência foram caquexia (10,7%), astenia (8,3%) e tosse persistente (7,1%). As infecções oportunistas mais presentes foram candidíase oral (6,7%), linfadenopatia (4,4%) e alterações no sistema nervoso central (4,4%). Conclusão: Evidencia-se a vulnerabilidade dos adolescentes e necessidade de intensificar políticas públicas para prevenção e diagnóstico precoce nessa faixa etária.

Objective: To characterize the epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS cases in adolescents. Method:A cross-sectional study, conducted from 2007 to 2019 with adolescents living in a municipality from southern Brazil, resorting to secondary data from the National System of Information about Notifiable Diseases. The demographic variables, that is, transmission characteristics, opportunistic infections and case evolution, were verified through descriptive analysis and frequency measures. Results: A total of 84 cases were reported, with predominance of the age group between 17 and 19 years old (92.8%), complete/incomplete high school (50.0%), male gender (73.8%), and white race (69.0%). Regarding HIV exposure, 75.0% were men with declared homoaffective relationships. Incidence by quadrennium periods was as follows: 14 cases, 26 cases and 41 cases, with 3 cases in 2019. The mortality rate was 0.35/100,000 inhabitants. Of the diagnoses, 67.9% were confirmed by rapid test and 39.3% by laboratory tests. 42.9% had AIDS at diagnosis. The most prevalent clinical signs were cachexia (10.7%), asthenia (8.3%) and persistent cough (7.1%). The most frequent opportunistic infections were oral candidiasis (6.7%), lymphadenopathy (4.4%) and changes in the central nervous system (4.4%). Conclusion: The adolescents' vulnerability and the need to intensify public policies for prevention and early diagnosis in this age group areevidenced

Fatores relacionados com mortalidade por pneumonia não associada à ventilação mecânica / Factors related to mortality by pneumonia unrelated to mechanical ventilation

RESUMO Objetivos analisar os fatores relacionados com mortalidade por pneumonia hospitalar não associada à ventilação mecânica. Métodos estudo do tipo coorte retrospectiva com amostra obtida por meio das 538 fichas de notificação das infecções relacionadas com a assistência à saúde. Calculado o Risco Relativo e realizada análise multivariável por meio de regressão de Poisson com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados na análise multivariável, percebeu-se que os indivíduos com idade inferior a 59 anos e que receberam apenas um antimicrobiano apresentaram proteção para óbito. Os principais microrganismos responsáveis pelo aumento do risco para óbito foram: Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Espécies de Candida (Candida spp). Conclusão foram fatores relacionados com a mortalidade os indivíduos com idade maior que 60 anos, em uso de dois ou mais antimicrobianos, assim como a identificação dos microrganismos Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Espécies de Candida (Candida spp).

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the factors related to mortality by nosocomial pneumonia unrelated to mechanical ventilation. Methods retrospective cohort study with a sample acquired using the 538 notification forms for health care-related infections. The relative risk was calculated and a multivariable analysis was carried out using Poisson regression with a significance level of 5%. Results the multivariable analysis showed that being under 59 years old and taking only one antimicrobial drug were protective factors against death. The main microorganisms responsible for the increase in the risk of death were: Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and species of Candida (Candida spp). Conclusion the factors related to mortality were being 60 years old or older, using two or more antimicrobial substances, and being affected by the microorganisms Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and species of Candida (Candida spp).

HIV Care Continuum from diagnosis in a Counseling and Testing Center.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the HIV care continuum from the diagnosis in an HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing Center (CTC), and the sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics related to gender. METHOD: Epidemiological study, conducted with data of individuals assisted at a Counseling and Testing Center, and followed in an outpatient clinic for HIV/AIDS. Pearson's Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to obtain odds ratios, considering alpha value <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV among 5,229 users was 5%. The highest chance of positive results was among men, aged 14 to 33 years old, who were not in a domestic partnership. In the analysis of TCD4+ lymphocytes and viral load (VL) of 238 cases, 56.1% had a late diagnosis. We have identified gaps in the care cascade, especially linkage to the care, retention in care, and viral load suppression. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a late diagnosis for both genders, as well as difficulty in reaching the viral suppression goal.

Trends and forecasts of leprosy for a hyperendemic city from Brazil's northeast: Evidence from an eleven-year time-series analysis.

This study's objective was to estimate the temporal trends of leprosy according to sex and age groups, as well as to estimate and predict the progression of the disease in a hyperendemic city located in the northeast of Brazil. This ecological time-series study was conducted in Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. Leprosy cases diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were included. Detection rates stratified by sex and age groups were estimated. The study of temporal trends was accomplished using the Seasonal-Trend Decomposition method and temporal modeling of detection rates using linear seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model according to Box and Jenkins method. Trend forecasts were performed for the 2017-2020 period. A total of 3,212 cases of leprosy were identified, the average incidence among men aged between 30 and 59 years old was 201.55/100,000 inhabitants and among women in the same age group was 135.28/100,000 inhabitants. Detection rates in total and by sex presented a downward trend, though rates stratified according to sex and age presented a growing trend among men aged less than 15 years old and among women aged 60 years old or over. The final models selected in the time-series analysis show the forecasts of total detection rates and rates for men and women presented a downward trend for the 2017-2020 period. Even though the forecasts show a downward trend in Imperatriz, the city is unlikely to meet a significant decrease of the disease burden by 2020.

Leprosy in urban space, areas of risk for disability and worsening of this health condition in Foz Do Iguaçu, the border region between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is a public health problem and a challenge for endemic countries, especially in their border regions where there are intense migration flows. The study aimed to analyse the dynamics of leprosy, in order to identify areas of risk for the occurrence of the disease and disability and places where this health condition is worsening. METHOD: This ecological study considered the new cases of leprosy reported in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu from 2003 to 2015. Spatial and spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to identify the risk areas for the occurrence of leprosy, as well as the Getis-Ord Gi and Getis-Ord Gi* methods. Areas of risk for disabilities were identified by the scan statistic and kernel density estimation. RESULTS: A total of 840 cases were reported, of which 179 (21.3%) presented Grade 1 or 2 disabilities at the time of diagnosis. Leprosy risk areas were concentrated in the Southern, Eastern and Northeastern Health Districts of the municipality. The cases of Grade 2 disability were observed with higher intensity in regions characterized by high population density and poverty. CONCLUSION: The results of the study have revealed changes in the pattern of areas at risk of leprosy according to the investigated periods. In addition, it was possible to verify disabilities as a condition present in the investigated cases, or that may be related to the late diagnosis of the disease. In the areas of risk identified, patients have reported worse physical disability after diagnostic confirmation, or indicate inadequate clinical examination, reinforcing the need for structuring leprosy control services in a qualified manner.