Hyaluronic acid used for the correction of nasal deviation in an 18-year-old Middle Eastern man.

The use of fillers for nonsurgical rhinoplasty has advanced in both materials and methods, and continues to gain popularity in North America. This technique is most often used for secondary revisions, although reports of fillers used in primary rhinoplasty in selected patients have been recently described. The present report details the use of a hyaluronic acid dermal filler in a young Middle Eastern man for a post-traumatic crooked nose deformity. Primary correction of the patient's right-sided nasal bone deviation using hyaluronic acid as a soft tissue filler was achieved with excellent results and patient satisfaction. The current use of fillers in nasal contouring is reviewed.

Bilateral pulmonary emboli after bilateral mastectomy in a 15-year-old boy with hypogonadism: A case report.

Pulmonary emboli are rare, yet serious, complications of body contouring surgery. When they occur, they more often follow as complications of long, invasive procedures in adults. The present report details a case of bilateral pulmonary emboli in an obese 15-year-old boy with hypogonadism undergoing bilateral mastectomy for gynecomastia. The diagnosis of bilateral pulmonary emboli was made on the basis of clinical presentation and positive ventilation/perfusion scan. The patient responded well to heparin anticoagulation treatment. The relevance of pediatric obesity, pediatric body contouring surgery and the risk of thromboembolic events in pediatric patients are discussed.

Release cells, breath analysis and in-mouth analysis in flavour research.

The flavour of a food or beverage is not perceived in a single event, but rather as a series of events experienced as the food is consumed. Recent methods in flavour research have taken account of this, and techniques have been developed to study flavour release in model systems (release cells or simulated mouths) and from the mouth or nose of assessors, while consuming foods. However, while there is agreement on the need in some cases for hydration or artificial saliva in simulated mouths, other parameters must be optimised on a case-by-case basis. Individual variability may still be a problem in breath analysis, and further work is required to determine the extent to which there are real differences in volatile profiles. The techniques of release cells and breath analysis must now be applied to provide data, which will allow flavour release to be modelled.

Responses of two genotypes of chicken to the diets and stocking densities of conventional UK and Label Rouge production systems-II. Sensory attributes.

French Label Rouge quality chickens are reputed to possess improved sensory characteristics compared with birds reared under intensive conditions. The effects of genotype, diet, stocking density and age on eating quality were evaluated in a 2 × 2 × 2 experiment. The results suggest that genotype, diet, age and, to a lesser extent, stocking density can influence eating quality. The most pronounced sensory differences between the two genotypes were in the appearance and texture of the cooked meat. In particular, scores for toughness were higher for breast meat from Ross than ISA birds, though the opposite effect was observed for the thigh meat. Diet and age also affected texture, with the breast meat from chickens on the Label Rouge diet, or from older birds, having lower scores for toughness. Effects on odour and flavour were generally small and subject to genotype × diet interactions. The odour and flavour intensity of breast meat increased with age, while the odour intensity of thigh meat was higher in birds reared at low stocking density.

Analysis of inositol metabolites produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to glucose stimulation.

When cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are grown to stationary phase in medium containing [3H] inositol, significant amounts of radioactivity can be detected in phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Addition of glucose to such cultures results in the generation of [3H]glycerophosphoinositol, [3H]glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate, and [3H]glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the extracellular medium. We found no evidence, however, for the stimulated formation of other inositol polyphosphates. This result suggests that glucose does not stimulate the "phospholipase C" signalling pathway established in higher eukaryotic cells but, in contrast, stimulates specific phospholipases A or B. A variety of cell division cycle (cdc) mutants have been studied to investigate the relationship between cell cycle progression and inositol metabolism in S. cerevisiae. Mutants which are defective for completion of cell cycle "START" (i.e. commitment to mitosis) show reduced formation of glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate and glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in response to glucose. In contrast, cdc mutants which are defective in post-"START" processes show a larger glucose response than wild type cells. These results suggest that deacylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate may be coordinated with cell cycle control in S. cerevisiae.

The expression of canine cardiac phospholamban in heterologous systems.

A synthetic phospholamban gene has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, producing both native phospholamban and a fusion protein with 81 amino acids of the influenza virus NS1 protein. Both the native phospholamban and fusion proteins produced extensive cell lysis upon induction of gene expression, but only the native protein underwent spontaneous pentamer formation in E. coli. Translation in vitro of mRNA produced by transcription in vitro of phospholamban cDNA was used to demonstrate the spontaneous aggregation of phospholamban to form pentamers in this system also, both in the presence and absence of exogenous microsomes from canine pancreas or heart. Phospholamban produced by translation in vitro was apparently susceptible to proteolysis by enzymes present in the particulate fractions in these experiments.

Phospholamban is a good substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro, but not in intact cardiac or smooth muscle.

1. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates purified phospholamban. It also phosphorylates phospholamban present in vesicles of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and smooth muscle microsomal fractions, and in transformants of Escherichia coli which contain a plasmid into which a gene encoding phospholamban has been inserted. 2. In vitro the phospholamban present in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes is a better substrate for cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase than for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. 3. Studies using [32P]Pi to label the cellular ATP in intact cardiac or smooth muscle failed to demonstrate that phosphorylation of phospholamban occurs in response to stimuli which increase intracellular cyclic GMP. Possible reasons for this functional separation between increased cyclic GMP and phosphorylation of phospholamban are discussed.

Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A 2 micron circle-based chimaeric plasmid containing the yeast LEU2 and the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) genes was constructed. Transformants grown under selective conditions for the LEU2 gene harboured the plasmid at about 15 copies per cell whilst selection for the HSV-1 TK gene led to an increase to about 100 copies per cell. Furthermore, the plasmid copy number could be controlled by the stringency of selection for the TK gene, and the increase in TK gene dosage was reflected in an increase in intracellular thymidine kinase activity. The mitotic stability of the plasmid in "high-copy" and "low-copy" number cells was determined. "High-copy" number cells showed a greater mitotic stability. The relationship of TK expression to plasmid copy number may be useful for the isolation of plasmid copy number mutants in yeast and the control of heterologous gene expression.

The secretion and post translational modification of interferons from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Studies with three interferon molecules, IFN-alpha 2, IFN-beta 1, and a "hybrid" interferon, IFNX-430 are described which illustrate that both the expression and secretion characteristics of heterologous proteins in yeast cells reflect properties of the proteins themselves. Recombinant DNA techniques have also been used to demonstrate that the efficient processing of mature heterologous proteins from the yeast alpha factor secretion leader can be affected by sequences on the carboxyl side of the initial cleavage site. Secretion studies with heterologous proteins in S. cerevisiae are aimed at maximising yield, the percentage of extracellular product and correct amino terminus sequence. The results presented here show that all three factors are susceptible to currently unpredictable properties of the foreign sequence. This situation, in turn, means that heterologous proteins can be used as tools in the biochemical dissection of the yeast secretion process.

Secretion of mammalian polypeptides from yeast.

Yeast cells are capable of expressing and secreting foreign polypeptides into the medium. Mammalian glycoproteins are glycosylated when secreted from yeast although the exact oligosaccharide sequence is not reproduced.

A bifunctional gene product involved in two phases of the yeast cell cycle.

The cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is divided into two distinct phases. Unbudded, mononucleate cells in the G1 phase can react to relevant environmental changes by mating, sporulating, or by entering stationary phase. DNA synthesis and bud initiation occur almost simultaneously and mark 'commitment' to the completion of mitosis. Temperature-sensitive mutations at the cdc28 locus are known to cause arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at the restrictive temperature. Here we show that the cdc28 gene product is also active in post-G1 cell cycle functions, and that a different property of the gene product may be required for each phase of the cycle in which it acts.

Food preferences of some United Kingdom residents.

A food preference questionnaire was completed by 1304 people. There were considerable differences in food preferences related to age, sex, and area of residence of the respondents. In spite of these differences, five distinct clusters of foods showing similar preference patterns were indentified. These clusters were of sweet fruits, meats, vegetables, alcoholic beverages, and some high carbohydrate foods. The cause of the clustering was uncertain.