Phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Spain

ObjectivesSARS-CoV-2 whole-genome analysis has identified three large clades spreading worldwide, designated G, V and S. This study aims to analyze the diffusion of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain/Europe. MethodsMaximum likelihood phylogenetic and Bayesian phylodynamic analyses have been performed to estimate the most probable temporal and geographic origin of different phylogenetic clusters and the diffusion pathways of SARS-CoV-2. ResultsPhylogenetic analyses of the first 28 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences obtained from patients in Spain revealed that most of them are distributed in G and S clades (13 sequences in each) with the remaining two sequences branching in the V clade. Eleven of the Spanish viruses of the S clade and six of the G clade grouped in two different monophyletic clusters (S-Spain and G-Spain, respectively), with the S-Spain cluster also comprising 8 sequences from 6 other countries from Europe and the Americas. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was estimated in the city of Wuhan, China, around November 24, 2019, with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval from October 30-December 17, 2019. The origin of S-Spain and G-Spain clusters were estimated in Spain around February 14 and 18, 2020, respectively, with a possible ancestry of S-Spain in Shanghai. ConclusionsMultiple SARS-CoV-2 introductions have been detected in Spain and at least two resulted in the emergence of locally transmitted clusters, with further dissemination of one of them to at least 6 other countries. These results highlight the extraordinary potential of SARS-CoV-2 for rapid and widespread geographic dissemination.

[Sexuality during menopause. Educational guide]. / Sexualidad en la menopausia.

Sexuality constitutes a vital, powerful energy which pushes us to search for contact and companionship, which leads us to communicate and relate in a forum of pleasure and affectivity. This is all considered to be a natural process, deemed necessary for adequate personal development, besides being very healthy.

Susceptibility to Coccidioides species in C57BL/6 mice is associated with expression of a truncated splice variant of Dectin-1 (Clec7a).

Coccidioides posadasii spherules stimulate macrophages to make cytokines via TLR-2 and Dectin-1. We used formalin-killed spherules and 1,3-beta-glucan purified from spherules to stimulate elicited peritoneal macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from susceptible (C57BL/6) and resistant (DBA/2) mouse strains. DBA/2 macrophages produced more TNF-alpha and IL-6 than macrophages from C57BL/6 mice, and the amount of TNF-alpha made was dependent on both TLR2 and Dectin-1. DCs from C57BL/6 mice made more IL-10 and less IL-23p19 and IL-12p70 than did DBA/2 DC. These responses were inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to Dectin-1. DBA/2 mice expressed full-length Dectin-1, whereas C57BL/6 mice spliced out exon 3, which encodes most of the stalk. RAW cells transduced to express the full-length Dectin-1 responded better to FKS than cells expressing truncated Dectin-1. We compared the isoform of Dectin-1 expressed by 34 C57BL/6 X DBA/2 recombinant inbred (BXD RI) lines with their susceptibility to Coccidioides immitis. In 25 of 34 RI lines susceptibility or resistance corresponded to short or full-length isoforms, respectively. These results suggest that alternative splicing of the Dectin-1 gene contributes to susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice to coccidioidomycosis, and affects the cytokine responses of macrophages and mDCs to spherules.

Terapia com células-tronco em cardiomiopatia não-isquêmica: [revisão] / Stem cell therapy in non-ischemic cardimiopathy: [review]

Ao longo da década passada, houve crescente evidência experimental de que os transplantes de células poderiam ser uma abordagem nova e eficiente para a recuperação do miocárdio lesado. Contudo, os estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos sobre terapia celular, em sua maioria, foram feitos em cardiomiopatias isquêmicas. Neste artigo, os autores enfocam a evidência disponível para o tratamento da cardiomiopatia dilatada não-isquêmica com vários tipos de células-tronco.

Over the past decade, there has been accumulating experimental evidence that cell transplantation could be a new, effective approach for repairing damaged myocardium. Nevertheless, most of these preclinical and clinical studies on cell therapy have been performed in ischemic cardiomyopathy. In this paper, the authors focused on the available evidence in the treatment of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with different types of stem cells.

[Menopause and physical activity]. / Menopausia y actividad física.

Menopause is another stage in a woman's life. For this reason, none of us should live it as a disease, since it is not. This stage brings with it a series of physical and emotional changes which, if one does not bear these in mind, can lead to alterations in one's daily lifestyle. Among these possible alterations is the loss of bone mass and, in order to prevent this, it is essential to perform physical exercise. This article deals with the importance of physical exercise and correct posture as factors to maintain bone structure in its best possible condition in women undergoing menopause.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention of an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left sinus of valsalva.

The presence of an anomalous origin of a coronary artery as the infarct related vessel during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is rare and may present a technical challenge. We reported on a primary coronary percutaneous intervention performed in a right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus. The technical tips and tricks of treating congenital coronary anomalies are reviewed.

Cellular bioterrorism: how Brucella corrupts macrophage physiology to promote invasion and proliferation.

Brucellosis is a worldwide human zoonosis caused by intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. Virulence factors play an important role in allowing Brucella infection and proliferation within macrophages. Brucella enters macrophages through lipid raft microdomains, avoids phagolysosome fusion, and inhibits TNF-alpha secretion and apoptosis. Furthermore, Brucella can perturb bactericidal activity in macrophages by influencing the host cell response to its advantage through its LPS or by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. To date, small steps have been taken in defining and understanding the virulence factors of Brucella used in macrophage subversion, but further investigation is required to fully explain virulence and persistence.

Experiencia del Instituto de Nefrología en la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección urinaria / Experience at the Institute of Nephrology for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of urinary infection

Se expone la experiencia adquirida en el Instituto de Nefrología en la línea de infección urinarias sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, procedimientos diagnósticos, métodos de localización y prevención y tratamiento de la infección urinaria recurrente en la mujer. La prevalencia de bacteriuria en las niñas escolares fue de 1,2 porciento, en las mujeres adultas del 3,8 porciento, en las embarazadas del 2,8 porciento y en los niños diabéticos entre 1,1 y 3,8 porciento. El minicultivo por la técnica de siembra con papel de filtro demuestra una sensibilidad y especialidad superior al 98 porciento. La técnica de Fairley modificada para obtener orina de cada uréter presenta un alto grado de seguridad. Los métodos de prevención de la infección urinaria, basados en los mecanismos patogénicos, hacen reducir notablemente las recurrencias (AU)