RESUMO
Introduction: the study sought to determine how the passage of values between generations is processed, in view of the exposure to conditions of deprivation to which these people are subjected, while they carry the obligation to ensure the minimum for their children but do not have the necessary resources. This raises the question of how it is possible to affirm a notion of right and wrong within this social framework. this study analysed the transmission of values between generations in groups of people in unfavourable economic and social conditions. Methods: this is a qualitative descriptive study, interviews were conducted through group meetings to discuss issues related to morals. It was carried out with grandparents, their children, and their grandchildren who are residents of a peripheral neighbourhood of the capital of São Paulo and live in restricted economic conditions and under the daily impact of violence. These discussions involved the three generational components of three families. Different arrangements were made that involved the same generational group in an initial meeting and, in another meeting, the mixture of different generations and different families responding to pre-established themes that involved moral dilemmas focused on the daily cultural and social life of these families. The theoretical basis of this study was psychoanalysis, using the concepts of Identification, Ego Ideal, Ideal Ego, Oedipus, and the dynamics underlying the insertion of the father in the Oedipal triad.Results: the grandfathers were ambiguous because they have a reference to a law of morals transcending space and time. Parents, realising the ambiguity of these grandparents in relation to reality, reformulate these moral questions, basing their convictions on a law that is established within the contingencies of everyday life and, therefore, changeable. The adolescent grandchildren perceive this ambiguity in the parents and in their speech. Conclusion: there is greater identification of moral standards among grandchildren and grandparents than between children and parents. The interviewed parents were ambiguous in the way they act and speak, with the transgenerational reproduction model being more guided between grandchildren and grandparents than in the sequential temporal generational sequence.
Introdução: o estudo procurou averiguar como se processa a passagem de valores entre gerações, face à exposição a condições de privação a que são submetidas estas pessoas, enquanto carregam a obrigação de assegurar o mínimo aos filhos mas não dispõem dos recursos necessários. Isso levanta a questão de como é possível afirmar uma noção de certo e errado dentro dessa estrutura social. este estudo analisou a transmissão de valores entre gerações em grupos de pessoas em condições econômicas e sociais desfavoráveis. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo, foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de encontros grupais para discussão de questões relacionadas à moral. Foi realizado com avós, filhos e netos moradores de um bairro periférico da capital paulista e que vivem em condições econômicas restritas e sob o impacto cotidiano da violência. Essas discussões envolveram os três componentes geracionais de três famílias. Diferentes arranjos foram feitos envolvendo o mesmo grupo geracional em um encontro inicial e, em outro encontro, a mistura de diferentes gerações e diferentes famílias respondendo a temas pré-estabelecidos que envolviam dilemas morais centrados no cotidiano cultural e social dessas famílias. A base teórica deste estudo foi a psicanálise, utilizando os conceitos de Identificação, Ideal do Ego. Resultados: os avôs se mostraram ambíguos pois possuem uma referência de Lei, de moral, deslocada no espaço e no tempo; os pais percebendo a ambiguidade destes avôs em relação à realidade reformulam estas questões morais pautando suas convicções em uma Lei que se estabelece dentro das contingências do cotidiano e, portanto, mutável; os netos adolescentes percebem esta ambiguidade nos pais e nos seus discursos. Conclusão: há maior identificação de padrões morais entre netos e avôs do que entre filhos e pais. Os pais entrevistados se mostraram ambíguos na forma de agir e de discursar, sendo o modelo de reprodução transgeracional mais pautado entre netos e avôs do que na sequência geracional temporal sequencial.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Infant mortality rate indicates the quality of life of a population. Infant mortality has two important components: neonatal mortality, divided into early and late and post-neonatal mortality. The more developed a country is and the greater its population's well-being, the greater the weight of the neonatal component on infant mortality. In addition several factors may determine or be associated with the occurrence of infant deaths including maternal age. The teenage pregnancy rates in Latin America and the Caribbean remain the second highest in the world, In Brazil, between 2010 and 2015, for every thousand adolescents between 15 and 19 years old, about 69 became pregnant and gave birth to their babies. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the trend of Early Neonatal Mortality Rates in children of pregnant adolescents, which occurred in the period 1996-2017, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, according to the maternal age group. METHODS: This is an ecological study of time series using official mortality data obtained from the Mortality Information System and live birth data obtained from the Live Birth Information System. Deaths of newborns aged between zero and six complete days were collected by place of residence. The trends in rates per 1,000 live births were calculated by Prais-Winsten regression, obtaining their annual percentage change (VPA) and the respective 95% confidence intervals, analyzed by age group. All analyzes were processed using the STATA 15.1 software. RESULTS: In the state of São Paulo, between 1996 and 2017, 16,161 deaths were reported in children from zero to six days old and 2,320,584 live births in mothers aged 10-19 years, living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Of this total, it was observed that the early neonatal mortality rate decreased until the year 2005-2006, remained stationary after, and was higher in newborns of mothers aged 10-14 years (13.18 per 1,000) compared to mothers between 15-19 years (6.75 per 1,000). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, although the early neonatal mortality rate showed a significant decreasing trend until approximately 2005, it remained stables after that.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: the complexity of heart-rate variability (HRV) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with different pulmonary capacities was evaluated. METHODS: We set these according to their pulmonary capacity, and specifically forced vital capacity (FVC). We split the groups according to FVC (FVC > 50% (n = 29) and FVC < 50% (n = 28)). In ALS, the presence of an FVC below 50% is indicative of noninvasive ventilation with two pressure levels and with the absence of other respiratory symptoms. As the number of subjects per group was different, we applied the unbalanced one-way analysis of variance (uANOVA1) test after three tests of normality, and effect size by Cohen's d to assess parameter significance. RESULTS: with regard to chaotic global analysis, CFP4 (p < 0.001; d = 0.91), CFP5 (p = 0.0022; d = 0.85), and CFP6 (p = 0.0009; d = 0.92) were enlarged. All entropies significantly increased. Shannon (p = 0.0005; d = 0.98), Renyi (p = 0.0002; d = 1.02), Tsallis (p = 0.0004; d = 0.99), approximate (p = 0.0005; d = 0.97), and sample (p < 0.0001; d = 1.22). Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) (p = 0.0358) and Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) (p = 0.15) were statistically inconsequential between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: HRV complexity in ALS subjects with different pulmonary capacities increased via chaotic global analysis, especially CFP5 and 3 out of 5 entropies.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered a multisystem degenerative disease due to its autonomic dysfunction effects. Autonomic cardiac control disorders can be seen in ALS and influence the quality of life and the life expectancy of affected individuals. We evaluated heart rate variability in subjects with ALS and with variable lung capacity. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study performed in 42 subjects with ALS. The subjects were classified into 2 groups according to their FVC: (FVC > 50% of the predicted value [n = 19] and FVC < 50% of the predicted value [n = 23]). Heart rate was recorded at rest during spontaneous breathing by using a heart rate monitor. Linear indices in the time and frequency domains were analyzed, and non-linear analysis was performed by using Poincaré plots. RESULTS: The results showed a decrease of heart rate variability in the subjects with lower lung capacity and who needed ventilatory support. Qualitative analysis when using the plots supported the quantitative analysis, wherein the group with a lower lung capacity showed reduced heart rate variability. No significant differences were found in the other heart rate variability indices. CONCLUSIONS: The subjects with ALS and with decreased pulmonary capacity had reduced heart rate variability.
