Nitrogen addition changed the relationships of fine root respiration and biomass with key physiological traits in ozone-stressed poplars.

Increasing ozone (O3) and nitrogen (N) addition may have contradictory effects on plant photosynthesis and growth. However, it remains unclear whether these effects on aboveground parts further change the root resource management strategy and the relationships of fine root respiration and biomass with other physiological traits. In this study, an open-top chamber experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of O3 alone and in combination with nitrogen (N) addition on root production and fine root respiration of poplar clone 107 (Populus × euramericana cv. '74/76'). Saplings were grown with (100 kg ha-1 year-1) or without (+0 kg ha-1 year-1) N addition under two O3 regimes (non-filtered ambient air or non-filtered ambient air + 60 ppb of O3). After about two to three months of treatment, elevated O3 significantly decreased fine root biomass and starch content but increased fine root respiration, which occurred in tandem with inhibited leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat). Nitrogen addition did not change fine root respiration or biomass, neither did it alter the effect of elevated O3 on the fine root traits. However, N addition weakened the relationships of fine root respiration and biomass with Asat, fine root starch and N concentrations. No significant relationships of fine root biomass and respiration with soil mineralized N were observed under elevated O3 or N addition. These results imply that changed relationships of plant fine root traits under global changes should be considered into earth system process models to project more accurately future carbon cycle.

The protective effect of orcinol glucoside on dexamethasone induced osteoblast cell damage through inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor nucleus translocation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effect of orcinol glucoside on dexamethasone(DEX)-induced osteoblast injury and its mechanism. Methods Primary osteoblasts were extracted from calvaria of neonatal mice and cultured in medium with DEX(1 μmol•L

Research progress on anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived cannabinoid type 2 receptor modulators / 中国中药杂志

Excessive and persistent inflammatory responses are a potential pathological condition that can lead to diseases of various systems, including nervous, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and endocrine systems. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor(CB2R) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and is widely distributed in immune cells, peripheral tissues, and the central nervous system. It plays a role in inflammatory responses under various pathological conditions. The down-regulation of CB2R activity is an important marker of inflammation and and CB2R modulators have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. This study explored the relationship between CB2R and inflammatory responses, delved into its regulatory mechanisms in inflammatory diseases, and summarized the research progress on CB2R modulators from plants other than cannabis, including plant extracts and monomeric compounds, in exerting anti-inflammatory effects. The aim is to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, processing and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine Scrophulariae Radix: a review / 中国中药杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine Scrophulariae Radix, which is also called Yuan Shen, black Shen, is the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis of the Scrophulariaceae family. Research has indicated that the chemical constituents of Scrophulariae Radix mainly include terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, volatile oils, steroids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols, among which iridoids and phenylpropanoids were the main active constituents. It has been reported that extracts of Scrophulariae Radix or its active substances have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, anti-fatigue, uric acid-lowering, anti-depression, myocardial cell-protective and other pharmacological activities, and can regulate cardiovascular system, central nervous system and immune system. This paper reviewed the present research achievements of Scrophulariae Radix in chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, processing methods, toxicity and other aspects, and the clinical application of Scrophulariae Radix in ancient and modern times was illustrated. This paper aimed to provide reference for further research of Scrophulariae Radix and facilitated its clinical application.

Preparation of quercetin-human serum albumin-nanoparticles and its inhibitory effects against NASH-induced liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To prepare quercetin-human serum albumin-nanoparticles （Que-HSA-NPs），and to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of Que-HSA-NPs on hepatic fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS Que-HSA-NPs were prepared by desolvation-chemical cross-linking method ，their appearance characteristics were observed ，and their particle size ，polydispersity index （PDI），Zeta potential and drug loading were detected. Quercetin （Que）and Que-HSA-NPs were applied to murine HSC-T 6 cells. The effects of them on survival rate of HSC-T 6，mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β（TGF-β），Type Ⅰ collagen α1（COL1A1）and α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）were compared. Que and Que-HSA-NPs were applied to mice fed with low methionine and choline deficient high-fat diet. The serum levels of liver injury indexes ，liver pathological characteristics ，mRNA expressions of TGF-β，COL1A1 and α-SMA，protein expression of α-SMA in liver tissue were determined to evaluate the improvement effects of them on hepatic fibrosis of NASH in mice. RESULTS The prepared Que-HSA-NPs was spherical ，the particle size was （172.9±2.2）nm，the PDI was 0.233，the Zeta potential was －29.2 mV，and the drug loading was 2.99％. Que and Que-HSA-NPs were nontoxic to HSC-T 6 at concentrations of 0-250 μg/mL. Both of them could significantly decrease mRNA expressions of TGF-β，COL1A1 and α-SMA，especially Que-HSA-NPs （P＜0.05）. They also could significantly decrease the serum levels of liver inju ry index ，relieve liver injury and down-regulate mRNA expressions of TGF-β，COL1A1 and α-SMA and protein expression of α-SMA， especially Que-HSA-NPs （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Que- HSA-NPs is successfully prepared ，and confirm that its anti- NASH hepatic fibrosis effect is better than that of Que .

Interactive effects of ozone exposure and nitrogen addition on the rhizosphere bacterial community of poplar saplings.

It is widely documented that elevated ground-level ozone (O3) has negative effects on tree physiological characteristics, and in return, affects forest ecosystem function. However, the effect may be modified by soil nitrogen (N) availability. Numerous studies have focused on the aboveground part of trees under elevated O3 alone or in combination with soil N; however, little is known about the response of soil bacterial communities. Here, we investigated the effects of O3 (charcoal-filtered air, CF, versus ambient air +40 ppb of O3, E-O3), N addition (0 kg ha-1 yr-1, N0, versus 200 kg ha-1 yr-1, N200), and their combination on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of hybrid poplar, using an MiSeq targeted amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. E-O3 significantly decreased bacterial abundance, and N200 significantly decreased the α-diversity. The negative impacts of N200 on α-diversity were alleviated by E-O3. Nitrogen and E-O3-N200 combination altered bacterial community composition, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes. From an ecological network analysis, E-O3, alone and in combination with N200, complicated the co-occurrence network of bacterial communities by inducing a microbial survival strategy, shifting the hub species from RB41 to Bacillus and Blastococcus. Conversely, N200 led to simplification and decentralization of the co-occurrence network. These findings demonstrate that the rhizosphere bacterial communities exhibit divergent responses to E-O3 and N200, suggesting the need to consider the stability of the belowground ecosystem to optimize plantation management in response to environmental changes.

Association between health literacy and health related quality of life among primary and middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association between health literacy (HL) and health related quality of life (HRQoL) among primary and middle school students in Nanjing,and to provide a reference for improving health literacy and health related quality of life among children.@*Methods@#In this cross sectional study, by using a multi stage rondom duster sampling method,a total of 4 388 primary (4-6), junior (grades 7-9) and senior (grades 10-12) high school students were randomly selected in Nanjing during May and June of 2018. HRQoL was measured as continuous variable with the validated Chinese version of Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D CHN); the relationship between health literacy level and HRQoL was examined using mixed effect linear regression models and reported as mean difference ( MD ) and 95% confidence interval( CI ).@*Results@#There were 85.8% participants who obtained adequate health literacy level, while the mean score of CHU9D CHN was (0.78±0.17) for overall participants. After control for potential confounding factors and class level clustering effects, participants who self reported adequate HL recorded an increased HRQoL scores of 0.08 (95% CI =0.06-0.10) units relative to those self reporting inadequate HL. According to the stratified analysis of students gender, school type and place of residence, the results show that after adjusting the relevant confounding factors and the aggregation of class level, compared with the students without health literacy, the score of health related quality of life of those with health literacy increased significantly.@*Conclusion@#Health literacy of primary school students in Nanjing is positively related to health related life qualities.Therefore,there is a need to promote student s health related quality of life through health literacy.

Research progress on protective effect of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine on methotrexate-induced liver toxicity / 中国中药杂志

Methotrexate(MTX) is a commonly used antimetabolite, which can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, hepatotoxicity in the use of MTX severely limits its clinical use. Therefore, how to prevent and treat hepatotoxicity of MTX has become an urgent clinical problem. This paper summarizes and analyzes relevant literatures on the prevention and treatment of hepa-totoxicity caused by MTX with traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines in recent years. MTX-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms include folate pathway, oxidative stress damage and adenosine pathway, of which oxidative stress theory is the main research direction. A total of 14 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine extracts including white peony root, and 21 kinds of natural monomer compounds, including berberine, play an anti-MTX-induced hepatotoxic effect by resisting oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and regulating signal pathways. According to current studies on the prevention and treatment of hepatotoxicity induced by MTX with traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines, there are insufficiencies, such as partial and superficial mechanism studies, inadequate combination of experimental research and clinical practice, non-standard experimental design and lack of application of advanced technologies and methods. This paper systematically reviewed the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX and defined current studies and deficiencies, in the expectation of proposing new study strategies and directions and providing scientific basis for rational clinical use of MTX and development of new drugs against MTX hepatotoxicity.

Genetic diversity and genetic structures of original plants of Viticis Fructus:an SSR markers-based analysis / 中国中药杂志

The present study aimed to provide the protection strategies for wild germplasm resources of original plants of Viticis Fructus and a theoretical basis for the sustainable use of Viticis Fructus. The genetic diversity and genetic structures of the 232 indivi-duals in 19 populations of Vitex rotundifolia and V. trifolia were analyzed by eight SSR markers with tools such as Popgene32, GenAlex 6.502, and STRUCTURE. Bottleneck effect was detected for the population with more than 10 individuals. The results indicated that 42 and 26 alleles were detected from the populations of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia, respectively, with average expected heterozygo-sities of 0.448 6 and 0.583 9, which are indicative of low genetic diversity. AMOVA revealed the obvious genetic variation of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia within population(84.43%, P<0.01; 60.37%, P<0.01). Furthermore, in eight SSR loci, six from V. rotundifolia populations and two from V. trifolia populations failed to meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations(P<0.05), which confirmed that the populations experienced bottleneck effect. As assessed by Mantel test, geographical distance posed slight impacts on the genetic variation between the populations of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia. Principal component analysis(PCA) and STRUCTURE analysis demonstrated evident introgression of genes among various populations. The original plants of Viticis Fructus were confirmed low in genetic diversity and genetic differentiation level. Therefore, the protection of wild resources of original plants of Viticis Fructus should be strengthened to ensure its sustainable use.

Research progress on natural cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2R)regulators and their effects on bone metabolism / 中国中药杂志

Cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2 R),a member of the G protein-coupled receptor( GPCR) superfamily,has a variety of biological activities,such as regulating pain response,resisting inflammation and fibrosis,and mediating bone metabolism. Some CB2 R regulators exhibit a good regulatory effect on bone metabolism. Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa can cause psychoactive effects despite various pharmacological actions they exerted by targeting CB2 R. Therefore,it is of great significance to discover CB2 R regulators in non-Cannabis plants for finding new lead compounds without psychoactive effects and elucidating the action mechanism of plant drugs. The present study clarifies the discovery,structure,and physiological functions of CB2 R,especially its regulatory effects on bone metabolism,summarized CB2 R regulators extracted from non-Cannabis plants,and systematically analyzes the regulatory effects of CB2 R regulators on bone metabolism in animals,osteoblasts,and osteoclasts,to provide a scientific basis for the discovery of new CB2 R regulators and the development of anti-osteoporotic drugs.

Humulus lupulus L. Extract Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Mice and Regulates Activities of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To systematically evaluate the protective effects of Humulus lupulus L. extract (HLE) on osteoporosis mice.@*METHODS@#In vivo experiment, a total of 35 12-week-old female ICR mice were equally divided into 5 groups: the sham control group (sham); the ovariectomy with vehicle group (OVX); the OVX with estradiol valerate [EV, 0.2 mg/(kg•d)] the OVX with low- or high-dose HLE groups [HLE, 1 g/(kg•d) and 3 g/(kg•d)], 7 in each group. Treatment began 1 week after the ovariectomized surgery and lasted for 12 weeks. Bone mass and trabecular bone mircoarchitecture were evaluated by micro computed tomography, and bone turnover markers in serum were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In vitro experiment, osteoblasts and osteoclasts were treated with HLE at doses of 0, 4, 20 and 100 µg/mL. Biomarkers for bone formation in osteoblasts and bone resorption in osteoclasts were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the OVX group, HLE exerted bone protective effects by the increase of estradiol (P<0.05), the improvement of cancellous bone structure, bone mineral density (P<0.01) and the reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), bone gla-protein, c-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX-I) and deoxypyridinoline levels (P<0.01 for all). In vitro experiment, compared with the control group, HLE at 20 µg/mL promoted the cell proliferation (P<0.01), and increased the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteopontin levels in osteoblasts (both P<0.05). HLE at 100 µg/mL increased the osteoblastic ALP activities, and HLE at all dose enhanced the extracellular matrix mineralization (both P<0.01). Furthermore, compared with the control group, HLE at 20 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL inhibited osteoclastic TRAP activity (P<0.01), and reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin K (both P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#HLE may protect against bone loss, and have potentials in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Protective effect of bisoprolol against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells / 医学研究生学报

Objective　To observe the protective effect of bisoprolol against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells and explore the mechanism.　Methods　Left ventricular of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were isolated from 8-week-old male C57BL/6N mice. CMECs were randomized into four groups: control group, vehicle group, hypoxia/reoxygenation group (H/R group), hypoxia/reoxygenation + bisoprolol group. The level of cell proliferation, apoptosis, superoxide anion, Cleaved caspase-3 and Nox2 expression were measured in each group.　Results　Compared with control group, H/R group had lower cell proliferation, higher apoptotic level, more superoxide anion level and the expression of Cleaved caspase-3 and Nox2 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, bisoprolol reversed hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced the decreased cell proliferation, the increased apoptosis, superoxide anion level, Cleaved caspase-3 and Nox2 expression (P < 0.05).　Conclusion　Bisoprolol can protect CMECs against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by reducing the expression of Nox 2 that decreases oxidative stress.

Therapeutic effects of artesunate on cytomegalovirus pneumonia in mice / 药学学报

To investigate the therapeutic effect of artesunate on mouse cytomegalovirus pneumonia, the BALB/c-nu mice were infected with murine cytomegalovirus-green fluorescent protein (MCMV-GFP) by nose dropping method. The experimental protocol was approved by the Medical Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University. The BALB/c-nu mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, MCMV pneumonia group, and artesunate (60, 120, and 240 mg·kg-1) groups. The survival rate, weights, and virus loads in lungs among the groups were observed. The degree of histopathologic changes in lungs was assessed directly by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) assay. MCMV-GFP expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to investigate the content of major immediate early 1 (Mie1) mRNA, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the changes of inflammatory factors, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of the changes of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in total proteins. Compared with MCMV group, artesunate (120 mg·kg-1) significantly increased body weights of MCMV-infected nude mice over 30 days, and decreased the viral titer in lung homogenate, lung inflammation, and histological severity. Moreover, the administration of artesunate (120 mg·kg-1) could downregulate the expression of phospho-NF-κB (p-NF-κB) p65 in the lungs of mice. The present study suggested that artesunate can protect the immunocompromised mice from MCMV-induced interstitial pneumonia via downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway, thus attenuating inflammation in the lungs.

Rubus chingii Hu: an overview of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology / 中国天然药物

Rubus chingii Hu, a member of the rosaceae family, is extensively distributed in China and Japan. Its unripe fruits (Fupenzi in Chinese) have a long history of use as an herbal tonic in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases commonly associated with kidney deficiency, and they are still in use today. Phytochemical investigations on the fruits and leaves of R. chingii indicate the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and organic acids. Extracts or active substances from this plant are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antithrombotic, antiosteoporotic, hypoglycemic, and central nervous system-regulating effects. This review provides up-to-date information on the botanical characterizations, traditional usages, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicity, and quality control of R. chingii. Possible directions for future research are also briefly proposed. This review aims to supply fundamental data for the further study of R. chingii and contribute to the development of its clinical use.

Efficacy of Chinese Medicine Acupoint Application Combined with Montelukast on Children with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of Chinese medicine acupoint application (CMAA) combined with Western medicine for perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) in children.@*METHODS@#In this prospective, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled and single-blind trial from August to September, 2017, 180 children with PAR were randomly assigned to an integrative group (CMAA and Montelukast), CMAA group (CMAA and placebo tablet), or Montelukast group (placebo CMAA and Montelukast). Participants were applied with CMAA for 6 sessions over 2 weeks, and/or Montelukast Chewable Tablet orally once daily for 12 weeks. The changes in severity of symptoms were measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and rhinitis control assessment test (RCAT) at 0, 2, 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. Blood samples were collected for serum interleukin-4, interferon gamma γ and T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 flow cytometric analysis at the time points of 0, 4 and 12 weeks.@*RESULTS@#Eight cases dropped out from the trial, 3 in the integrative group, 2 in the CMAA group and 3 in the Montelukast group. The VAS scores decreased significantly while the RCAT scores increased significantly in all three groups at 4 and 12 weeks compared with baseline (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The VAS scores were significantly lower while the RCAT scores were significantly higher in the integrative and CMAA groups than the Montelukast group at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.01 or P<0.05). At 2, 4 and 12 weeks, the scores of nasal congestion, sneezing, sleep problem, and rhinitis symptom control in the integrative and CMAA groups increased significantly compared with baseline (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The least percentages of Th2 and the most alleviated Th2 shift (highest Th1/Th2) were observed in the integrative group at 12 weeks compared with the other two groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The combination of CMAA with Montelukast might be more effective and appropriate than either option alone for children with PAR. (Registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register, registration No. ChiCTR-IOR-17012434).

The role of stem cell-derived exosomes in repairing myocardial injury / 生理学报

At present, it is generally believed that the paracrine effect of stem cells in the repair of myocardial injury is one of the important ways for stem cell therapy. Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer-enclosed nanovesicles that secreted by cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Cargo loaded into exosomes including protein, lipids and nucleic acids can be delivered to recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are recognized as important mediators for intercellular communication. It has been suggested that exosomes from stem cells (eg. embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, cardiac progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiosphere-derived cells) have protective effects against heart injury. In this review, we summarized recent research progresses on stem cell-derived exosomes in myocardial injury, including the therapeutic effects and mechanism.

Clinical research of post-stroke cognitive impairment: An update / 第二军医大学学报

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is an important cause of post-stroke disability, and it is also one of focuses of stroke research. The incidence of PSCI is high, which affects the recovery of neurologic function and lowers the quality of life of patients. Therefore, neurologists should be alert to PSCI, and guide patients to actively prevent PSCI to improve the prognosis. In this paper, we reviews the research status of the incidence, influencing factors, neuropsychological assessment, imaging research and prevention measures of PSCI.

Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi producing harpagoside and harpagide from Scrophularia ningpoensis / 中国中药杂志

The endophytic fungi from root,main stem,branch and leaf of Scrophularia ningpoensis were isolated from Zhejiang,whether these strains could yield harpagide or harpagoside were tested by HPLC and LC-MS. According to the morphological characteristic and the similarity of the nucleotide sequence of internal transcribed spacer( ITS) between r DNAs,the strains producing harpagide or harpagoside were identified. The results showed that 210 strains were isolated from the samples,which were classified into 9 orders,13 families and 17 genera by morphological study. Harpagide was detected in endogenous fungi ZJ17 and harpagoside was detected in endogenous fungi ZJ25 by HPLC coupled with LC-MS. ZJ17 was identified as Alternaria alternate and ZJ25 was identified as A.gaisen by its morphology and authenticated by ITS( ITS4 and ITS5 regions and the intervening 5. 8 S rDNA region).

The effect of optical magnification during retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement in different degrees of myopia by using frequency domain OCT / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of optical magnification on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)thickness in different degrees of myopia by using spectral domain optical coherence tonmography (SD-OCT).Methods A retrospective case control study was designed.Eighty-five healthy people who underwent myopia correction and physical examination in the ophthalmology department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September to December in 2017 were selected,one eye was randomly selected from each subject.All the subjects were divided into 20 cases of emmetropic group,21 cases of low myopia group,20 cases of moderate myopia group,and 24 cases of high myopia group according to diopter.The visual acuity,best corrected visual acuity,slit lamp microscopy,fundoscopy,intraocular pressure and axial measurement,SD-OCT and visual field examination were performed on all the subjects.The difference of the mean RNFL and the thickness of the peripapillary quadrants among different groups,and relationship between RNFL and length of eye axis or diopter were analyzed before and after the correction of optical magnification.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.Results Before optical magnification correction,the average thickness of average,upper,lower and nasal quadrants RNFL were negatively correlated with the length of ocular axis (r =-0.595,-0.493,-0.639,-0.500;all at P =0.000),positively correlated with the diopter (r =0.005,0.565,0.600,0.464;all at P =0.000);the thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL was positively correlated with the length of ocular axis (r--0.683,P =0.000),negatively correlated with the diopter (r =-0.730,P =0.000).After optical magnification correction,the thickness of average,upper,lower and nasal quadrants RNFL had no correlation with the length of ocular axis and diopter (all at P＞0.05);the thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL was positively correlated with the length of ocular axis (r =0.840,P =0.000),negatively correlated with the diopter (r=-0.855,P =0.000).Before optical magnification correction,the thickness of average,upper,lower and nasal quadrants RNFL in emmetropic group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups (all at P＜0.05).The thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL was significantly lower than those in the other three groups (all at P＜0.05).The thickness of average,upper,lower and nasal quadrants RNFL in high myopia group were significantly lower than those in low myopia group and moderate myopia group (all at P ＜ 0.05),while the thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL was significantly higher than those in low myopia group and moderate myopia group (all at P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in RNFL thickness between low myopia group and moderate myopia group (all at P＞0.05).After optical magnification correction,the thickness of average,upper,lower and nasal quadrants RNFL showed no significant differences among the 4 groups (all at P＞0.05).The thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL was significantly different among the 4 groups (F =58.313,P =0.000).Conclusions When measuring RNFL thickness in myopic eyes by SD-OCT,the longer the axial length,the more obvious the optical magnification effect.The thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL increases in high myopia patients,so glaucoma should be vigilant when the thickness of temporal quadrant RNFL decreases.

Changes in nutrients and decay rate of Ginkgo biloba leaf litter exposed to elevated O3 concentration in urban area.

Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been widely concerned in the world, particularly in the cities of Asia, including China. Elevated O3 concentrations have potentially influenced growth and nutrient cycling of trees in urban forest. The decomposition characteristics of urban tree litters under O3 exposure are still poorly known. Ginkgo biloba is commonly planted in the cities of northern China and is one of the main tree species in the urban forest of Shenyang, where concentrations of ground-level O3 are very high in summer. Here, we hypothesized that O3 exposure at high concentrations would alter the decomposition rate of urban tree litter. In open-top chambers (OTCs), 5-year-old G. biloba saplings were planted to investigate the impact of elevated O3 concentration (120 ppb) on changes in nutrient contents and decomposition rate of leaf litters. The results showed that elevated O3 concentration significantly increased K content (6.31 ± 0.29 vs 17.93 ± 0.40, P < 0.01) in leaves of G. biloba, significantly decreased the contents of total phenols (2.82 ± 0.93 vs 1.60 ± 0.44, P < 0.05) and soluble sugars (86.51 ± 19.57 vs 53.76 ± 2.40, P < 0.05), but did not significantly alter the contents of C, N, P, lignin and condensed tannins, compared with that in ambient air. Furthermore, percent mass remaining in litterbags after 150 days under ambient air and elevated O3 concentration was 56.0% and 52.8%, respectively. No significant difference between treatments was observed in mass remaining at any sampling date during decomposition. The losses of the nutrients in leaf litters of G. biloba showed significant seasonal differences regardless of O3 treatment. However, we found that elevated O3 concentration slowed down the leaf litter decomposition only at the early decomposition stage, but slightly accelerated the litter decomposition at the late stage (after 120 days). This study provides our understanding of the ecological processes regulating biogeochemical cycles from deciduous tree species in high-O3 urban area.