A Global Systematic Literature Review of Ecosystem Services in Reef Environments.

Ecosystem services (ES) embrace contributions of nature to human livelihood and well-being. Reef environments provide a range of ES with direct and indirect contributions to people. However, the health of reef environments is declining globally due to local and large-scale threats, affecting ES delivery in different ways. Mapping scientific knowledge and identifying research gaps on reefs' ES is critical to guide their management and conservation. We conducted a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed articles published between 2007 and 2022 to build an overview of ES research on reef environments. We analyzed the geographical distribution, reef types, approaches used to assess ES, and the potential drivers of change in ES delivery reported across these studies. Based on 115 articles, our results revealed that coral and oyster reefs are the most studied reef ecosystems. Cultural ES (e.g., subcategories recreation and tourism) was the most studied ES in high-income countries, while regulating and maintenance ES (e.g., subcategory life cycle maintenance) prevailed in low and middle-income countries. Research efforts on reef ES are biased toward the Global North, mainly North America and Oceania. Studies predominantly used observational approaches to assess ES, with a marked increase in the number of studies using statistical modeling during 2021 and 2022. The scale of studies was mostly local and regional, and the studies addressed mainly one or two subcategories of reefs' ES. Overexploitation, reef degradation, and pollution were the most commonly cited drivers affecting the delivery of provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cultural ES. With increasing threats to reef environments, the growing demand for assessing the contributions to humans provided by reefs will benefit the projections on how these ES will be impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The incorporation of multiple and synergistic ecosystem mechanisms is paramount to providing a comprehensive ES assessment, and improving the understanding of functions, services, and benefits.

Plastic pollution on the world's coral reefs.

Coral reefs are losing the capacity to sustain their biological functions1. In addition to other well-known stressors, such as climatic change and overfishing1, plastic pollution is an emerging threat to coral reefs, spreading throughout reef food webs2, and increasing disease transmission and structural damage to reef organisms3. Although recognized as a global concern4, the distribution and quantity of plastics trapped in the world's coral reefs remains uncertain3. Here we survey 84 shallow and deep coral ecosystems at 25 locations across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian ocean basins for anthropogenic macrodebris (pollution by human-generated objects larger than 5 centimetres, including plastics), performing 1,231 transects. Our results show anthropogenic debris in 77 out of the 84 reefs surveyed, including in some of Earth's most remote and near-pristine reefs, such as in uninhabited central Pacific atolls. Macroplastics represent 88% of the anthropogenic debris, and, like other debris types, peak in deeper reefs (mesophotic zones at 30-150 metres depth), with fishing activities as the main source of plastics in most areas. These findings contrast with the global pattern observed in other nearshore marine ecosystems, where macroplastic densities decrease with depth and are dominated by consumer items5. As the world moves towards a global treaty to tackle plastic pollution6, understanding its distribution and drivers provides key information to help to design the strategies needed to address this ubiquitous threat.

Spawning ecology of the Saint Paul's Gregory Stegastes sanctipauli, a damselfish endemic to the remote St Peter and St Paul's Archipelago.

We studied the spawning ecology of Stegastes sanctipauli, a damselfish endemic to the small and remote St Peter and St Paul's Archipelago (Brazil), aiming to determine the main correlates of reproductive success, as inferred from rates of egg losses along a spawning season. New clutches appeared mostly in the last quarter moon, when egg predation intensified. Predation by heterospecifics, particularly Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus, 1758), accounted for most egg losses, while filial cannibalism showed negligible influence. Predation pressure was highest for larger nests with higher initial density of eggs. Hatching of eggs occurred close to the new moon (i.e., ~5 days after spawning). Most nests occur in shallow reefs (<16 m depth), where main food resources for adults (turf algae) are concentrated, but abundance of egg predators, particularly H. radiatus, is also highest. This latter result suggests that the spawning activity of S. sanctipauli is influenced by the trade-offs between food accessibility by adults and egg predation risk. The patterns recorded here are similar to those known for other tropical damselfish species and may reflect strategies for attenuating predation pressure over new fry and eggs.

Terelabrus toretore sp. nov. (Perciformes: Labridae), a New Species of Striped Hogfish from Tahiti, with Range Extensions for Two Congeners.

A new labrid fish, Terelabrus toretore sp. nov., the fifth species within the genus, is herein described from two specimens collected at a depth of 140 m from a mesophotic coral ecosystem in Tahiti, French Polynesia. Terelabrus toretore sp. nov. is characterized by having 43-44 scaled rows in longitudinal series; 42 pored lateral-line scales; 5+10 gill rakers; 10 scale rows below the lateral line; 8 posterior branches on the main supratemporal sensory canal; a relatively long snout (snout length 9.6-9.7% SL), and a coloration consisting of a yellow caudal fin and a wide, red, mid-lateral stripe with no blotching, the space above which is white anteriorly, becoming predominantly yellow from beneath the dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle. In addition to describing this new species, we document the first record of Terelabrus rubrovittatus from the Republic of Marshall Islands, and the first record of Terelabrus zonalis from Australia, along with the first description of its coloration. We present a molecular phylogeny of the genus based upon mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA sequences.

Habitat use of five sympatric predatory reef fishes at a remote island in the south-western Atlantic.

Density-dependent mechanisms and habitat use are important drivers of marine spatial distribution in complex ecosystems such as coral or rocky reefs. In the last decade, a few studies have assessed habitat use by reef fishes in nearshore and coastal environments along the Brazilian coast. Serranidae (groupers and sea basses) are regarded as excellent models for understanding habitat use patterns due to their diversity, long lifespan, wide distribution, morphological and functional diversity, and behavioural complexity. Their trophic position in the food web, from meso- to top-predators, grants them critical roles as top-down population controllers. Herein, we present the first assessment of habitat use by five sympatric Serranidae in a Brazilian oceanic island, Trindade. The model species selected for this assessment were the coney (Cephalopholis fulva), the rock hind (Epinephelus adscensionis), the greater soapfish (Rypticus saponaceus), the Creole-fish (Paranthias furcifer) and the hybrid between C. fulva and P. furcifer. Our findings revealed that the species showed specific associations with topographic characteristics related to shelter from predation, reproduction and feeding. Habitat use in Trindade was similar to that observed in nearshore coastal environments (where the hybrid is absent). The present work contributes to the knowledge of habitat use and niche partitioning among key species, which is a valuable tool to subsidize effective conservation initiatives such as designing marine protected areas focusing on the behaviour and habitat use of key ecological players.

Assembly rules of coral reef fish communities along the depth gradient.

Coral reefs are home to some of the most studied ecological assemblages on the planet. However, differences in large-scale assembly rules have never been studied using empirical quantitative data stratified along the depth gradient of reefs. Consequently, little is known about the small- and regional-scale effects of depth on coral reef assemblages. Using a large dataset of underwater surveys, we observed that the influence of classic biogeographic drivers on the species richness of coral reef fishes changes significantly with depth, shaping distinct assemblages governed by different rules in mesophotic coral ecosystems. We show that a general pattern of decreased taxonomic and functional richness of reef fish assemblages with depth results from convergent filtering of species composition and trophic strategies on deeper reefs across ocean basins and that at smaller scales deep-reef communities are less influenced by regional factors than shallower reefs.

Utilização do diário de quedas como ferramenta de monitoramento das quedas em pessoas com doença de Parkinson: uma revisão sistemática / Use of fall diary as a fall monitoring tool in people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review

As quedas em pessoas com Doença de Parkinson (DP) são fatores limitantes e incapacitantes, sua compreensão é complexa dada a natureza multifatorial. Neste contexto uma ferramenta, o diário de quedas, pode ser alternativa significante na compreensão deste evento. Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização do diário de quedas como ferramenta de monitoramento das quedas em pessoas com DP. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura que teve a seguinte questão norteadora: o diário de quedas é uma ferramenta adequada para monitorar as quedas em pessoas com DP? A busca nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus e Cochrane Library foi realizada entre os meses de janeiro a março de 2022. A revisão foi registrada na plataforma PROSPERO sob o número de registro: CRD42018099127. Resultados: 192 estudos foram recuperados nas bases de dados, após adoção dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 6 estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão, a variável diário de quedas foi descrita sumariamente nos estudos analisados e extraído informações do que deveria conter em um diário de quedas. Conclusão: A análise permitiu concluir que os diários de quedas são ferramentas importantes para registro e compreensão do evento queda em pessoas com DP, no entanto, carecem de padronização

Falls in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are limiting and disabling factors, their understanding is complex given their multifactorial nature. In this context, a tool, the fall diary, can be a significant alternative in understanding this event. Objective: Evaluate the use of the fall diary as a tool to monitor falls in people with PD. Methods: This is a systematic literature review that had the following guiding question: is the fall diary an adequate tool to monitor falls in people with PD? The search in Pubmed, Medline, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases was carried out between January and March 2022. The review was registered on the PROSPERO platform under registration number: CRD42018099127. Results: A total of 192 studies were retrieved from the databases, after adopting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 studies were included in this review, the daily variable of falls was briefly described in the analyzed studies and information was extracted from what it should contain in a falls diary. Conclusion: The analysis allowed us to conclude that fall diaries are important tools for recording and understanding the fall event in people with PD, however, they lack standardization

Can the timed up and go test be used as a predictor of muscle strength in older adults? / ¿Se puede utilizar la prueba de levantarse y andar como predictora de la fuerza muscular en personas mayores? / O timed up and go test pode ser utilizado como preditor da força muscular em idosos?

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the timed up and go test (TUG) as a tool to evaluate muscle strength in community-dwelling older people. As a methodology, an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted. Data from 442 older people were analyzed, both women (71.7%) and men (28.3%). Ages ranged from 62- 104 years, with a mean of 80.85 (±8.047) years. TUG was used as a tool to evaluate muscle strength. Comparison and correlation analyses were performed to compare performance between the TUG and the chair stand test (CST) and between TUG and handgrip strength (HGS). Analysis of agreement between the diagnosis of low physical performance on TUG and the diagnosis of muscle weakness on CST and HGS was also performed. The predictive values were estimated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. The analyses showed a moderate direct proportional correlation between TUG and CST performance and low inversely proportional correlations between TUG and HGS performance and between CST and HGS (p<0.001). In the accuracy analyses, it was observed that TUG test could predict muscle strength in CST (S 34.4%; PPV 91.5%; NPV 26.1%; AUC=0.779; 95%CI 0.724-0.835; p<0.001) and handgrip dynamometry (S 44.2%; PPV 77.4%; NPV 67.2%; AUC=0.652; 95%CI 0.599-0.705; p<0.001). The Timed Up and Go test was able to satisfactorily indicate individuals with normal muscle strength in CST.

RESUMEN Este estudio analizó el uso de la prueba de levantarse y andar (TUG) como una herramienta para evaluar la fuerza muscular en adultos mayores residentes en la comunidad. Como metodología, se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y analítico. Se analizaron datos de 442 ancianos, del sexo femeninol(71,7%) y masculino (28,3%), de edad de entre 62 y 104 años, y edad media de 80,85 (±8,047) años. El instrumento TUG se utilizó para evaluar la fuerza muscular. Se realizaron análisis de comparación y correlación entre el rendimiento en TUG y en la prueba de sentarse y levantarse (SL), y entre TUG y la fuerza de agarre. También se realizaron análisis de concordancia entre el diagnóstico de bajo rendimiento físico en TUG y el diagnóstico de debilidad muscular en SL y fuerza de agarre. Los valores predictivos se trazaron utilizando la curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Hubo una correlación directamente proporcional moderada entre el rendimiento de TUG y de SL, y se encontraron correlaciones inversamente proporcionales bajas entre el rendimiento de TUG y la fuerza de agarre, así como entre SL y la fuerza de agarre (p<0,001). En los análisis de precisión se observó que TUG fue capaz de predecir la fuerza muscular en SL (S 34,4%; VPP 91,5%; VPN 26,1%; AUC=0,779; IC 95% 0,724-0,835; p<0,001) y en la dinamometría de agarre (S 44,2%; VPP 77,4%; VPN 67,2%; AUC=0,652; IC 95% 0,599-0,705; p<0,001). Se concluye que TUG fue capaz de indicar satisfactoriamente a los individuos con fuerza muscular normal en SL.

RESUMO Este estudo analisou o uso do timed up and go test (TUG) como ferramenta de avaliação da força muscular em idosos da comunidade. Como metodologia, foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico. Foram analisados dados de 442 idosos, do sexo feminino (71,7%) e do masculino (28,3%), com idades entre 62 e 104 anos, e média de 80,85 (±8,047) anos. O TUG foi utilizado como instrumento de avaliação da força muscular. Foram realizadas análises de comparação e correlação entre o desempenho no TUG e no teste de sentar e levantar (TSL), e entre o TUG e a força de preensão manual. Também foram realizadas análises de concordância entre diagnóstico de baixo desempenho físico no TUG e diagnóstico de fraqueza muscular no TSL e na força de preensão manual. Os valores preditivos foram traçados por meio da curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC). As análises mostraram correlação diretamente proporcional moderada entre o desempenho no TUG e no TSL e correlações inversamente proporcionais baixas entre o desempenho no TUG e a força de preensão manual e entre o TSL e a força de preensão manual (p<0,001). Nas análises de acurácia, observou-se que o TUG apresentou capacidade de prever a força muscular no TSL (S 34,4%; VPP 91,5%; VPN 26,1%; AUC=0,779; 95% IC 0,724-0,835; p<0,001) e na dinamometria de preensão palmar (S 44,2%; VPP 77,4%; VPN 67,2%; AUC=0,652; 95% IC 0,599-0,705; p<0,001). Conclui-se que o TUG apresentou capacidade de indicar de forma satisfatória os indivíduos com força muscular normal no TSL.

Avaliação dos subtipos de transtorno neurocognitivo (demência) em ambulatório de referência do Distrito Federal, Brasil de 2010 a 2018 / Evaluation of subtypes of neurocognitive disorder (dementia) in a reference outpatient clinic in the Federal District, Brazil from 2010 to 2018

Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente

Objetivos: estabelecer diagnóstico diferencial das demências em ambulatório de geriatria no Distrito Federal, calculando-se sua prevalência por meio de exame clínico e avaliação multifuncional. Método: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, com amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais residentes no Distrito Federal-Brasil, com déficit cognitivo caracterizado por Transtorno Neurocognitivo (TNC) Maior (demência), cadastradas durante os anos de 2010 a 2018. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários para selecionar e avaliar o perfil do idoso com diagnóstico de TNC seguida de avaliação geriátrica ampla e avaliação multifuncional. A análise de dados foi realizada com o cálculo da prevalência, estatística descritiva e índice V de Cramer. Resultados: 158 indivíduos conseguiram concluir todas as avalições. 52,5% possuem de 80 a 89 anos, 62,5% são mulheres e 62,7% caucasianos, 50,6% viúvos e 47,5% analfabetos. A prevalência inicial de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi de 45,6%, reduzindo-se para 35,4% após um período de acompanhamento e a demência vascular (DV) foi de 34,2%, inicialmente, e 45,6% ao final. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente V de Cramer, em que se encontrou uma relação fraca de fatores de risco com os diagnósticos das demências apresentados. Conclusão: DV foi a mais prevalente na área estudada. Entende-se ser a maior frequência de DA esteja relacionada à avaliação superficial uma vez que esse tipo de demência é mundialmente mais frequente

A postura fletida está associada à independência funcional, mobilidade e qualidade de vida em pessoas com doença de Parkinson? / The forward flexed posture is associated with functional independence, mobility and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease?

Objetivo: Avaliar se a postura fletida (FFP) está associada à independência funcional, mobilidade e qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP). Métodos: Estudo transversal e comparativo em Brasília/DF. Para avaliar a FFP, foi utilizado o teste de distância occipito-parede (DOP) e este foi comparado com medidas de força muscular (preensão palmar, extensão dorsal e membros inferiores), mobilidade funcional e qualidade de vida para verificar se há associações entre eles. Também foi verificado se havia correlação entre o estágio da doença, medido pela escala de Hoehn e Yahr (HY) e o tempo de diagnóstico. Resultados: Foram observadas correlações fortes entre DOP e HY, tempo de diagnóstico e qualidade de vida, e correlações moderadas entre marcadores de força muscular e mobilidade em indivíduos com DP. Conclusão: O FFP medida pelo DOP está fortemente associada com estágios de gravidade, tempo de diagnóstico e qualidade de vida e moderado com força muscular e mobilidade reduzida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson e representa uma medida simples e de baixo custo para a prática clínica.

Niche availability and habitat affinities of the red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758): An important ecological player on the world's largest rhodolith beds.

The red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) is a carnivore bottom dweller sparid, inhabiting flat sandy bottoms, rhodolith and seagrass beds of the Mediterranean Sea, the Western Atlantic (from Florida to Argentina) and the Eastern Atlantic (from Britain to Gabon). Along its native range, the red porgy is highly targeted by commercial and artisanal fisheries. In the past 40 years, the population decline of the species has been widely reported. In many locations, such as the Brazilian coast, stocks have collapsed. The central portion of the Brazilian coast harbours the largest rhodolith beds in the world and the highest levels of nektonic and benthic biodiversity. Along the rhodolith megahabitat, P. pagrus density is disproportionately higher (by 480%) than that of conspicuous benthic fishes inhabiting the same environment. Despite the ecological and economic importance of such an important species along its native range, little is known regarding its habitat use, niche availability and population responses to global warming. Here we present habitat affinities based on data sampled using baited remote stereo-video systems, and modelled niche availability and global warming populational responses. Our findings reveal that the red porgy is a species highly associated with rhodolith beds along the central portion of the Brazilian coast. The presence of a disproportional density and biomass of the red porgy, compared to other marine fish species, indicates that the species plays a key ecological role as a carnivore, mesoconsumer and prey/predator tolerant species, maintaining essential ecological functions in the habitat. In a global warming scenario, the model predicted populational niche shifts poleward and a severe niche erosion at lower latitudes as expected. Conservation initiatives (implementation of Maine Protected Areas, trawling exclusion zones, mining exclusion zones, fisheries management policies) are urgent to secure future stocks of the red porgy and also preserve the fragile rhodolith beds they inhabit.

Limited human access is linked to higher effectiveness in a marine sanctuary.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a widely used tool for coral reefs conservation, but massive tourism activities inside MPAs worldwide can challenge their effectiveness. This study investigated the role of different levels of protection strictness (no-entry, low and high tourism-allowed zones) set for a marine sanctuary in shaping benthic cover and reef fish community structure in the richest and largest coral reef system of the Southwestern Atlantic. Reef fish community structure and benthic cover differed between protection levels. No-entry zones showed significant higher coral coverage and biomass of piscivores and herbivores than tourism-allowed zones. Highest differences were found between no-entry and high tourism intensity zones. Despite the fact that protection from fishing by itself can ensure conservation benefits, we show here that the establishment of no-entry zones improve MPAs effectiveness.

Associação entre tontura e fragilidade em idosos / Association between dizziness and frailty in elderly

Introdução: A tontura é uma queixa comum em idosos. Esse sintoma causa instabilidade no equilíbrio corporal e pode afetar a vida do idoso de forma ampla. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre tontura e fragilidade em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado a partir da triagem de setecentos prontuários do ambulatório de fisioterapia. Foram selecionados idosos ≥ 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, residentes na região administrativa sudoeste de Brasília com informações no prontuário a respeito das variáveis tontura e fragilidade. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 383 idosos. 76,2% do idosos eram do sexo feminino, 55,1% com idade > 80 anos, 43,9% com renda entre 2 e 3 salários mínimos, 53,3% com ensino fundamental incompleto e a prevalência de tontura foi de 57,7%. Houve associação significativa entre tontura e as variáveis: fragilidade (OR: 3,59 IC 95%), risco de queda (OR: 9,81 IC: 95%) e episódio de queda (OR:15,35 IC: 95%). Conclusão: A tontura associou-se às variáveis: fragilidade, risco de queda e episódio de queda em idosos. Os dados sugerem a importância de compreender a tontura de forma ampliada e a necessidade de uma abordagem multifatorial e multidisciplinar. (AU)

Disturbance and distribution gradients influence resource availability and feeding behaviours in corallivore fishes following a warm-water anomaly.

Understanding interactions between spatial gradients in disturbances, species distributions and species' resilience mechanisms is critical to identifying processes that mediate environmental change. On coral reefs, a global expansion of coral bleaching is likely to drive spatiotemporal pulses in resource quality for obligate coral associates. Using technical diving and statistical modelling we evaluated how depth gradients in coral distribution, coral bleaching, and competitor density interact with the quality, preference and use of coral resources by corallivore fishes immediately following a warm-water anomaly. Bleaching responses varied among coral genera and depths but attenuated substantially between 3 and 47 m for key prey genera (Acropora and Pocillopora). While total coral cover declined with depth, the cover of pigmented corals increased slightly. The abundances of three focal obligate-corallivore butterflyfish species also decreased with depth and were not related to spatial patterns in coral bleaching. Overall, all species selectively foraged on pigmented corals. However, the most abundant species avoided feeding on bleached corals more successfully in deeper waters, where bleaching prevalence and conspecific densities were lower. These results suggest that, as coral bleaching increases, energy trade-offs related to distributions and resource acquisition will vary with depth for some coral-associated species.

Pseudanthiashangapiko, a new anthiadine serranid (Teleostei, Serranidae, Anthiadinae) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

Pseudanthiashangapiko sp. nov. (Teleostei, Serranidae, Anthiadinae) is herein described from three specimens collected from a depth of 83 m in a mesophotic coral ecosystem off Hanga Piko, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chile. Pseudanthiashangapiko sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners in live coloration and by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays X, 17; anal-fin rays III, 8; pectoral-fin rays 16 (left side of one specimen 17); vertebrae 10+16; scales relatively large, two scales above lateral-line to base of fifth dorsal spine, and 16-17 circumpeduncular scales; gill rakers 11+23; and a slender body, with greatest body depth 3.6 (3.4-3.8) in SL. The most similar DNA barcodes (mitochondrial COI gene) are from Pseudanthiasventralis Randall, 1979 and Pseudanthiashawaiiensis Randall, 1979, with 16.8% and 17.0% uncorrected divergence, respectively. This fish is one of four new species that were documented from a pair of technical dives at a single location in Rapa Nui, emphasizing the high number of undescribed species likely still unknown in mesophotic coral ecosystems, especially in geographically remote locations. Pseudanthiashangapiko sp. nov. adds to the Rapa Nui ichthyofauna, which hosts the second-highest level of endemism in both shallow and deep-water fishes.

Fraturas de fêmur em idosos nas diferentes regiões do Brasil de 2015 a 2020: análise dos custos, tempo de internação e total de óbitos / Femur fractures in elderly in brazil from 2015 to 2020: analysis of costs, time of hospitalization and total deaths

INTRODUÇÃO: As fraturas de fêmur em idosos geram aumento da demanda funcional nesses indivíduos e são responsáveis por um alto número de internações hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente o total de casos, os custos, o tempo de internação e o total de óbitos por fratura de fêmur em idosos nas diferentes regiões do Brasil de 2015 a 2020. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico de série temporal e retrospectivo que avaliou os dados de fratura de fêmur em idosos, a partir de dados disponíveis nos sites de Ministério da Saúde. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: total de casos, Tempo Médio de Permanência Hospitalar (TMPH), número de óbitos, taxa de mortalidade, gastos com internações, total e por dia de internação hospitalar, Gasto Médio por Fratura (GMF) e o Tempo de Internação por Fratura (TIF) em cada região. RESULTADOS: Um total de 328.008 idosos sofreram fratura de fêmur no período estudado. A região Sudeste lidera em número de casos, óbitos e TIF; o segundo lugar alterna entre as regiões Sul (2015, 2016 e 2020) e Nordeste (2017 e 2019). Em relação ao TMPH, as regiões Norte e Nordeste aparecem em primeiro e segundo lugar, respectivamente, em todos os anos, ficando acima da média nacional em todos os anos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma discrepância para os casos de fratura de fêmur em idosos entre as regiões brasileiras, seja no número de casos, nos custos ou no total de óbitos. A maior densidade populacional em regiões como Sudeste e Sul, contribuiu para as maiores taxas de fraturas de fêmur em idosos, haja vista que estes também são maioria nessas regiões em comparação as demais.

INTRODUCTION: Femur fractures in the elderly generate increased functional demand for those who have and are responsible for a high number of hospital admissions. OBJECTIVE: Retrospectively analyze the total number of cases, costs, length of hospital stay, and total deaths from femoral fractures in the elderly in different regions of Brazil from 2015 to 2020. METHODS: Ecological study of temporal and retrospective series that evaluated fracture data of femur fracture in the elderly, based on data available on the websites of the Ministry of Health. The following variables were evaluated: total cases, Average Hospital Stay (AHS), number of deaths, mortality rate, hospitalization costs, total and per day of hospitalization, Average Fracture Cost (AFC), and Length of Hospitalization for Fracture (LHF) in each region. RESULTS: A total of 328,008 elderly people suffered a femur fracture during the study period. The Southeast region leads in cases, deaths, and LHF; the second-place alternates between the South (2015, 2016, and 2020) and Northeast (2017 and 2019) regions. Concerning the AHS, the North and Northeast regions appear in first and second place, respectively, in all years, being above the national average in all years studied. CONCLUSIONS: There is a discrepancy for cases of femoral fractures in the elderly among Brazilian regions, whether in the number of cases, costs, or total deaths. The higher population density in regions such as the Southeast and the South contributes to the higher rates of femur fractures in the elderly, given that they are also the majority in these regions compared to the others.

Haplotype network branch diversity, a new metric combining genetic and topological diversity to compare the complexity of haplotype networks.

A common way of illustrating phylogeographic results is through the use of haplotype networks. While these networks help to visualize relationships between individuals, populations, and species, evolutionary studies often only quantitatively analyze genetic diversity among haplotypes and ignore other network properties. Here, we present a new metric, haplotype network branch diversity (HBd), as an easy way to quantifiably compare haplotype network complexity. Our metric builds off the logic of combining genetic and topological diversity to estimate complexity previously used by the published metric haplotype network diversity (HNd). However, unlike HNd which uses a combination of network features to produce complexity values that cannot be defined in probabilistic terms, thereby obscuring the values' implication for a sampled population, HBd uses frequencies of haplotype classes to incorporate topological information of networks, keeping the focus on the population and providing easy-to-interpret probabilistic values for randomly sampled individuals. The goal of this study is to introduce this more intuitive metric and provide an R script that allows researchers to calculate diversity and complexity indices from haplotype networks. A group of datasets, generated manually (model dataset) and based on published data (empirical dataset), were used to illustrate the behavior of HBd and both of its terms, haplotype diversity, and a new index called branch diversity. Results followed a predicted trend in both model and empirical datasets, from low metric values in simple networks to high values in complex networks. In short, the new combined metric joins genetic and topological diversity of haplotype networks, into a single complexity value. Based on our analysis, we recommend the use of HBd, as it makes direct comparisons of network complexity straightforward and provides probabilistic values that can readily discriminate situations that are difficult to resolve with available metrics.

Efeito do treinamento muscular respiratório em pacientes com doença de Huntington: relato de casos / Effect of muscular respiratory training in Huntington disease's patients: study cases

Introdução: A doença de Huntington (DH) é uma doença neurodegenerativa progressiva, caracterizada pela tríade: alterações motoras, distúrbios psiquiátricos e disfunção cognitiva. Os pacientes com DH apresentarão restrição da mobilidade, que, futuramente, irá ocasionar fraqueza muscular generalizada. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento da musculatura respiratória com o uso do Threshold em pacientes diagnosticados com DH atendidos na clínica escola de Fisioterapia do Centro Universitário Unieuro. Métodos: Os participantes foram submetidos ao programa de treinamento da musculatura respiratória com o uso do Threshold® IMT. O programa consiste em 3 séries com 5 repetições ao dia, por 3 semanas. Ao final do treinamento os pacientes foram reavaliados, e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados obtidos na avaliação inicial. Resultados: Após 3 semanas de treinamento, o paciente 1 apresentou como melhor resultado da pressão inspiratória máxima e da pressão expiratória máxima igual a 50 cmH2O e no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos percorreu 261 metros. Já o paciente 2 apresentou como melhor resultado da pressão inspiratória máxima 70 cmH2O e da pressão expiratória máxima 60 cmH2O, e no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos percorreu 146 metros. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento muscular respiratório pode ser benéfico para os pacientes com doença de Huntington, porém são necessários mais estudos para determinar o melhor protocolo para os mesmos. (AU)

Introduction: Huntington's disease (DH) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the triad: motor alterations, psychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction. Patients with HD will exhibit mobility restriction, which in the future will lead to generalized muscle weakness. Objective: To evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training with the use of Threshold in patients diagnosed with DH treated at the Clinical School of Physical therapy of Unieuro University Center. Methods: Participants underwent respiratory muscle training with Threshold® IMT. The program consists of 3 sets with 5 replicates per day, for 3 weeks. At the end of the training the patients were reassessed, and the results obtained were compared with the results obtained in the initial evaluation. Results: After 3 weeks of training, patient 1 presented the best result of maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure equal to 50 cmH20 and walked in the 6-minute walk test 261 meters. Already, patient 2 presented the best inspiratory pressure result 70 cmH2O and the maximum expiratory pressure 60 cmH2O, and in the 6-minute walk test it ran 146 meters. Conclusion: We concluded that respiratory muscle training may be beneficial for patients with Huntington's disease, but further studies are needed to determine the best protocol for them. (AU)

Body fat percentage prediction in older adults: Agreement between anthropometric equations and DXA.

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to measure body fat percentage in clinical settings. Equations using anthropometric measures are more feasible and can be used to estimate body fat. However, there is a need to analyze their accuracy in older adults. Our study aims to validate the use of anthropometric equations to estimate body fat percentage in older men and women. METHODS: This study evaluated data from 127 Brazilian individuals aged between 60 and 91 years. Weight, height, skinfold thickness and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Seventeen anthropometric equations were tested using the crossed validity criteria suggested by Lohman and the graph analysis proposed by Bland and Altman and by Lin was also performed. The gold-standard method for comparing the anthropometric equations was the dual-energy absorptiometry X-ray (DXA). RESULTS: The average body fat percentage was 30.2 ± 8.6% in men and 43.4 ± 7.9% in women (p < 0.001). In men, the equations which used skinfold thickness presented amplitude of 11.48%, while in women, amplitude's constant error (CE) was 22.88%. The equations based on circumferences and BMI presented CE variation from -5.3% to 29.68% on the estimation of body fat percentage, which means that a same male individual can have the total body adiposity diagnosed with 34.98% of variation, depending on the selection of the employed equation. For women this CE variation was 12.44%. CONCLUSION: Overall, all the equations yielded different results from the DXA. However, the best equations for male were the one of Lean et al. (1996), which uses the waist circumference, and for women the one of Deurenberg et al. (1991), developed from the body mass index. The need of developing specific equations for older adults still remains, since even the two best equations showed considerable limitations on predicating body fat percentage.