Enhancing public health in developing nations through smartphone-based motor assessment.

Several protocols for motor assessment have been validated for use on smartphones and could be employed by public healthcare systems to monitor motor functional losses in populations, particularly those with lower income levels. In addition to being cost-effective and widely distributed across populations of varying income levels, the use of smartphones in motor assessment offers a range of advantages that could be leveraged by governments, especially in developing and poorer countries. Some topics related to potential interventions should be considered by healthcare managers before initiating the implementation of such a digital intervention.

Estratégias utilizadas por enfermeiros da atenção primária na prevenção do câncer de colo do útero: revisão integrativa / Strategies used by primary care nurses in the prevention of cervical cancer: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar, na literatura científica, as estratégias utilizadas por enfermeiros da Atenção Primária para a prevenção do câncer de colo do útero. Métodos: revisão integrativa nas bases de dados EMBASE, LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS e Web of Science, entre março e abril de 2023. Após a busca, seguiu-se com leitura na íntegra dos artigos selecionados e extração dos dados para análise. A amostra final foi constituída por 5 estudos. Resultados: as principais estratégias utilizadas foram intervenções educativas, com predominância de palestras e posterior convite ou coleta de material para a realização do exame preventivo. Também foram utilizadas rodas de conversa (círculo de cultura), orientações por contato telefônico e oferta de ficha clínica auto preenchível na consulta de enfermagem. Conclusões: os estudos possibilitaram identificar estratégias positivas na prevenção do câncer de colo do útero, podendo direcionar enfermeiros a investir cada vez mais em metodologias voltadas a uma maior autonomia das mulheres

Objective: to identify, in the scientific literature, the strategies used by primary care nurses to prevent cervical cancer. Methods: An integrative review of the EMBASE, LILACS (BVS), SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases between March and April 2023. After the search, the selected articles were read in full, and the data were extracted for analysis. The final sample consisted of 5 studies. Results: the main strategies used were educational interventions, with a predominance of lectures and subsequent invitations or collection of material to carry out the preventive exam. Conversation circles (culture circles), telephone guidance, and the provision of a self-completed clinical form during the nursing consultation were also used. Conclusions: the studies made it possible to identify positive strategies for preventing cervical cancer, which could direct nurses to increasingly invest in methodologies aimed at increasing women's autonomy

Five-year survival rate and prognostic factors in women with breast cancer treated at a reference hospital in the Brazilian Amazon.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm and the leading cause cancer of death among women globally. In Brazil, survival rates vary according to the region and few studies have been conducted on breast cancer survival in less developed areas, such as the Amazon region. The aim of this study was to analyze the five-year survival rate and prognostic factors in women treated for breast cancer in the city of Belém in northern Brazil. A retrospective hospital-based cohort study was conducted (2007-2013). Sociodemographic, clinical/tumor, and treatment variables were obtained from the records at the Ophir Loyola Hospital. Survival analysis involved the Kaplan-Meier statistical method and Cox regression analysis was performed. The significance level was 5% (p <0.05). A total of 1,430 cases were analyzed. Mean survival time was 51.71 (± 17.22) months, with an estimated overall survival of 79.4%. In the multivariate analysis, referral from the public health care system, advanced clinical stage, lymph node involvement and metastasis were associated with worse prognosis and lower survival rate. Radiotherapy and hormone therapy were associated with increased survival. These findings can contribute to the development of regional strategies for early detection of breast cancer, reducing the incidence and mortality rates and increasing survival time.

Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer precursor lesions in women living by Amazon rivers: investigation of relations with markers of oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the relation between oxidative stress markers, human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer precursor lesions. Methods The study comprised women aged 14 to 60 years living in communities located by Amazon rivers in the state of Pará (Itaituba, Limoeiro do Ajuru and Bragança, 126, 68 and 43 women respectively). Papanicolau smears and polymerase chain reaction tests for human papillomavirus DNA detection were performed. Blood samples were collected to test malondialdehyde, total and oxidized glutathione levels. Results Malondialdehyde, total and oxidized glutathione concentrations did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between women with and without low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions across communities. Malondialdehyde levels (8.02nmols/mL) were almost five times higher in human papillomavirus-positive compared to human papillomavirus-negative women (1.70nmols/mL) living in Itaituba (statistically significant difference; p<0.05). Malondialdehyde levels did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative women living in remaining communities. Significant (p<0.05) differences in total glutathione levels between human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative women (8.20µg/mL and 1.47µg/mL, respectively) were limited to those living in Bragança. Conclusion Malondialdehyde and total glutathione levels were significantly associated with human papillomavirus infection. However, lack of similar associations with squamous lesions suggest oxidative stress alone does not explain correlations with cervical carcinogenesis. Other factors may therefore be involved.

[Levels of mercury found in hair and fish consumption of riverine communities in the Tapajós region of the Brazilian Amazon]. / Teores de mercúrio em cabelo e consumo de pescado de comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia brasileira, região do Tapajós.

Riverine communities are exposed to mercury due to the high ingestion of fish in their diet. In order to evaluate the levels of exposure in the Tapajós region, also assessing the fish ingestion frequency, a study was conducted in adults living in riverine communities in the municipality of Itaituba in the State of Pará. Hair samples were collected for the determination of total mercury and the weekly frequency data of fish ingestion was recorded. The mean concentration of total mercury varied from 7.25µg/g (in 2013) to 10.80µg/g (in 2014), with no significant difference being observed (p = 0.1436). As for fish ingestion frequency, the majority of the individuals evaluated revealed high consumption both in 2013 and in 2014. High levels of total mercury were observed only in those with high consumption of fish in both years. The importance of ongoing monitoring of exposure levels in humans should be stressed, basing itself on indices of tolerance of 6µg/g recommended by the World Health Organization, and investigation about the consumption of fish such that strategies for control and prevention are improved.

Comunidades ribeirinhas estão expostas ao mercúrio devido à dieta composta por elevada ingestão de peixes. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de exposição na região do Tapajós, identificando também a frequência de ingestão de pescado, realizou-se um estudo em adultos residentes nas comunidades ribeirinhas do município de Itaituba/PA. Foram coletadas amostras de cabelo para a determinação de mercúrio total e dados de frequência semanal de ingestão de peixes. A concentração média de mercúrio total variou de 7,25µg/g (em 2013) para 10,80µg/g (em 2014), não sendo observada diferença significativa (p = 0,1436). Quanto à frequência de ingestão de pescado, a maioria dos indivíduos avaliados apresentou um alto consumo, tanto em 2013 quanto em 2014. Índices elevados de mercúrio total foram observados somente naqueles com alto consumo de pescado em ambos anos. Ressalta-se a importância da continuação do monitoramento dos níveis de exposição em humanos, fundamentando-se nos índices de tolerância de 6µg/g preconizado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, e na investigação quanto ao consumo de peixes para que as estratégias de controle e prevenção sejam melhoradas.

Teores de mercúrio em cabelo e consumo de pescado de comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia brasileira, região do Tapajós / Levels of mercury found in hair and fish consumption of riverine communities in the Tapajós region of the Brazilian Amazon

Resumo Comunidades ribeirinhas estão expostas ao mercúrio devido à dieta composta por elevada ingestão de peixes. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de exposição na região do Tapajós, identificando também a frequência de ingestão de pescado, realizou-se um estudo em adultos residentes nas comunidades ribeirinhas do município de Itaituba/PA. Foram coletadas amostras de cabelo para a determinação de mercúrio total e dados de frequência semanal de ingestão de peixes. A concentração média de mercúrio total variou de 7,25µg/g (em 2013) para 10,80µg/g (em 2014), não sendo observada diferença significativa (p = 0,1436). Quanto à frequência de ingestão de pescado, a maioria dos indivíduos avaliados apresentou um alto consumo, tanto em 2013 quanto em 2014. Índices elevados de mercúrio total foram observados somente naqueles com alto consumo de pescado em ambos anos. Ressalta-se a importância da continuação do monitoramento dos níveis de exposição em humanos, fundamentando-se nos índices de tolerância de 6µg/g preconizado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, e na investigação quanto ao consumo de peixes para que as estratégias de controle e prevenção sejam melhoradas.

Abstract Riverine communities are exposed to mercury due to the high ingestion of fish in their diet. In order to evaluate the levels of exposure in the Tapajós region, also assessing the fish ingestion frequency, a study was conducted in adults living in riverine communities in the municipality of Itaituba in the State of Pará. Hair samples were collected for the determination of total mercury and the weekly frequency data of fish ingestion was recorded. The mean concentration of total mercury varied from 7.25μg/g (in 2013) to 10.80μg/g (in 2014), with no significant difference being observed (p = 0.1436). As for fish ingestion frequency, the majority of the individuals evaluated revealed high consumption both in 2013 and in 2014. High levels of total mercury were observed only in those with high consumption of fish in both years. The importance of ongoing monitoring of exposure levels in humans should be stressed, basing itself on indices of tolerance of 6μg/g recommended by the World Health Organization, and investigation about the consumption of fish such that strategies for control and prevention are improved.

Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer precursor lesions in women living by Amazon rivers: investigation of relations with markers of oxidative stress / Infecção por papilomavírus humano e lesões precursoras do câncer cervicouterino em Ribeirinhas da Amazônia: avaliação da relação com marcadores de estresse oxidativo

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the relation between oxidative stress markers, human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer precursor lesions. Methods The study comprised women aged 14 to 60 years living in communities located by Amazon rivers in the state of Pará (Itaituba, Limoeiro do Ajuru and Bragança, 126, 68 and 43 women respectively). Papanicolau smears and polymerase chain reaction tests for human papillomavirus DNA detection were performed. Blood samples were collected to test malondialdehyde, total and oxidized glutathione levels. Results Malondialdehyde, total and oxidized glutathione concentrations did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between women with and without low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions across communities. Malondialdehyde levels (8.02nmols/mL) were almost five times higher in human papillomavirus-positive compared to human papillomavirus-negative women (1.70nmols/mL) living in Itaituba (statistically significant difference; p<0.05). Malondialdehyde levels did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative women living in remaining communities. Significant (p<0.05) differences in total glutathione levels between human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative women (8.20μg/mL and 1.47μg/mL, respectively) were limited to those living in Bragança. Conclusion Malondialdehyde and total glutathione levels were significantly associated with human papillomavirus infection. However, lack of similar associations with squamous lesions suggest oxidative stress alone does not explain correlations with cervical carcinogenesis. Other factors may therefore be involved.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação de marcadores de estresse oxidativo com a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano e as lesões precursoras do câncer cervical. Métodos Foram incluídas mulheres ribeirinhas da Amazônia (a saber: 126 do município de Itaituba, 68 de Limoeiro do Ajuru e 43 de Bragança), todas do Estado do Pará, de 14 a 60 anos. Foram realizados testes Papanicolau e de reação em cadeia de polimerase para a detecção de DNA do papilomavírus humano. Coleta de amostras de sangue foi realizada para a avaliação do malondialdeído e a determinação da glutationa total e oxidada. Resultados As concentrações oxidativas do malondialdeído e os teores de glutationa total e oxidada não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05) nas mulheres com e sem lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau, em todas as comunidades pesquisadas. Mulheres com papilomavírus humano em Itaituba apresentaram níveis de malondialdeído (8,02nmols/mL) quase cinco vezes maior quando relacionadas àquelas sem o HPV (1,70nmols/mL), com diferença estatística significativa (p<0,05). As outras comunidades não mostraram diferença estatística significativa entre as concentrações de malondialdeído nas mulheres com e sem papilomavírus humano (p>0,05). Os teores de glutationa total mostraram diferença significativa (p<0,05) somente em Bragança naquelas com (8,20µg/mL) e sem a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (1,47µg/mL). Conclusão Houve associação significativa da resposta oxidativa do malondialdeído e da glutationa total com a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano, porém não houve diferença quando associada à lesão escamosa, sugerindo que o estresse oxidativo isoladamente não explica a relação com a carcinogênese do colo uterino, que deve ser influenciada ainda por outros fatores.

Five-year survival and associated factors in women treated for cervical cancer at a reference hospital in the Brazilian Amazon.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common type of cancer in women and is the third leading cause of death in most developing countries, causing more than 288,000 deaths in women worldwide each year. The most favourable survival rate is in developed countries, since CC mortality has recently declined in those countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival rate and associated factors of CC patients at a reference hospital in the Amazon region. The patient sample included records of 339 patients with cervical cancer who had been hospitalized in Belém, Pará, Brazil from January 2005 to December 2010; the socioeconomic and clinical data were collected between June and September 2016. A survival rate of approximately 84% was observed, and it was found that disease stage (p <0.01), metastasis (p <0.01) and readmission (p <0.01) had significant influences on patient outcome. The impact of these factors on the general survival rate was higher in the Amazon region compared with other regions of Brazil, and the primary survival factors were associated with earlier stages of the disease. However, more national studies are needed on this subject. Our findings may contribute to the development of regional strategies for the prevention of cervical cancer, a reduction in its incidence and mortality rate, an increase in survival time and an improvement in the quality of life of these women.

Emotional and motor symptoms in riverside dwellers exposed to mercury in the Amazon. / Manifestações emocionais e motoras de ribeirinhos expostos ao mercúrio na Amazônia.

INTRODUCTION:: The investigation of clinical and neurological impactations associated with exposure to mercury levels in exposed populations is necessary in the Amazon. OBJECTIVE:: To analyze emotional and motor symptoms of riverside dwellers exposed by diet in the municipalities of Itaituba and Acará, in Pará, Brazil. METHODS:: Hair samples were collected to assess the total mercury (HgT). Demographic data as well as emotional (depression, anxiety and insomnia) and motor (paresthesia, muscle weakness, loss of balance when walking, tremors, limb pain and dysarthria) symptomatology data were obtained. RESULTS:: Mean levels of HgT in Itaituba were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in Acará. Emotional symptoms were identified in 26 (26.5%) participants from Itaituba and in 24 (52.2%) from Acará. Specific motor complaints in Itaituba occurred in 63 (64.3%) volunteers; the most frequently mentioned afflictions were limb pain (36.7%), paresthesia (32.6%) and muscle weakness (27.5%). In Acará, 33 (71.7%) participants had motor symptoms, the majority of which complained of paresthesia (54.3%), limb pain (52.2%) and tremors (34.8%). Average HgT levels in Itaituba in those with emotional and motor symptoms were above the tolerable levels (6 µg/g) determined by the World Health Organization. CONCLUSION:: Results showed that mercury levels in emotional and motor symptoms in Itaituba are higher than in riverside dwellers in Acará. Further studies, including the application of specific qualitative and/or quantitative standard tests, as well as the investigation of other clinical signs are necessary.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer Screening among Riverside Women of the Brazilian Amazon / Prevalência da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano e rastreamento do câncer em mulheres ribeirinhas da Amazônia brasileira

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall and type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among females living in riverside communities in the state of Pará, in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. These communities are inhabited by low-income people, and are accessible only by small boats. Cervical cytology and risk factors for HPV infection were also assessed. Methods Cervical samples from 353 women of selected communities were collected both for Papanicolau (Pap) test and HPV detection. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR were used to assess the overall and type-specific prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the main oncogenic types worldwide. Epidemiological questionnaires were used for the assessment of the risk factors for HPV infection. Results The mean age of the participants was 37 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 13.7). Most were married or with a fixed sexual partner (79%), and had a low educational level (80%) and family monthly income (< U$ 250; 53%). Overall, HPV prevalence was 16.4% (n = 58), with 8 cases of HPV-16 (2.3%) and 5 of HPV-18 (1.4%). Almost 70% of the women surveyed had never undergone the Pap test. Abnormal cytology results were found in 27.5% (n = 97) of the samples, with higher rates of HPV infection according to the severity of the lesions (p = 0.026). Conclusions The infections by HPV-16 and HPV-18 were not predominant in our study, despite the high prevalence of overall HPV infection. Nevertheless, the oncogenic potential of these types and the low coverage of the Pap test among women from riverside communities demonstrate a potential risk for the development of cervical lesions and their progression to cervical cancer, since the access to these communities is difficult and, in most cases, these women do not have access to primary care and public health services.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência global e tipo-específica da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) entre mulheres que vivem em comunidades ribeirinhas do estado do Pará, Amazônia oriental, Brasil. Estas comunidades são habitadas por pessoas de baixa renda, e são acessíveis somente por meio de pequenos barcos. A citologia cervical e os fatores de risco para a infecção por HPV também foram avaliados. Métodos Amostras cervicais de 353 mulheres de comunidades selecionadas foram coletadas para a análise citológica e para a detecção do HPV. A prevalência global e tipoespecífica dos HPV-16 e HPV-18, principais tipos oncogênicos no mundo, foram avaliadas por meio de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) convencional e PCR em tempo real. Os fatores de risco para a infecção por HPV foram avaliados a partir de questionários epidemiológicos. Resultados A idade média das participantes foi de 37 anos (desvio padrão [DP] ± 13,7). A maioria era casada ou tinha um parceiro sexual fixo (79%) e baixo nível de escolaridade (80%) e de renda familiar mensal (< U$ 250; 53%). A prevalência global do HPV foi de 16,4% (n = 58), com 8 casos de HPV-16 (2,3%) e 5 casos de HPV-18 (1,4%). Aproximadamente 70% das mulheres entrevistadas nunca tinha realizado o exame preventivo de Papanicolau. Os resultados citológicos anormais foram encontrados em 27,5% (n = 97) das amostras, com taxas mais altas da infecção por HPV de acordo com a severidade das lesões (p = 0,026). Conclusões As infecções por HPV-16 e HPV-18 não foram predominantes em nosso estudo, apesar da alta prevalência global da infecção por HPV. No entanto, o potencial oncogênico desses tipos e a baixa cobertura do exame de Papanicolau entre mulheres de comunidades ribeirinhas demonstram um risco potencial para o desenvolvimento de lesões cervicais e sua progressão para o câncer de colo do útero, uma vez que o acesso a essas comunidades é difícil e, na maioria dos casos, estas mulheres não têm acesso aos serviços de atenção primária e de saúde pública.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer Screening among Riverside Women of the Brazilian Amazon.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall and type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among females living in riverside communities in the state of Pará, in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. These communities are inhabited by low-income people, and are accessible only by small boats. Cervical cytology and risk factors for HPV infection were also assessed. Methods Cervical samples from 353 women of selected communities were collected both for Papanicolau (Pap) test and HPV detection. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR were used to assess the overall and type-specific prevalence of HPV-16 and HPV-18, the main oncogenic types worldwide. Epidemiological questionnaires were used for the assessment of the risk factors for HPV infection. Results The mean age of the participants was 37 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 13.7). Most were married or with a fixed sexual partner (79%), and had a low educational level (80%) and family monthly income (< U$ 250; 53%). Overall, HPV prevalence was 16.4% (n = 58), with 8 cases of HPV-16 (2.3%) and 5 of HPV-18 (1.4%). Almost 70% of the women surveyed had never undergone the Pap test. Abnormal cytology results were found in 27.5% (n = 97) of the samples, with higher rates of HPV infection according to the severity of the lesions (p = 0.026). Conclusions The infections by HPV-16 and HPV-18 were not predominant in our study, despite the high prevalence of overall HPV infection. Nevertheless, the oncogenic potential of these types and the low coverage of the Pap test among women from riverside communities demonstrate a potential risk for the development of cervical lesions and their progression to cervical cancer, since the access to these communities is difficult and, in most cases, these women do not have access to primary care and public health services.

Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência global e tipo-específica da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) entre mulheres que vivem em comunidades ribeirinhas do estado do Pará, Amazônia oriental, Brasil. Estas comunidades são habitadas por pessoas de baixa renda, e são acessíveis somente por meio de pequenos barcos. A citologia cervical e os fatores de risco para a infecção por HPV também foram avaliados. Métodos Amostras cervicais de 353 mulheres de comunidades selecionadas foram coletadas para a análise citológica e para a detecção do HPV. A prevalência global e tipo-específica dos HPV-16 e HPV-18, principais tipos oncogênicos no mundo, foram avaliadas por meio de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) convencional e PCR em tempo real. Os fatores de risco para a infecção por HPV foram avaliados a partir de questionários epidemiológicos. Resultados A idade média das participantes foi de 37 anos (desvio padrão [DP] ± 13,7). A maioria era casada ou tinha um parceiro sexual fixo (79%) e baixo nível de escolaridade (80%) e de renda familiar mensal (< U$ 250; 53%). A prevalência global do HPV foi de 16,4% (n = 58), com 8 casos de HPV-16 (2,3%) e 5 casos de HPV-18 (1,4%). Aproximadamente 70% das mulheres entrevistadas nunca tinha realizado o exame preventivo de Papanicolau. Os resultados citológicos anormais foram encontrados em 27,5% (n = 97) das amostras, com taxas mais altas da infecção por HPV de acordo com a severidade das lesões (p = 0,026). Conclusões As infecções por HPV-16 e HPV-18 não foram predominantes em nosso estudo, apesar da alta prevalência global da infecção por HPV. No entanto, o potencial oncogênico desses tipos e a baixa cobertura do exame de Papanicolau entre mulheres de comunidades ribeirinhas demonstram um risco potencial para o desenvolvimento de lesões cervicais e sua progressão para o câncer de colo do útero, uma vez que o acesso a essas comunidades é difícil e, na maioria dos casos, estas mulheres não têm acesso aos serviços de atenção primária e de saúde pública.

Manifestações emocionais e motoras de ribeirinhos expostos ao mercúrio na Amazônia / Emotional and motor symptoms in riverside dwellers exposed to mercury in the Amazon

RESUMO: Introdução: A investigação dos impactos clínico-neurológicos associados às concentrações de exposição ao mercúrio em populações expostas é necessária na Amazônia. Objetivo: Analisar as manifestações emocionais e motoras de ribeirinhos expostos pela dieta nos municípios de Itaituba e Acará, ambos no Pará. Método: Foram coletadas amostras de cabelo para a determinação de mercúrio total (HgT), obtidos dados demográficos e sintomatológicos emocionais (depressão, ansiedade e insônia) e motores (parestesia, fraqueza muscular, desequilíbrio ao andar, tremor, dor nos membros e disartria). Resultados: A concentração mediana de HgT em Itaituba foi significativamente superior (p < 0,0001) àquela em Acará. As manifestações emocionais foram identificadas em 26 (26,5%) participantes de Itaituba e em 24 (52,2%) em Acará. Com relação às queixas motoras especificas, em Itaituba ocorreram em 63 (64,3%) voluntários, sendo mais referidas a dor nos membros (36,7%), a parestesia (32,6%) e a fraqueza muscular (27,5%). No Acará, 33 (71,7%) participantes apresentaram manifestações motoras, com o maior número queixando de parestesia (54,3%), dor nos membros (52,2%) e tremor (34,8%). As concentrações médias de HgT em Itaituba naqueles com manifestações emocionais e com manifestações motoras estiveram acima do considerado tolerável (6 µg/g) pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Conclusão: Os resultados revelaram que a concentração de mercúrio nas manifestações emocionais e motoras de Itaituba são maiores do que nos ribeirinhos do Acará. Novos estudos são necessários com a aplicação de testes convencionais qualitativos e/ou quantitativos específicos, assim como também a investigação de outros sinais clínicos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The investigation of clinical and neurological impactations associated with exposure to mercury levels in exposed populations is necessary in the Amazon. Objective: To analyze emotional and motor symptoms of riverside dwellers exposed by diet in the municipalities of Itaituba and Acará, in Pará, Brazil. Methods: Hair samples were collected to assess the total mercury (HgT). Demographic data as well as emotional (depression, anxiety and insomnia) and motor (paresthesia, muscle weakness, loss of balance when walking, tremors, limb pain and dysarthria) symptomatology data were obtained. Results: Mean levels of HgT in Itaituba were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in Acará. Emotional symptoms were identified in 26 (26.5%) participants from Itaituba and in 24 (52.2%) from Acará. Specific motor complaints in Itaituba occurred in 63 (64.3%) volunteers; the most frequently mentioned afflictions were limb pain (36.7%), paresthesia (32.6%) and muscle weakness (27.5%). In Acará, 33 (71.7%) participants had motor symptoms, the majority of which complained of paresthesia (54.3%), limb pain (52.2%) and tremors (34.8%). Average HgT levels in Itaituba in those with emotional and motor symptoms were above the tolerable levels (6 µg/g) determined by the World Health Organization. Conclusion: Results showed that mercury levels in emotional and motor symptoms in Itaituba are higher than in riverside dwellers in Acará. Further studies, including the application of specific qualitative and/or quantitative standard tests, as well as the investigation of other clinical signs are necessary.

The intake of fish and the mercury concentration of fishing families at the city of Imperatriz (MA), Brazil. / A ingestão de pescado e as concentrações de mercúrio em famílias de pescadores de Imperatriz (MA).

INTRODUCTION: Significant levels of mercury exposure associated with fish intake have been demonstrated in riverine populations living in areas of mineral exploration as the basin of Tapajós and Madeira. In the Tocantins region, although few studies, there is no evidence of human exposure through food. OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of exposure to mercury in resident fishermen families in the riverside area of the middle Tocantins and to quantify the levels in fish consumed by these families. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study involving families of Beira Rio community fishermen, located on the Tocantins riverbanks in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão. Brazil. Data were collected from socio demographic and food profile, as well as samples of fish and hair, which were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The socio demographic profile of families studied was common to the local population located in other basins. The food profile did not run the default rule, with the fish being the primary dietary protein source. The species of piscivorous and zooplancton habits had the highest mercury concentrations, and the mean values were 0.2775 µg/g in fish dog and 0.1360 µg/g in mapará. Among the 25 families evaluated, the lowest average concentration of family was 0.186 ± 0.043 µg/g and the higher was 5.477 ± 2.896 µg/g. CONCLUSION: Fishing families have low mercury exposure levels in the same order of magnitude, probably because of the food consumption of fish, including piscivorous species, which were found to be below the safe upper limit for human consumption established by Brazilian standards. This serves as a reference for other studies.

A ingestão de pescado e as concentrações de mercúrio em famílias de pescadores de Imperatriz (MA) / The intake of fish and the mercury concentration of fishing families at the city of Imperatriz (MA), Brazil

RESUMO: Introdução: Níveis importantes de exposição ao mercúrio associados à ingestão de pescado têm sido demonstrados em populações ribeirinhas residentes em áreas de exploração mineral, como na bacia do Tapajós e do Madeira. Na região do Tocantins, apesar de poucos estudos, não há evidência de exposição humana através da alimentação. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de exposição ao mercúrio em famílias de pescadores residentes em área ribeirinha do médio Tocantins, além de quantificar os níveis no pescado consumido por essas famílias. Método: Realizou se um estudo transversal envolvendo famílias de pescadores da comunidade Beira Rio, localizada às margens do Rio Tocantins no município de Imperatriz, Maranhão. Foram coletados dados de perfil sociodemográfico e alimentar, além de amostras de pescado e de cabelo, que foram analisadas através da espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Resultados: O perfil sociodemográfico foi comum ao da população ribeirinha situada em outras bacias. O perfil alimentar não fugiu à regra do padrão, sendo o pescado a principal fonte de proteína da dieta. As espécies de hábitos piscívoro e zooplâncton apresentaram as maiores concentrações de mercúrio, sendo os valores médios do peixe cachorro 0,2775 µg/g e do mapará 0,1360 µg/g. Dentre as 25 famílias avaliadas, a menor concentração média total/família foi 0,186 ± 0,043 µg/g e a maior foi 5,477 ± 2,896 µg/g. Conclusão: Famílias de Imperatriz possuem baixos níveis de exposição em virtude do consumo alimentar de peixes com baixos níveis de contaminação, incluindo as espécies piscívoras, que se encontravam abaixo do limite máximo de segurança para consumo humano estabelecido pelas normas brasileiras, servindo de referência para outros estudos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Significant levels of mercury exposure associated with fish intake have been demonstrated in riverine populations living in areas of mineral exploration as the basin of Tapajós and Madeira. In the Tocantins region, although few studies, there is no evidence of human exposure through food. Objective: To assess the levels of exposure to mercury in resident fishermen families in the riverside area of the middle Tocantins and to quantify the levels in fish consumed by these families. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study involving families of Beira Rio community fishermen, located on the Tocantins riverbanks in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão. Brazil. Data were collected from socio demographic and food profile, as well as samples of fish and hair, which were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The socio demographic profile of families studied was common to the local population located in other basins. The food profile did not run the default rule, with the fish being the primary dietary protein source. The species of piscivorous and zooplancton habits had the highest mercury concentrations, and the mean values were 0.2775 µg/g in fish dog and 0.1360 µg/g in mapará. Among the 25 families evaluated, the lowest average concentration of family was 0.186 ± 0.043 µg/g and the higher was 5.477 ± 2.896 µg/g. Conclusion: Fishing families have low mercury exposure levels in the same order of magnitude, probably because of the food consumption of fish, including piscivorous species, which were found to be below the safe upper limit for human consumption established by Brazilian standards. This serves as a reference for other studies.

Principais genótipos de papilomavírus humano em mulheres ribeirinhas na Amazônia brasileira / Main human papillomavirus genotypes in riparian women from the brazilian Amazon / Principales genotipos del virus de papiloma humano de mujeres ribereñas de la Amazonia brasileña

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a distribuição dos principais genótipos do papilomavírus humano (HPV) oncogênicos em mulheres de áreas ribeirinhas e pesqueiras de diferentes regiões geográficas da Amazônia brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado no período de 2013 a 2014. Participaram 516 ribeirinhas e pesqueiras maiores de 13 anos, inscritas no Programa de Prevenção do Câncer de Colo Uterino (PCCU) e submetidas à coleta de material cervicovaginal para o Teste Papanicolau, realizado in loco por médico membro da equipe de pesquisadores, pesquisa de DNA/HPV e genotipagem pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), realizados no Laboratório de Imunopatologia da Universidade Federal do Pará por pesquisadores da mesma equipe, além da coleta de informações como a idade e o tipo de atendimento, também coletados pelos pesquisadores. Todos os dados foram analisados através do Programa Biostat 5.0, considerando diferença significativa quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das mulheres nas comunidades A e B foram, respectivamente, 40 e 39 anos, enquanto nas comunidades C, D e E foi de 37 anos. A prevalência da infecção pelo HPV variou de 7,6% a 29,2%. Dentre os tipos oncogênicos pesquisados, os mais freqüentes foram HPV52 (n=5; 5,15%), HPV35 (n=4; 4,12%) e HPV58 (n=3; 3,09%). Os principais tipos oncogênicos encontrados estão concentrados na região de Itaituba (comunidades A, B) e Bragança (comunidade E). CONCLUSÃO: Em todas as localidades estudadas foi encontrado um elevado percentual de infecção, cujo tipo de HPV não foi identificado entre os testados, destacando-se as comunidades C e D, com 100% dos casos

OBJECTIVE: To assess the distribution of the main oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in women from riparian and fishing areas in different geographical regions of the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted from 2013 to 2014. Participants were 516 riparian and fishing women over 13 years old enrolled in the Programa de Prevenção do Câncer de Colo Uterino ­ PCCUP (Cervical Cancer Prevention Program) and submitted to the collection of cervicovaginal material for the Pap test, carried out in loco by a doctor member of the research team, DNA/HPV research and genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), carried out in the Laboratório de Imunopatologia of the Universidade Federal do Pará (Immunopathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Pará) by researchers of the same team. Additionally, information on age and the type of service were also collected by the researchers. All data were analyzed using the Biostat Program 5.0, considering a significant difference when p <0.05. RESULTS: The mean age of women in the communities A and B were respectively 40 and 39 years, while in communities C, D and E the mean age was 37 years. The prevalence of HPV infection ranged 7.6 to 29.2%. Among the studied oncogenic types, HPV52 (n=5; 5.15%), HPV35 (n=4; 4.12%) and HPV58 (n=3; 3.09%) were the most frequent. The main oncogenic types found are concentrated in the regions of Itaituba (communities A, B) and Bragança (community E). CONCLUSION: All the studied regions presented a high percentageof infection whose HPV type was not identified among the tested individuals, especially communities C and D, with 100% of cases

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la distribución de los principales genótipos del virus de papiloma humano (VPH) oncogénicos en mujeres de regiones ribereñas y pesqueras de distintas regiones geográficas de la Amazonia brasileña. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado entre los períodos de 2013 y 2014. Participaron 516 ribereñas y pesqueras mayores de 13 años inscritas en el Programa de Prevención al Cáncer de Cuello Uterino (PCCU) y que realizaron la recogida de material cervicovaginal para el Test de Papanicolaou realizado in loco por un médico miembro del equipo de investigadores, investigación de ADN/VPH y estúdio del genotipo a través de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) realizados en el Laboratorio de Imunopatología de la Universidad Federal de Pará por investigadores del mismo equipo, además de la recogida de informaciones como la edad y el tipo de asistencia. Todos los datos fueron analizados a través del Programa Biostat 5.0 con diferencia significativa para p<0,05. RESULTADOS: La media de edad de las mujeres de las comunidades A y B fueron, respectivamente, 40 y 39 años, mientras la de las comunidades C, D y E fue de 37 años. La prevalencia de infección por el VPH varió del 7,6% al 29,2%. Entre los tipos oncogénicos investigados los más frecuentes fueron el VPH52 (n=5; 5,15%), el VPH35 (n=4; 4,12%) y el VPH58 (n=3; 3,09%). Los principales tipos oncogénicos encontrados se concentran em la región de Itaituba (comunidades A, B) y Bragança (comunidad E). CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontró un elevado porcentual de infección en todas las localidades estudiadas cuyo el tipo de VPH no há sido identificado entre los que fueron testados, destacándose las comunidades C y D con el 100% de los casos

Somatosensory Psychophysical Losses in Inhabitants of Riverside Communities of the Tapajós River Basin, Amazon, Brazil: Exposure to Methylmercury Is Possibly Involved.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the somatosensory system of methylmercury-exposed inhabitants living in the communities of the Tapajós river basin by using psychophysical tests and to compare with measurements performed in inhabitants of the Tocantins river basin. We studied 108 subjects from Barreiras and São Luiz do Tapajós, two communities of the Tapajós river basin, State of Pará, Amazon, Brazil, aged 13-53 years old. Mercury analysis was performed in head hair samples weighting 0.1-0.2 g by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Three somatosensory psychophysical tests were performed: tactile sensation threshold, vibration sensation duration, and two-point discrimination. Semmes-Weinstein 20 monofilaments with different diameters were used to test the tactile sensation in the lower lip, right and left breasts, right and left index fingers, and right and left hallux. The threshold was the thinner monofilament perceived by the subject. Vibration sensation was investigated using a 128 Hz diapason applied to the sternum, right and left radial sides of the wrist, and right and left outer malleoli. Two trials were performed at each place. A stopwatch recorded the vibration sensation duration. The two-point discrimination test was performed using a two-point discriminator. Head hair mercury concentration was significantly higher in mercury-exposed inhabitants of Tapajós than in non-exposed inhabitants of Tocantins (p < 0.01). When all subjects were divided in two groups independently of age-mercury-exposed and non-exposed-the following results were found: tactile sensation thresholds in mercury-exposed subjects were higher than in non-exposed subjects at all body parts, except at the left chest; vibration sensation durations were shorter in mercury-exposed than in non-exposed subjects, at all locations except in the upper sternum; two-point discrimination thresholds were higher in mercury-exposed than in non-exposed subjects at all body parts. There was a weak linear correlation between tactile sensation threshold and mercury concentration in the head hair samples. No correlation was found for the other two measurements. Mercury-exposed subjects had impaired somatosensory function compared with non-exposed control subjects. Long-term mercury exposure of riverside communities in the Tapajós river basin is a possible but not a definitely proven cause for psychophysical somatosensory losses observed in their population. Additionally, the relatively simple psychophysical measures used in this work should be followed by more rigorous measures of the same population.

[Neurological manifestations in riverine populations from areas exposed to mercury in the Brazilian Amazon]. / Manifestações neurológicas em ribeirinhos de áreas expostas ao mercúrio na Amazônia brasileira.

This study evaluated current levels of mercury exposure and sensory symptoms in adults from three riverine communities in Pará State, Brazil, two of which located in the Tapajós River basin and one in the Tocantins basin. Participants in this study included 78 residents in Barreiras (Tapajós), 30 in São Luiz do Tapajós (Tapajós), and 49 in Furo do Maracujá (Tocantins). Total hair mercury concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and neurological evaluation was conducted by routine examination. Mercury concentrations in the Tapajós communities were higher than those in the Tocantins (p < 0.01). Evaluation of neurological changes showed no significant difference between the communities in exposed areas and control areas for the changes observed by conventional neurological examination, except for gait deviation (p < 0.05). The study concludes that despite the mercury exposure levels, there was a low frequency of sensory alterations according to conventional neurological testing.

Manifestações neurológicas em ribeirinhos de áreas expostas ao mercúrio na Amazônia brasileira / Neurological manifestations in riverine populations from areas exposed to mercury in the Brazilian Amazon / Manifestaciones neurológicas en las comunidades ribereñas expuestas al mercurio de la Amazonia brasileña

This study evaluated current levels of mercury exposure and sensory symptoms in adults from three riverine communities in Pará State, Brazil, two of which located in the Tapajós River basin and one in the Tocantins basin. Participants in this study included 78 residents in Barreiras (Tapajós), 30 in São Luiz do Tapajós (Tapajós), and 49 in Furo do Maracujá (Tocantins). Total hair mercury concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and neurological evaluation was conducted by routine examination. Mercury concentrations in the Tapajós communities were higher than those in the Tocantins (p < 0.01). Evaluation of neurological changes showed no significant difference between the communities in exposed areas and control areas for the changes observed by conventional neurological examination, except for gait deviation (p < 0.05). The study concludes that despite the mercury exposure levels, there was a low frequency of sensory alterations according to conventional neurological testing.

No presente estudo, foram avaliados comparativamente os níveis atuais de exposição ao mercúrio e as manifestações neurológicas em ribeirinhos residentes em comunidades situadas no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Participaram do estudo 78 ribeirinhos de Barreiras (bacia do rio Tapajós), 30 de São Luiz do Tapajós (bacia do rio Tapajós) e 49 do Furo do Maracujá (bacia do rio Tocantins). As concentrações de mercúrio total foram quantificadas, em cabelo, pela espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, e a avaliação neurológica foi realizada por meio de testes de rotina. As concentrações de mercúrio nas comunidades do Tapajós foram maiores que as do Tocantins (p < 0,01). A avaliação das alterações neurológicas não mostrou diferença significativa entre as comunidades das áreas expostas e controle para os resultados observados pelo exame neurológico convencional, exceto para desvio da marcha (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que, apesar dos níveis de exposição ao mercúrio, houve uma baixa frequência de alterações somatossensoriais encontradas por meio de exames neurológicos convencionais.

En el presente estudio se evaluó comparativamente los niveles actuales de exposición al mercurio y sus manifestaciones neurológicas en los residentes de las comunidades ribereñas en el Estado de Pará, Brasil. Los participantes fueron 78 de las riberas limítrofes (cuenca del Tapajós), 30 en São Luís do Tapajós (cuenca del Tapajós) y 49 en Pasiflora (cuenca del río Tocantins). Las concentraciones de mercurio total en el pelo se cuantificaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y la evaluación neurológica se realizó mediante el análisis de rutina. Las concentraciones de mercurio en las comunidades Tapajós fueron más altas que en Tocantins (p < 0,01). La evaluación de los trastornos neurológicos no mostró diferencias significativas entre las comunidades de las zonas expuestas, ni en el control de los resultados observados durante el examen neurológico convencional, excepto por desviaciones de la marcha (p < 0,05). Se concluyó que, si bien existen niveles de exposición al mercurio, hubo una baja frecuencia de cambios, cuyo examen neurológico fue de tipo estándar somatosensorial.

Malária em mulheres na idade reprodutiva: análise dos aspectos clínicos-epidemiológicos na região de Itaituba 2005 a 2007 / Malaria in women in reproductive age: analysis of clinical-epidemiological aspects of the region Itaituba 2005 to 2007

OBJETIVO: avaliar, quantitativamente, os casos de malária em mulheres férteis de Itaituba,internadas no Hospital Municipal de Itaituba HMI, Pará, no triênio 2005-2007. MÉTODO: estudodescritivo transversal da situação clínico-epidemiológica da malária, desenvolvido em duas etapas.Na primeira, analisou-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária(SIVEP-Malária), para aferir o risco de transmissão no Pará e a proporção de grávidas portadorasem Itaituba. Na segunda, analisaram-se dados clínico-epidemiológicos das internadas no HMI, com10 a 49 anos, portadoras de malária vivax ou falciparum. RESULTADOS: o risco de transmissãona microrregião de Itaituba foi elevado, embora no Pará, tenha sido médio. No município deItaituba, dentre as 613 gestantes com malária, as proporções de P. vivax e P. falciparumassemelharam-se na área urbana e na rural, P. falciparum predominou (p>0,05). As 30 internadaseram na maioria jovens da área rural com P. falciparum; sendo as gestantes, mais jovens (p<0,05).Febre, cefaléia, palidez cutâneo-mucosa e sinais laboratoriais de anemia predominaram na clínicados casos. No tratamento das gestantes foi mais usada a cloroquina e, nas não-gestantes, cloroquina+ primaquina, quinina + doxiciclina e coartem. CONCLUSÃO: a microrregião de Itaitubaconstitui-se na região paraense com maior risco de transmissão de malária com importante índicede internações de mulheres em idade fértil com a doença, apesar da tendência decrescente dasinternações no período. As mulheres férteis, sobretudo as grávidas, de áreas endêmicas de maláriacomo as de Itaituba, necessitam de políticas públicas de saúde mais específicas, tanto no sentidocurativo quanto no preventivo

Objective: to evaluate the cases of malaria in fertile women of Itaituba admitted to HospitalMunicipal de Itaituba (HMI) in 2005-2007. Method: a descriptive study of clinical andepidemiological situation of malaria was developed in two stages. At first, data from theEpidemiological Surveillance Information System of Malaria (Malaria-SIVEP) were analyzed toassess the risk of transmission in Pará and the proportion of pregnant women with malaria inItaituba. Second, clinical and epidemiological data about women with 10 to 49 years old admittedto HMI suffering from falciparum and vivax malaria were analyzed. Results: the risk oftransmission of micro region Itaituba was "high" although in Para was "average." In the city ofItaituba among 613 pregnant women with malaria the proportion of P. vivax was similar to P.falciparum in the urban area, and in rural P. falciparum predominated (p> 0.05). The 30 womenadmitted to HMI were mostly young patients from rural areas with P. falciparum and among themthe pregnant women were younger (p <0.05). Fever, headache, pale skin and mucosa andlaboratory signs of anemia predominated in clinical cases. In the treatment of pregnant women wasmostly used chloroquine, and in non-pregnant women, chloroquine + primaquine, quinine +doxycycline and Coartem. Conclusion: the micro region Itaituba, is the region in Pará at higherrisk of malaria transmission with a significant rate of admissions of women of childbearing agewith the disease, despite the downward trend in hospitalizations. Fertile women, especiallypregnant women in malaria-endemic areas such as Itaituba, require public health policies morespecific, both in preventive and curative effect.

Mercúrio total em peixes provenientes da cidade de Itaituba, Pará / Total mercury in fish from Itaituba, Pará

Objetivo: Qunatificar o teor de mercúrio total em peixes provenintes de Itaituba-Pará. Método: Análise por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com amalgamação em lâminas de ouro dos teores de mercúrio em amostras de filé de peixes. Resultados: A concentração média de mercúrio total em Colossoma macrapomum foi de 0,28