Premature mortality attributable to COVID-19: potential years of life lost in 17 countries around the world, January-August 2020.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of the burden of COVID-19 is key to successfully navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a larger investigation on COVID-19 mortality impact, this study aims to estimate the Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) in 17 countries and territories across the world (Australia, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Peru, Norway, England & Wales, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United States [USA]). METHODS: Age- and sex-specific COVID-19 death numbers from primary national sources were collected by an international research consortium. The study period was established based on the availability of data from the inception of the pandemic to the end of August 2020. The PYLL for each country were computed using 80 years as the maximum life expectancy. RESULTS: As of August 2020, 442,677 (range: 18-185,083) deaths attributed to COVID-19 were recorded in 17 countries which translated to 4,210,654 (range: 112-1,554,225) PYLL. The average PYLL per death was 8.7 years, with substantial variation ranging from 2.7 years in Australia to 19.3 PYLL in Ukraine. North and South American countries as well as England & Wales, Scotland and Sweden experienced the highest PYLL per 100,000 population; whereas Australia, Slovenia and Georgia experienced the lowest. Overall, males experienced higher PYLL rate and higher PYLL per death than females. In most countries, most of the PYLL were observed for people aged over 60 or 65 years, irrespective of sex. Yet, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Israel, Peru, Scotland, Ukraine, and the USA concentrated most PYLL in younger age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the role of PYLL as a tool to understand the impact of COVID-19 on demographic groups within and across countries, guiding preventive measures to protect these groups under the ongoing pandemic. Continuous monitoring of PYLL is therefore needed to better understand the burden of COVID-19 in terms of premature mortality.

Blattella germánica (Blattodea: Blattellidae) como potencial vector mecánico de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS) en un centro hospitalario de Villavicencio (Meta-Colombia) / Blattella germánica (Blattodea: Blattellidae) as potential mechanical vector of health-care associated infections in a hospital in Villavicencio (Meta-Colombia)

Objetivo. Identificar las especies de cucarachas y bacterias asociadas a su exoesqueleto en un centro hospitalario de la ciudad de Villavicencio (Meta, Colombia). Métodos. Se realizaron capturas manuales de cucarachas en cocina, urgencias, UCI intermedia, consulta externa y neonatos. Los individuos colectados fueron sometidos a un aislamiento primario en caldo BHI, para luego pasar a medios sólidos (sangre y MacConkey). Se realizó identificación y antibiograma por método automatizado. Resultados. Se colectaron 24 ninfas y adultos de Blattella germánica. Se aisló e identificó Klebsiella pneumoniae con sensibilidad intermedia a meropenem (CMI 4) y resistencia a cefalosporinas (cefepima y cefuroxima) (>16), Proteus vulgaris con resistencia a cefalosporinas (ceftriaxona, cefuroxima) (CMI >16), Enterobacter cloacae con resistencia a cefalosporinas (cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftriaxona) (CMI > 16), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus rafinosus, Staphylococcus xylosus y Enterococcus faecalis. El 80% de las bacterias aisladas presentaron algún grado de resistencia a antibióticos. Conclusiones. Estos insectos podrían jugar un papel importante en la transmisión de las Infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS). Debido a su presencia en hospitales y el reporte de IAAS y resistencia bacteriana en varios centros asistenciales en el Departamento del Meta, se hace necesario establecer la relación de estos insectos con estos eventos.

Objective. Identify the species of cockroaches and bacteria associated with their exoskeleton in a hospital in Villavicencio (Meta, Colombia). Methods. The cockroaches were captured manually in kitchen, emergency room, intermediate intensive care unit, outpatient service and newborn nursery. The collected individuals were subjected to a primary isolation in BHI broth, then move on to solid media (blood and MacConkey). Identification and sensitivity testing was performed by automated method. Results. 24 nymphs and adults ofBlattella germanica were collected. It was isolated and identified Klebsiellapneumoniae with intermediate susceptibility to meropenem (MIC 4) and resistance to cephalosporins (cefepime and cefuroxime) (> 16), Proteus vulgaris with cephalosporin resistance (Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime) (MIC > 16), Enterobacter cloacae resistant to cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone) (MIC > 16), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus rafinosus, Staphylococcus xylosus and Enterococcus faecalis. 80% of the isolated bacteria showed some degree of resistance to antibiotics. Results. These insects could play an important role in the transmission of health care associated infections (HCAI). Due to the presence of cockroaches in hospitals and the report of HCAI and bacterial resistance in several health centers in the Department of Meta, it is necessary to establish the relationship of these insects with these events.