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Objective: Several studies have highlighted that internalizing problems have not received all the attention it deserves because they are not visible in children's observable behavior. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between differences in parenting practices and internalizing problems in children and adolescents. Methods: Our study sample consisted of 554 children (288 boys and 266 girls) between 3 and 13 years of age who participated in the study. Their respective parents provided the information about them. The instruments used have been the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and Adolescents and parenting style, defined according to the Parental Parenting Questionnaire. The Parenting Questionnaire considers 7 factors: social and emotional support received by a mother or father, satisfaction with parenting, involvement, communication, limit setting, autonomy, and role orientation. Results: The results showed that children with high scores in internalizing problems tended to have parents with low levels of support, limit setting, and autonomy, along with low levels of maternal satisfaction with parenting. A regression analysis was also conducted, producing a model capable of predicting 14% of the variance in internalizing problems. The model was based on the following parenting variables: maternal support, autonomy and satisfaction with parenting, and paternal limit setting and role orientation. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the information obtained is very useful for the design of parenting programs related to certain aspects of current educational practice. Furthermore, parents' responses to the instruments used revealed patterns of behavior that can be modified in both parents and children.
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Problematic internet use (PIU) among people with disabilities has received very little attention in scientific literature. The objective of this work is to study PIU among Spanish university students with disabilities, and determine whether it is related to the presence of psychological problems and discomfort. A total of 432 Spanish university students with disabilities from six universities participated in the study (35% motor disability, 22.7% sensory disability and 42.1% other disabilities, excluding psychical or intellectual disability). PIU in the sample was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), while psychological problems were assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). PIU prevalence was 6.3%, and significant differences were found by age (< 22 had a PIU prevalence five times higher), onset of disability (prevalence was 3.7 times higher in those with congenital disability) and main type of internet use (recreational). There were no differences by sex, level of education or type of disability. In all the dimensions measured by CORE-OM (psychological problems, subjective well-being, life functioning and risk of self-harm and harm to others), the prevalence of psychological problems was significantly higher among problematic internet users. In conclusion, university students who are disabled from birth (regardless of their type of disability and sex), under the age of 22, and use the internet mainly for social networking and recreational purposes are at greater risk of psychological distress and are more vulnerable to problems like anxiety and difficulties with social relationships.
El uso problemático de internet (UPI) entre las personas con discapacidad ha recibido muy poca atención en la literatura científica. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el UPI entre los estudiantes universitarios españoles con discapacidad, y si se relaciona con malestar y problemas psicológicos. En el estudio participaron 432 universitarios españoles con discapacidad de seis universidades (35 %: discapacidad motora, 22,7 %: discapacidad sensorial y 42,1 %: otras discapacidades, excluyendo la discapacidad psíquica o intelectual). El UPI se evaluó mediante el Test de Adicción a Internet (IAT), mientras que los problemas psicológicos se evaluaron mediante el cuestionario Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). La prevalencia del UPI fue del 6,3 %, y no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo, tipo de discapacidad o estudios. Sí hubo diferencias en función de la edad (< 22 mostraron una prevalencia 5 veces mayor), origen de la discapacidad (discapacidad congénita mostraron una prevalencia 3,7 veces mayor) y tipo principal de uso (recreativo). La prevalencia de problemas psicológicos es significativamente mayor entre los usuarios problemáticos de Internet, en todas las dimensiones medidas por el CORE-OM (problemas psicológicos, bienestar subjetivo, funcionamiento general y riesgo de autolesión y de daño a otros). En conclusión, los estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad desde el nacimiento (independientemente del tipo de discapacidad y del sexo), menores de 22 años y que utilizan Internet principalmente con fines recreativos y las redes sociales tienen mayor riesgo de sufrir trastornos psicológicos y mayor vulnerabilidad a problemas como ansiedad y dificultades en las relaciones sociales.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo , Pessoas com Deficiência , Transtornos Motores , Humanos , Universidades , Uso da Internet , Estudantes/psicologia , Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , InternetRESUMO
Resumen Los familiares de personas con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se enfrentan a una variedad de situaciones estresantes como consecuencia del desempeño de su rol de cuidadores. Esto puede tener un impacto negativo en su calidad de vida. Un mayor conocimiento de la relación entre las variables evaluadas en los cuidadores puede ser importante de cara a implementar programas de intervención eficaces. El objetivo fue explorar la personalidad y las estrategias de afrontamiento en familiares cuidadores de personas con EP, estudiando su relación con el malestar psicológico y el grado de implicación en los cuidados. Se trabajó con una muestra de 106 cuidadores que completaron los cuestionarios de personalidad NEO-FFI, estrategias de afrontamiento COPE-28, malestar psicológico CORE-OM y un instrumento para evaluar la implicación del cuidador realizado a partir del índice Katz. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que las personas con puntuaciones por encima de la media en neuroticismo y por debajo en el resto de factores de personalidad y estrategias de afrontamiento tenían más riesgo de padecer malestar psicológico (OR = 9.250; p < .001) y una menor implicación en los cuidados (OR = 4.125; p < .001). Estos resultados sugieren que la personalidad y las estrategias de afrontamiento pueden contribuir a identificar estilos para los cuidados más eficientes, que impliquen una mayor participación en los cuidados con un menor impacto negativo.
Abstract Carers of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience stressful situations as a result of performing their role as caregivers. This can have a negative outcome on their quality of life. A greater understanding of the relationship between the variables assessed in caregivers can be important in implementing effective intervention programs. The aim of this study was to explore the personality and coping strategies used by family caregivers of people with PD, analyzing their relationship with psychological distress and the carer involvement. A cross-sectional study based on a sample of 106 caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease tested the hypothesis that personality and coping strategies can contribute to identifying differences in carer involvement and psychological distress. Caregiver psychological distress was assessed using the CORE-OM questionnaire. The CORE-OM is able to distinguish the population within the clinical and non-clinical range. NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) was used to assess personality. Coping strategies were evaluated with the COPE-28 inventory. An operational measure of the carer involvement was also used. For this purpose, an adaptation of the Katz index assessing basic functional capacity was made. Results: First, all cases were clustered according to personality variables and coping strategies. A K-means cluster analysis was performed and two groups were requested. After this, binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the research hypothesis. The resulting clusters in the above analysis were selected as predictors. Two analyses were performed. In the first, the dependent variable in logistic regression analysis was the psychological distress of the caregivers (dichotomized variable: clinical and non-clinical). Results showed that people clustered within cluster 1 had a 9.250 times higher risk of psychological distress than those included in cluster 2 (OR = 9.250; p < .001). In a second logistic regression analysis, the dependent variable was participation in care (dichotomized variable: low - high carer involvement). The group of people belonging to cluster 1 showed a carer involvement 4.125 times lower than the people grouped in cluster 2 (OR = 4.125; p < .001). The results of this research suggest the existence of a relationship between psychological variables and carer involvement, showing two different styles of care, which are described based on the personality and coping strategies of the family caregivers. In addition, we found that these styles of care show clear differences in efficiency, reflected in greater carer involvement and a lower psychological distress. The results reported that the cluster of people with below-average scores on neuroticism and above-average scores on the other personality factors (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and coping strategies (planning; active coping; emotional support; social support; positive re-evaluation and acceptance) were associated with increased carer involvement and reduced risk of psychological distress. It has already been suggested that high scores in neuroticism may affect the need to take on a large number of care-related tasks or manage stressful situations in people with PD (Tew et al., 2013). However, our results indicate that the definition of different types of caregivers, where other care-related variables are also included, can help define more efficient styles of care. This is associated with increased carer involvement and minor psychological distress. We propose that in the future these variables be investigated in order to know the outcome of carer involvement and psychological distress, contributing to the description of more efficient care styles in family caregivers.
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The present study aims to determine the relationship among factors that make up the parenting styles according to the PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory) and hyperactivity reported by parents through the BASC (Behaviour Assessment System for Children). We selected a sample of 32 children between 3 and 14 years old (23 male and 9 female) with risk scores in hyperactivity and another similar group with low scores in hyperactivity. After administering both instruments to the parents, we carried out a binomial logistic regression analysis which resulted in a prediction model for 84.4% of the sample, made up of the PCRI factors: fathers' involvement, communication and role orientation, mothers' parental support, and both parents' limit-setting and autonomy. Moreover, our analysis of the variance produced significant differences in the support perceived by the fathers and mothers of both groups. Lastly, the utility of results to propose intervention strategies within the family based on an authoritative style is discussed.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Poder Familiar , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos PsicológicosRESUMO
El presente estudio se propone determinar la relación existente entre los distintos factores que componen el estilo de crianza de padres y madres según el PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory) y la hiperactividad informada por los padres mediante el BASC (Behavior Assessment System for Children). Para ello se seleccionó un grupo de 32 niños entre 3 y 14 años (23 niños y 9 niñas) con puntuación de riesgo en hiperactividad y un segundo grupo de similares características aunque con una puntuación baja en hiperactividad. Tras administrar a sus padres los dos instrumentos antes señalados se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística binomial, obteniendo como resultado un modelo de predicción válido para el 84,4% de los sujetos, compuesto por los factores del PCRI: compromiso, comunicación y distribución de rol del padre, apoyo de la madre y disciplina y autonomía de ambos progenitores. Además, el análisis de varianza arrojó diferencias significativas entre el apoyo percibido por padres y madres de ambos grupos. Finalmente, se discute la utilidad de estos resultados para el planteamiento de estrategias de intervención en el ámbito familiar basadas en un estilo educativo democrático
The present study aims to determine the relationship among factors that make up the parenting styles according to the PCRI (Parent-Child Relationship Inventory) and hyperactivity reported by parents through the BASC (Behaviour Assessment System for Children). We selected a sample of 32 children between 3 and 14 years old (23 male and 9 female) with risk scores in hyperactivity and another similar group with low scores in hyperactivity. After administering both instruments to the parents, we carried out a binomial logistic regression analysis which resulted in a prediction model for 84.4% of the sample, made up of the PCRI factors: fathers involvement, communication and role orientation, mothers parental support, and both parents limit-setting and autonomy. Moreover, our analysis of the variance produced significant differences in the support perceived by the fathers and mothers of both groups. Lastly, the utility of results to propose intervention strategies within the family based on an authoritative style is discussed
