Maternal Hypertriglyceridemia in Gestational Diabetes: A New Risk Factor?

Elevated maternal triglycerides (TGs) have been associated with excessive fetal growth. However, the role of maternal lipid profile is less studied in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to study the association between maternal lipid profile in the third trimester and the risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns in women with GDM. We performed an observational and retrospective study of pregnant women with GDM who underwent a lipid profile measurement during the third trimester. We applied a logistic regression model to assess predictors of LGA. A total of 100 singleton pregnant women with GDM and third-trimester lipid profile evaluation were included. In the multivariate analysis, pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.03-1.38), p = 0.022) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR 7.60 (1.70-34.10), p = 0.008) were independently associated with LGA. Third-trimester hypertriglyceridemia was found to be a predictor of LGA among women with GDM, independently of glycemic control, BMI, and pregnancy weight gain. Further investigation is needed to confirm the role of TGs in excessive fetal growth in GDM pregnancies.

Canopy Architecture and Sun Exposure Influence Berry Cluster-Water Relations in the Grapevine Variety Muscat of Alexandria.

Climate-change-related increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves affect viticulture, leading to losses in yield and grape quality. We assessed whether canopy-architecture manipulation mitigates the effects of summer stress in a Mediterranean vineyard. The Vitis vinifera L variety Muscat of Alexandria plants were monitored during 2019-2020. Two canopy shoot-positioning treatments were applied: vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and modulated shoot positioning (MSP). In MSP, the west-side upper foliage was released to promote partial shoot leaning, shading the clusters. Clusters were sampled at pea size (PS), veraison (VER), and full maturation (FM). Measurements included rachis anatomy and hydraulic conductance (Kh) and aquaporins (AQP) and stress-related genes expression in cluster tissues. The results show significant seasonal and interannual differences in Kh and vascular anatomy. At VER, the Kh of the rachis and rachis+pedicel and the xylem diameter decreased but were unaffected by treatments. The phloem-xylem ratio was either increased (2019) or reduced (2020) in MSP compared to VSP. Most AQPs were down-regulated at FM in pedicels and up-regulated at VER in pulp. A potential maturation shift in MSP was observed and confirmed by the up-regulation of several stress-related genes in all tissues. The study pinpoints the role of canopy architecture in berry-water relations and stress response during ripening.

Inappropriate gestational weight gain impact on maternofetal outcomes in gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the dimension of deviation from appropriate gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse maternofetal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: We performed a multicentric retrospective study based on the Portuguese GDM Database. Women were classified as within GWG, insufficient (IGWG) or excessive (EGWG) than the Institute of Medicine recommendations. EGWG and IGWG were calculated for each prepregnancy BMI category. Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and macrosomia were defined as a birthweight more than the 90th percentile for the gestational age and newborn weight greater than 4000 g, respectively. Logistic regression models (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] plus 95% confidence interval [95%CI]) were derived to evaluate the association between EGWG or IGWG and adverse maternofetal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 18961 pregnant women were included: 39.7% with IGWG and 27.8% with EGWG. An EGWG over 3 kg was associated with a higher risk of LGA infants (aOR 1.95, 95%CI 1.17-3.26) and macrosomia (aOR 2.01, 95%CI 1.23-3.27) in prepregnancy normal weight women. An EGWG greater than 4 kg was associated with a higher risk of LGA infants (aOR 1.67, 95%CI 1.23-2.23) and macrosomia (aOR 1.90, 95%CI 1.38-2.61) in obese women. In overweight women, an EGWG above 3.5 kg was associated with a higher risk of LGA infants (aOR 1.65, 95%CI 1.16-2.34), macrosomia (aOR 1.85, 95%CI 1.30-2.64), preeclampsia (aOR 2.40, 95%CI 1.45-3.98) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (aOR 2.21, 95%CI 1.52-3.21). An IGWG below -3.1 kg or -3kg was associated with a higher risk of small-for-gestational-age [SGA] infants in women with normal (OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.03-1.90) and underweight (OR 2.29, 95%CI 1.09-4.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate gestational weight gain seems to be associated with an increased risk for adverse maternofetal outcomes, regardless of prepregnancy BMI. Beyond glycemic control, weight management in women with GDM must be a focus of special attention to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.KEY MESSAGESThe dimension of deviation from appropriate gestational weight gain was associated with an increased risk for adverse maternofetal outcomes among women with gestational diabetes.Weight management must be a focus of special attention in women with gestational diabetes to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Predictors of metformin monotherapy failure in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Metformin has emerged as a safe and effective pharmacological alternative to insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), being associated with lower maternal weight gain and hypoglycemia risk. Nevertheless, glycemic control is unaccomplished in a considerable proportion of women only treated with metformin. We aim to determine the metformin monotherapy failure rate in GDM and to identify predictors of its occurrence. Design and methods: This was a retrospective multicenter study including pregnant women with GDM patients who started metformin as a first-line pharmacological treatment (n = 2891). A comparative analysis of clinical and analytical data between the group of women treated with metformin monotherapy and those needing combined therapy with insulin was performed. Results: In 685 (23.7%) women with GDM, combined therapy to achieve adequate glycemic control was required. Higher pregestational BMI (OR 1.039; CI 95% 1.008-1.071; P-value = 0.013), higher fasting plasma glucose (PG) levels in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (OR 1.047; CI 95% 1.028-1.066; P-value <0.001) and an earlier gestational age (GA) at metformin introduction (0.839; CI 95% 0.796-0.885, P-value < 0.001) were independent predictive factors for metformin monotherapy failure. The best predictive cutoff values were a fasting PG in OGTT ≥87 mg/dL and GA at metformin introduction ≤29 weeks. Conclusions: In 685 (23.7%) women, combined therapy with insulin to reach glycemic control was required. Higher pre-gestational BMI, fasting PG levels in OGTT ≥87 mg/dL and introduction of metformin ≤29 weeks of GA were independent predictive factors for metformin monotherapy failure. The early recognition of these characteristics can contribute to the establishment of individualized therapeutic strategies and attain better metabolic control during pregnancy.

Status of gastrointestinal nematode infections and associated epidemiological factors in sheep from Córdoba, Colombia.

Gastrointestinal nematodes cause serious economic losses in sheep production systems. To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with these parasites, a study was conducted on 595 sheep in Córdoba, Colombia. Prevalence and parasite burden were determined using the McMaster technique. Larvae were cultured from feces to identify the nematode genera. For the analysis of associated factors and parasite burden, data means, medians, and confidence intervals were compared. A georeferenced data analysis was performed and an epidemiological map was constructed. An overall prevalence of 88.2% was found, with the highest prevalence and parasite burden for Strongylida (83.2%) and Strongyloides (41%) nematodes. The mean parasite burden was 1255 eggs per gram. The gastrointestinal nematode genera identified were Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, and Cooperia. In general, a significant association was found between parasite burden and dewormed animals, anthelmintic used, date of last deworming, and breeds. The FAMACHA® method and body condition showed a significant association with the Strongylida parasite burden. Clusters with higher intensity of gastrointestinal nematode burden and high prevalence were observed in the regions of Bajo Sinú, Sinú Medio, and San Jorge.

Gestational diabetes in twin pregnancy: A predictor of adverse fetomaternal outcomes?

AIM: To compare fetomaternal outcomes between GDM pregnant women with twin versus singleton pregnancies and then between women with GDM versus non-GDM twin pregnancies. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including GDM pregnant women with both twin and singleton pregnancies followed in our tertiary center between 2011 and 2018. The fetomaternal characteristics of each group were compared. We then compared women with GDM twin pregnancy followed at our institution between 2011 and 2018 to non-GDM twin pregnant women giving childbirth in 2018. RESULTS: A total of 1127 GDM pregnant women were evaluated: 42 with twin pregnancy and 1085 with singleton pregnancy. Preeclampsia (14.3% vs. 3.3%, p < 0.001) and cesarean delivery (76.2% vs. 36.9%, p < 0.001) were more frequent among women with twin pregnancy. Neonatal morbidity was also more common among neonates delivered from twin pregnant women, including preterm labor (73.8% vs. 7.8%, p < 0.001), hypoglycemia (6% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.043), hyperbilirubinemia (33.3% vs. 9.0%, p < 0.001), RDS (28.6% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.001), admission in NICU (32.1% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001) and SGA (19.0% vs. 11.0%, p = 0.001). Overall there were no significant differences in fetomaternal morbidity parameters between GDM (n = 42) versus non-GDM (n = 83) twin pregnancies, although SGA infants were more frequent in the latter group (33.9% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: In GDM pregnant women, twin pregnancy seems to be associated with an increased prevalence of neonatal morbidity when compared to singleton pregnancy. On the other hand, in twin pregnancy, diagnosis of GDM does not seem to be associated with poorer fetomaternal outcomes. GDM seems to be protective for the occurrence of SGA neonates in twin pregnancies.

Third trimester HbA1c and the association with large-for-gestational-age neonates in women with gestational diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between HbA1c levels measured in the third trimester and the risk for large for gestational age (LGA) in neonates of mothers affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Secondarily, we aimed to identify an ideal cut-off for increased risk of LGA amongst pregnant women with GDM. Materials and methods: Observational retrospective review of singleton pregnant women with GDM evaluated in a diabetes and pregnancy clinic of a tertiary and academic hospital. From January/2011 to December/2017, 1,085 pregnant women underwent evaluation due to GDM, of which 665 had an HbA1c test in the third trimester. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate predictors of LGA. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification. Results: A total of 1,085 singleton pregnant women were evaluated during the study period, with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.3 years. In the multivariate analysis, OGTT at 0 minutes (OR: 1.040; CI 95% 1.006-1.076, p = 0.022) and third trimester HbA1c (OR: 4.680; CI 95% 1.210-18.107, p = 0.025) were associated with LGA newborns. Using a ROC curve to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification, the optimal HbA1c cut-off point was 5.4% where the sensitivity was 77.4% and the specificity was 71.7% (AUC 0.782; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Few studies in the Mediterranean population have evaluated the role of HbA1c in predicting neonatal complications in women with GDM. A third trimester HbA1c > 5.4% was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for identifying the risk of LGA.

Third trimester HbA1c and the association with large-for-gestational-age neonates in women with gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HbA1c levels measured in the third trimester and the risk for large for gestational age (LGA) in neonates of mothers affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Secondarily, we aimed to identify an ideal cut-off for increased risk of LGA amongst pregnant women with GDM. METHODS: Observational retrospective review of singleton pregnant women with GDM evaluated in a diabetes and pregnancy clinic of a tertiary and academic hospital. From January/2011 to December/2017, 1,085 pregnant women underwent evaluation due to GDM, of which 665 had an HbA1c test in the third trimester. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate predictors of LGA. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification. RESULTS: A total of 1,085 singleton pregnant women were evaluated during the study period, with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.3 years. In the multivariate analysis, OGTT at 0 minutes (OR: 1.040; CI 95% 1.006-1.076, p = 0.022) and third trimester HbA1c (OR: 4.680; CI 95% 1.210-18.107, p = 0.025) were associated with LGA newborns. Using a ROC curve to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification, the optimal HbA1c cut-off point was 5.4% where the sensitivity was 77.4% and the specificity was 71.7% (AUC 0.782; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Few studies in the Mediterranean population have evaluated the role of HbA1c in predicting neonatal complications in women with GDM. A third trimester HbA1c > 5.4% was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for identifying the risk of LGA.

Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Brazilian Residential Appliances towards a Rational Use of Energy.

This article proposes the utilization of the concepts of destroyed exergy and exergy efficiency for equipment and process performance indicators that are related to the current energy planning scenario in Brazil, more specifically with energy-efficiency labelling. Several indicators associated with these concepts are discussed, including one national program that is based on labeling the energy efficiency of several residential, commercial and industrial appliances. The grades are indicated in the equipment using values from A to G. This labeling system is useful for discriminating similar technologies used for the same function; nevertheless produced by different enterprises. For this complementary analysis, two types of refrigeration methods were compared, absorption and vapor compression; however, these energy indexes alone are not sufficient parameters to select among these two technologies, because their performance indexes definition are different. To address this, our research considers the second law of thermodynamics through exergy analysis as a proper sub-index to obtain a systematic comparison between these various indicators. It is significant to highlight that seldom research studies addressed to this problem so explicitly, in an actual governmental working solution, aiming at discussing to the society the advantage of the usage of the "quality of the energy" as a complementary index to governmental and personal choices. Results indicate that it is possible to use the destroyed exergy and exergy efficiency to help select the technology that better utilizes natural resources, considering the energy matrix of the country. Appliances for water heating and air conditioning were compared from energy and exergy viewpoint, where the last gave additional information about the quality of energy conversion process, giving a completely different trend from the energy analysis alone, without the necessity to think about the energy matrix. Later this issue is addressed from both points of view. Future studies may suggest an exergy based index. The energy efficiency suggests that electrical shower (values higher than 95%) are better than gas water heaters (83% ) in using natural resources, whereas the exergy efficiency shares similar magnitudes (about 3%). A related pattern is shown for the theoretical air conditioning systems. The vapor compression systems have an energy index higher than 3, and absorption systems lower than 1. For these circumstances, the exergy efficiency shows figures nearby 30%.

MuSK myasthenia gravis and pregnancy.

Muscle specific kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG, MuSK-MG) is a rare subgroup of MG affecting mainly women during childbearing years. We investigated the influence of pregnancy in the course of MuSK-MG and pregnancy outcomes in females with MuSK-MG. A multicentre cohort of 17 women with MuSK-MG was studied retrospectively; 13 of them with ≥1 pregnancy. MuSK-MG onset age was 35,4 years; 23,0% had other autoimmune disorder; 46,2% were treatment refractory. Thirteen women experienced 27 pregnancies, either after MG onset (group I) (n = 4; maternal age at conception = 29.8 years) or before MG onset (group II) (n = 23; maternal age at conception = 26.2 years). In group I pregnancy occurred in average 9.8 years after the MG onset; it occurred in average 17.0 years before MG in group II. In group I, all were on steroids at time of conception, one on azathioprine and another receiving IVIG regularly. There were mild exacerbations that responded to treatment adjustments. There were no relapses in the 12 months following the delivery. There was no pre-eclampsia, birth defects or stillbirths in either group; 3 miscarriages in group II. One case of neonatal MG was recorded. In this small series, pregnancy did not seem to precipitate MuSK-MG or to have a major influence in the MuSK-MG course, and there was no apparent negative impact in pregnancy outcomes in those where pregnancy followed the MG onset. The weight was lower in the newborn of the group I mothers, although none had low birth weight.

Myasthenia gravis in pregnancy: Experience of a portuguese center.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the clinical course during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of a cohort of Portuguese women with myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: Retrospective study. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with 30 pregnancies were included. Mean maternal age was 32.4 ± 4.1 years. Miscarriage rate was 6.7%, with delivery of 28 newborns. Deterioration in MG during pregnancy occurred in 43.3%, and 46.4% occurred at postpartum. Eighty percent were medicated with pyridostigmine, 43.3% with corticosteroids, and 40% with intravenous immunoglobulin. There were no maternal or neonatal deaths. Mean gestational time at delivery was 38.2 weeks. No cases of fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, or fetal demise were observed. Global cesarean rate was 64.3%. Two newborns developed transient neonatal myasthenia. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of clinical worsening of MG in the mother was observed in this retrospective study, which highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for avoiding maternal adverse outcomes. Muscle Nerve 54: 715-720, 2016.

Estadio de madurez sexual en toros de la raza nelore / State of Sexual Maturity of Nelore Bulls / Estádio de maturidade sexual em toros da raça nelore

La presente investigación se planteó con el objetivo de determinar el estado de madurez sexual de toros jóvenes de la raza nelore y su relación con el perímetro escrotal y las características seminales. Se estudiaron 1985 animales con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y los 23 meses de edad, alimentados con pasturas tropicales (Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbes y Panicum maximun) y evaluados a través de examen andrológico. Se valoraron las características físicas del eyaculado, la morfología espermática y el perímetro escrotal (PE). Tras el examen andrológico, los animales se clasificaron como aptos para la reproducción (clase andrológica 1); aptos para la reproducción en régimen de monta natural (clase 2); no aptos para la reproducción temporalmente (clase 3) y descartados (clase 5). Para comparar las medias encontradas entre las clases andrológicas se utilizaron dos pruebas: la de Tukey, con probabilidad del 5 % de error, y la de correlaciones simples de Pearson, para verificar las relaciones entre las características estudiadas. Se encontró que el 84,5 % de los toros son sexualmente maduros. El 39,75 % de los animales aptos para la reproducción presentó un PE mayor a 34 cm, y solo el 0,71 % de la población estudiada exhibió una circunferencia escrotal inferior a 28 cm. Se registraron correlaciones altas favorables entre PE y las características físicas del semen. Se concluye que el PE es una excelente característica para evaluar y seleccionar toros jóvenes de la raza nelore.

This research aimed to determine the state of sexual maturity of young Nelore bulls and its relation to scrotal circumference and seminal characteristics. 1985 animals (aged between 19 and 23 months), fed with tropical pastures (Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbes, and Panicum maximum), were evaluated through andrological examination. Physical characteristics of the ejaculate, sperm morphology and scrotal circumference (SC) were examined. After the andrological examination, animals were classified as suitable for reproduction (andrological class 1); suitable for reproduction in natural mating system (class 2); temporarily unsuitable for reproduction (class 3); and discarded (class 5). To compare the measurements found in different andrological classes, two tests were used: the Tukey test with 5% probability of error, and simple Pearson correlations to verify the relationships between the studied characteristics. 84.5% of the bulls were found to be sexually mature. 39.75% of the animals suitable for reproduction presented a SC greater than 34 cm, and only 0.71% of the study population showed a scrotal circumference less than 28 cm. Favorable high correlations between SC and the physical characteristics of semen were evidenced. The article concludes that scrotal circumference is an excellent characteristics for evaluating and selecting young Nelore bulls.

Esta pesquisa foi proposta com o objetivo de determinar o estado de maturidade sexual de touros jovens da raça nelore e sua relação com o perímetro escrotal e as características seminais. Realizou-se um estudo com 1985 animais com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 23 meses de idade, alimentados com pastagens tropicais (Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbes e Panicum maximun) e avaliados através de exame andrológico. Avaliaram-se as características físicas do ejaculado, a morfologia espermática e o perímetro escrotal (PE). Depois do exame andrológico, os animais se classificaram como aptos para a reprodução (tipo andrológica 1); aptos para a reprodução em regime de monta natural (tipo 2); não aptos para a reprodução temporariamente (tipo 3) e descartados (tipo 5). Para comparar as médias encontradas entre os tipos andrológicos se utilizaram dois testes: o de Tukey, com probabilidade de 5 % de erro, e a de correlações simples de Pearson, para verificar as relações entre as características estudadas. Encontrou-se que o 84,5 % dos touros são sexualmente maduros. O 39,75 % dos animais aptos para a reprodução apresentou um PE superior a 34 cm, e somente o 0,71 % da população estudada exibiu uma circunferência escrotal inferior a 28 cm. Registraram-se correlações altas favoráveis entre PE e as características físicas do sêmen. Conclui-se que o PE é uma excelente característica para avaliar e selecionar touros jovens da raça nelore.

Heritabilities, correlations, and genetic trends for reproductive traits of a multiracial cattle population in Colombia / Heredabilidades, correlaciones y tendencias genéticas para características reproductivas en una población bovina multirracial en Colombia / Herdabilidades, correlações e tendências genéticas para características reprodutivas em uma população multirracial na Colômbia

The aim of this study was to estimate heritabilities, genetic correlations, heterosis and genetic trends for reproductive traits in a multiracial Angus-Brahman cattle population in the Colombian tropics. Records of age at first calving (EPP), first calving interval (PIEP) and second calving interval (SIEP) were evaluated from years 1993 to 2009. Data were analyzed using a tree-characteristic model that included the fixed effects of contemporary group (year-season for EPP, year-season-sex for PIEP and SIEP), direct additive genetic fixed effects of breed, individual heterosis; and direct additive genetic random effect of the animal, as well as the residual random effect. The variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method, using the AIREML program. The estimated means were 38.5 ± 6.0, 18.4 ± 3.7, and 17.6 ± 2.77 months for EPP, PIEP and SIEP, respectively. The estimated heritabilities were 0.32 ± 0.09 for EPP, 0.04 ± 0.01 for PIEP, and 0.14 ± 0.05 for SIEP. A low and negative genetic correlation between direct effects for EPP and SIEP (-0.07 ± 0.23) was found. Genetic trend for EPP and SIEP was not significant (p>0.05), while it was significant (p≤0.05) for PIEP, although close to zero. The EPP heritability estimate suggests that genetic progress can be achieved for this feature through selection in few generations. Genetic trends indicate that the selection intensity applied to this multiracial population was not enough to influence its breeding values during the studied period.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las heredabilidades, correlaciones genéticas, heterosis y tendencias genéticas para características reproductivas en una población bovina multirracial Angus-Brahman en el trópico bajo colombiano. Se evaluaron registros de edad al primer parto (EPP), primer intervalo entre partos (PIEP) y segundo intervalo entre partos (SIEP), desde el año 1993 hasta 2009. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo tricarácter que incluyó los efectos fijos de grupo contemporáneo (año-época para EPP; año-época-sexo para PIEP y SIEP), efectos fijo genético aditivo directo de raza, heterosis individual; y los efectos aleatorios genéticos aditivos directos del animal y residual. Los componentes de varianza se estimaron por el método de máxima verosimilitud restringida, mediante el programa AIREML. Las medias estimadas fueron de 38,5 ± 6,0, 18,4 ± 3,7 y 17,6 ± 2,77 meses para EPP, PIEP y SIEP, respectivamente. Las heredabilidades estimadas fueron 0,32 ± 0,09 para EPP, 0,04 ± 0,01 para PIEP y 0,14 ± 0,05 para SIEP. Se encontró una baja correlación genética negativa entre efectos directos para EPPSIEP (-0,07 ± 0,23). Las tendencias genéticas para EPP y SIEP fueron no significativas (p>0,05), mientras que para PIEP fue significativa (p≤0,05), pero cercana a cero. El estimativo de heredabilidad para EPP, sugiere que a través de la selección en pocas generaciones se puede lograr progreso genético para esta característica en la población estudiada. Las tendencias genéticas indican que, la intensidad de selección aplicada a esta población multirracial no fue suficiente para influir sobre los valores de cría durante los años de estudio.

O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar as herdabilidades, correlações genéticas, heterose e tendências genéticas para características reprodutivas em uma população bovina multirracial Angus-Brahman no trópico baixo colombiano. Avaliaram-se registros de idade ao primeiro parto (EPP), primeiro intervalo entre partos (PIEP) e segundo intervalo entre partos (SIEP), desde 1993 até 2009. Os dados foram analisados mediante um modelo tricaráter que incluiu os efeitos fixos do grupo contemporâneo (anoépoca para EPP, ano-época-sexo para PIEP e SIEP), efeito fixo genético aditivo direto da raça, heterose individual e os efeitos aleatórios genéticos aditivos diretos do animal e residual. Os componentes de variância estimaram-se pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, mediante o programa AIREML. As medias estimadas foram de 38,5 ± 6,0, 18,4 ± 3,7 e 17,6 ± 2,77 meses para EPP, PIEP e SIEP, respectivamente. As herdabilidades estimadas foram, EPP= 0,32 ± 0,09; PIEP= 0,04 ± 0,01; SIEP= 0,14 ± 0,05. Encontrou-se uma correlação genética negativa baixa entre os efeitos diretos para EPP-SIEP (-0,07 ± 0,23). As tendências genéticas para EPP e SIEP foram não significativas (p>0,05), enquanto que para PIEP foi significativa (p≤0,05), mas perto de cero. O estimativo de herdabilidade para EPP, sugere que a través da seleção em poucas gerações é possível lograr progresso genético para esta característica na população estudada. As tendências genéticas indicam que, a intensidade de seleção aplicada a esta população multirracial não foi suficiente para influir sob os valores de cria durante os anos de estudo.

Parámetros hematológicos en pollos de engorde criados en una granja de producción cerrada en el trópico bajo / Hematological Parameters in Broilers Reared in a Closed Production Farm in the Low Tropics / Parâmetros hematológicos em frangos de corte criados em uma granja de produção fechada no baixo trópico

El uso de la hematología y la química sanguínea se constituye en una herramienta muy útil para establecer un diagnóstico definitivo, para orientar y profundizar en la naturaleza de las situaciones fisiopatológicas que afectan a las aves. Varias enfermedades de aves de corral cambian los parámetros sanguíneos, los cuales son poco estudiados en Colombia. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar los grados de los parámetros hematológicos de sangre de pollos de engorde criados en condiciones experimentales de 1 a 42 días de edad. Las muestras de sangre fueron tomadas la segunda, la cuarta y la sexta semana de edad. Los resultados promedio fueron: hematocrito (PCV %), 27,53; hemoglobina (Hb g/dL), 9,20; volumen corpuscular medio (VCM fl), 43,10; concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM g/dL), 33,17; eritrocitos (Eri 10(6) µl), 6,98; leucocitos (Leu 10³ µl), 19,69; valores relativos absolutos de linfocitos (Lin %), 72,58; heterófilos (Het %), 35; monocitos (Mon %), 9,8; eosinófilos (Eos %), 17,8, y basófilos (Bas %), 1,08. Dichos resultados se encuentran dentro de los rangos normales, y presentan unas pequeñas variaciones que pueden atribuirse a las condiciones de confinamiento y ambientales. Por lo tanto, se necesitan más estudios sobre este tema en la región.

Hematology and blood chemistry are useful tools to establish a definitive diagnosis, to guide and explore the nature of pathophysiological situations that affect birds. Several diseases of poultry can change blood parameters, which are little studied in Colombia. This study aims to determine degrees of blood hematological parameters in broilers (1-42 days old) reared under experimental conditions. Blood samples were taken during the second, fourth and sixth weeks of age. Average results were: hematocrit (PCV %): 27.53; hemoglobin (Hb g/dL): 9.20; mean corpuscular volume (MCV fl): 43.10; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC g/dL): 33.17; erythrocytes (Eri 10(6) µl): 6.98; leukocytes (Leu 10³ µL): 19.69; absolute relative values for lymphocyte (Lin %): 72.58; heterophile (Het %): 35; monocytes (Mon %): 9.8; eosinophils (Eos %): 17.8, and basophils (Bas %): 1.08. These results are within normal ranges, and present small variations attributable to environmental conditions and to those of confinement. Therefore, further studies are needed on this topic in the region.

O uso da hematologia e da química sanguínea se constitui uma ferramenta muito útil para estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo, para orientar e para aprofundar na natureza das situações fisiopatológicas que afetam as aves. Várias doenças de aves de curral mudam os parâmetros sanguíneos, os quais são pouco estudados na Colômbia. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os graus dos parâmetros hematológicos de sangue de frangos de corte criados em condições experimentais de 1 a 42 dias de idade. As amostras de sangue foram tomadas na segunda, quarta e sexta semana de idade. Os resultados em média foram hematócrito (PCV %): 27,53; hemoglobina (Hb g/dL): 9,20; volume corpuscular médio (VCM fl): 43,10; concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM g/dL): 33,17; eritrócitos (Eri 10(6) µl): 6,98; leucócitos (Leu 10³ µL): 19,69; valores relativos absolutos de linfócitos (Lin %): 72,58; heterofilos (Het %): 35; monócitos (Mon %): 9,8; eosinófilos (Eos %): 17,8, e basófilos (Bas %): 1,08. Estes resultados se encontram dentro dos rangos normais, e apresentam umas pequenas variações que podem atribuir-se às condições de confinamiento e ambientais. Portanto, são necessários mais estudos sobre este tema na região.

Variación de las concentraciones séricas de glucosa y proteínas durante el día en ovinos de diferente sexo / Variation of Serum Levels of Glucose and Protein During the Day in Sheep of Different Sex / Variação das concentrações séricas de glucose e proteínas durante o dia em ovinos de diferente sexo

Con el propósito de determinar el efecto de la hora de muestreo y del sexo en las concentraciones de glucosa y proteínas totales, se monitorearon seis ovinos criollos colombianos durante 3 días. Se tomaron muestras de sangre mediante venopunción yugular, previa asepsia, y se almacenaron a -20°C para su posterior procesamiento mediante espectofotometría. Los resultados se tabularon en Excel y analizaron mediante el programa estadístico SAS 9.1. Los valores promedios encontrados fueron: glucosa 75,57 ± 27,5 mg/dL en hembras y 83,70 ± 37,7 mg/dL en machos; proteínas totales 8,47 ± 2,76 g/dL para las hembras y 7,14 ± 3,26 g/dL para los machos; albúmina 4,29 ± 1,41 g/dL en hembras y 3,83 ± 1,46 g/dL en machos; globulinas 4,62 ± 2,35 g/dL en hembras y 3,92 ± 2,45 g/dL en machos. Tanto el día como la hora de muestreo afectaron las concentraciones séricas de los metabolitos evaluados (p < 0,05). Así mismo, hubo variación de estos respecto al sexo (p < 0,05) de los animales.

In order to establish the effect of sampling hour and sex on blood glucose levels and total protein, there were monitored six Colombian native sheep for 3 days. The blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture, after asepsis and stored at -20°C to its subsequent processing through Spectrophotometry. The results were tabulated in Excel and analyzed using statistical program SAS 9.1. The mean values found were: glucose 75.57 ± 27.5 mg/dL for females and 83.70 ± 37.7 mg/dL for males; total protein 8.47 ± 2.76 g/dL for females and 7.14 ± 3.26 g/dL for males; albumin 4.29 ± 1.41 g/dL for females and 3.83 ± 1.46 g/dL for males; globulin 4.62 ± 2.35 g/dL for females and 3.92 ± 2.45 g/dL for males. The day and the hour of sampling affect serum concentrations (p < 0.05) of evaluated metabolites, also there was variation of themself regarding sex (p < 0.05).

Com o propósito de determinar o efeito da hora de amostragem e do sexo nas concentrações de glucose e proteínas totais, se monitoraram seis ovinos "criollos" colombianos durante 3 dias. Tomaram-se amostras de sangre mediante punção venosa jugular, prévia assepsia, e se armazenaram a -20°C para o seu posterior processamento mediante espectrofotometria. Os resultados se tabularam em Excel e analisaram mediante o programa estatístico SAS 9.1. Os valores médios encontrados foram: glucose 75,57 ± 27,5 mg/dL em fêmeas e 83,70 ± 37,7 mg/dL em machos; proteínas totais 8,47 ± 2,76 g/dL para as fêmeas e 7,14 ± 3,26 g/dL para os machos; albumina 4,29 ± 1,41 g/dL em fêmeas e 3,83 ± 1,46 g/dL em machos; globulinas 4,62 ± 2,35 g/dL em fêmeas e 3,92 ± 2,45 g/dL em machos. Tanto o dia como a hora de amostragem afetaram as concentrações séricas dos metabolitos avaliados (p < 0,05). Da mesma forma, houve variação destes com relação ao sexo (p < 0,05) dos animais.

Hydraulic connectivity from roots to branches depicted through sap flow: analysis on a Quercus suber tree.

The topology of the xylem network is likely to affect the transport of water, propagation of embolism and plant survival and growth. Few studies have been conducted on the hydraulics of the entire water pathway in trees. We evaluated the hydraulic connections from roots to branches in a mature Quercus suber L. tree, through sap flow responses upon branch severing. Sap flow was recorded in branches, stem and roots by the heat field deformation (HFD) method. Results showed that roots, except for the taproot, were hydraulically connected to all branches, but the rest of the tree (stem, branches and taproot) was highly sectored. In the large roots that showed an integrated response to branch severing, the outer xylem was preferentially connected to the same side branch and the inner xylem to the opposite branch. The hydraulic sectoriality in branches, stem and taproot may be regarded as an adaptive trait to water stress. The integrated hydraulic structure of roots is advantageous under patchy soil conditions, but may allow the spread of root diseases. The HFD sap flow method proved extremely useful to calculate xylem flux connectivity between different organs of a large tree, providing a comprehensive picture of its hydraulic architecture.

Increased FasL expression correlates with apoptotic changes in granulocytes cultured with oxidized clozapine.

Clozapine has been associated with a 1% incidence of agranulocytosis. The formation of an oxidized intermediate clozapine metabolite has been implicated in direct polymorphonuclear (PMN) toxicity. We utilized two separate systems to analyze the role of oxidized clozapine in inducing apoptosis in treated cells. Human PMN cells incubated with clozapine (0-10 microM) in the presence of 0.1 mM H2O2 demonstrated a progressive decrease of surface CD16 expression along with increased apoptosis. RT-PCR analysis showed decreased CD16 but increased FasL gene expression in clozapine-treated PMN cells. No change in constitutive Fas expression was observed in treated cells. In HL-60 cells induced to differentiate with retinoic acid (RA), a similar increase in FasL expression, but no associated changes in CD16 gene expression, was observed following clozapine treatments. Our results demonstrate increased FasL gene expression in oxidized clozapine-induced apoptotic neutrophils suggesting that apoptosis in granulocytes treated with clozapine involves Fas/FasL interaction that initiates a cascade of events leading to clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.

Improved outcome in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia predicted by KIR and HLA genotypes.

Inhibitory killer immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (KIRs) recognize HLA-C and -B epitopes on target cells, thereby regulating natural killer (NK) cell activity. In 178 patients receiving T-cell-depleted HLA-identical sibling transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), analysis of donor KIR genotype with HLA genotype demonstrated that 62.9% of the patients lacked an HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR. Lack of HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR (missing KIR ligand) had no effect on disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), or relapse in patients receiving transplants for CML and ALL. In patients with AML and MDS, however, there was a significant missing KIR ligand effect on DFS (P = .014; hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.28-0.88) and OS (P = .03; HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.3-0.93). Incidence of relapse was also lower in patients with AML and MDS who lacked the HLA ligand for donor-inhibitory KIR (P = .04; HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.18-0.97). AML and MDS patients lacking 2 HLA ligands for donor-inhibitory KIR had the highest DFS (P = .002) and OS (P = .003). There was no significant contribution of donor-activating KIR to transplantation outcome in these patients. These data indicate that the absence of class I ligand in the recipient for donor-inhibitory KIR can be a prognostic factor for transplantation outcome in HLA-identical sibling transplantation and that the lack of HLA-C or -B ligands for donor-inhibitory KIR can contribute to improved outcomes for patients with AML and MDS.

Felbamate-induced apoptosis of hematopoietic cells is mediated by redox-sensitive and redox-independent pathways.

Felbamate (FBM; 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is an approved antiepileptic drug shown to be effective in a variety of seizure disorders refractory to other treatments. However, its use has been restricted because of association with occurrence of rare cases of aplastic anemia and hepatic failure. Since it was shown that FBM metabolism requires glutathione (GSH), we used two experimental protocols to determine if the effects of specific metabolites were sensitive to redox pathways. FBM and its metabolite W873 (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol monocarbamate), at 0.1 mg/ml, induced increased apoptosis of bone marrow cells from B10.AKM mice as compared with B10.BR mice. Study of the effects of the drug on human promonocytic cell line U937 cells showed that FBM and the metabolite W2986 [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3 propanediol dicarbamate], at higher concentrations (0.5 mg/ml), induced apoptosis in this cell line. We also observed that while FBM and its metabolites induced increased apoptosis of B cells with reduced intracellular GSH levels, addition of exogenous GSH decreased apoptosis induced by W873 but did not significantly affect apoptosis induced by FBM or W2986. Our results suggest that, at concentrations used during the present investigations, FBM metabolites induce apoptosis via redox-sensitive and redox-independent pathways.