Patient perception of orthodontists with different stereotypes: development, psychometric properties, and application of an assessment instrument.

INTRODUCTION: This research aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire that considers social judgments and, through its application, assesses whether the presence of piercings, tattoos, beards, and loose hair visible in the face and neck region reflect on the patient perception regarding characteristics of the orthodontist's professional scope. METHODS: The developed questionnaire had its psychometric properties evaluated and was applied to 220 young people and adults, aged 18-70 years, who responded according to their perception of 12 manipulated images of orthodontists with different stereotypes, considering the following items: hygiene, care, punctuality, experience and knowledge in orthodontics. RESULTS: The developed questionnaire showed high acceptability, confirmed reliability and validity of the construct, and satisfactory internal consistency. The stereotype interfered with the perception of professionalism (P <0.01), in which the orthodontist with combined characteristics (beard/loose hair, piercing, earrings, and tattoo) obtained the lowest mean scores, both for each item of the questionnaire individually (P <0.01) and in total (P <0.01). Health professional (P = 0.427) and educational level (P = 0.285) status did not influence the perception; however, there was a significant difference for the age groups (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The developed questionnaire proved to be valid and reliable for application. Orthodontists with piercings and tattoos on the face and neck were considered less professional. Being a health professional and educational level status did not influence the perception. However, older subjects (aged 51-70 years) were more critical in judging stereotypes than younger subjects (aged 18-30 years).

Triagem do risco da síndrome da apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) na população adulta em tratamento ortodôntico e associação com a morfologia das vias aéreas superioreso / Risk screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) in the adult population undergoing orthodontic treatment and association with upper airway morphology

A Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é o distúrbio do sono encontrado em cerca de 30% da população adulta brasileira, considerado como um grande problema de saúde pública. É caracterizada por episódios repetitivos de obstrução total (apneia) ou parcial (hipopneia) das vias aéreas superiores enquanto o indivíduo dorme, resultando em dessaturação de oxigênio e microdespertares do sono. Este estudo investigativo transversal, objetivou avaliar através da aplicação dos Questionários STOP-BANG e Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, o risco de ser portador da SAOS e a qualidade do sono de indivíduos adultos em tratamento ortodôntico; além de identificar as anormalidades no tamanho e forma das vias aéreas destes que se correlacionam com a possível presença da doença, através da comparação das medidas obtidas a partir de suas tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico. Para coleta dos dados, foi utilizado questionário virtual transportado para a plataforma online (Google Docs), gerando link de acesso que foi enviado por e-mail aos 33 participantes voluntários. O questionário foi composto de três partes que objetivaram selecionar, e caracterizar a amostra, além de conter os questionários STOP-BANG e Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. O software Dolphin (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, versão 11.7 Chatsworth, Califórnia, EUA) foi usado para avaliar o volume e a morfologia da nasofaringe, orofaringe e hipofaringe (NF, OF, HF). A normalidade das variáveis quantitativas foi testada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk e homocedasticidade pelo teste de Levene, modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram construídos para testar associações entre variáveis de interesse. Como resultado, observou-se alto risco de SAOS em 33,3% dos pacientes; 78,8% dos pacientes apresentaram qualidade do sono comprometida; a análise de regressão linear evidenciou associação negativa entre risco de SAOS e o volume total da orofaringe (p=0,045), bem como revelou associação entre a qualidade do sono e o risco de SAOS (p=0,020). Assim, concluiu-se o risco alto de SAOS foi bastante comum em 1/3 da amostra; a maioria dos pacientes apresentou qualidade do sono comprometida (qualidade baixa ou distúrbio do sono); quanto maior o risco de SAOS pior foi a qualidade do sono e menor o volume da orofaringe. (AU)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is the sleep disorder found in about 30% of the Brazilian adult population, considered a major public health problem. It is characterized by repetitive episodes of total (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) upper airway obstruction while the individual sleeps, resulting in oxygen desaturation and awakenings from sleep. This research aimed to evaluate, through the application of the STOP-BANG Questionnaires and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the risk of having OSAS and the sleep quality of adults undergoing orthodontic treatment, in addition to identifying abnormalities in size and shape of the airways of these individuals that correlate with the possible presence of the disease, by comparing the measurements of their cone-beam computed tomography. This was a crosssectional investigative study. For data collection, a virtual questionnaire transported to the online platform (Google Docs) was used, generating an access link that was sent by email to the 33 volunteer participants. The questionnaire was composed of 3 parts that aimed to select (according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria), and to characterize the sample, in addition to containing the STOP-BANG questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. A Software (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, version 11.7 Chatsworth, California, USA) was used to assess the volume and morphology of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx (NP, OP, HP). The normality of quantitative variables was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test and homoscedasticity using the Levene test. Multiple linear regression models were built to test associations between variables of interest. As a result, a high risk of OSAS was observed in 33.3% of patients; 78.8% of the patients had compromised sleep quality; linear regression analysis showed a negative association between the risk of OSAS and the total volume of the oropharynx (p=0.045), as well as revealing an association between sleep quality and the risk of OSAS (p=0.020). Thus, it was concluded that the high risk of OSAS was quite common; most patients had compromised sleep quality (low quality or sleep disorder); as higher is the risk of OSAS, as worse is the quality of sleep and lower is the volume of the oropharynx. (AU)