Análise e gerenciamento de efluentes de serviços de radiologia / Analysis and management of effluents from radiology departments

OBJETIVO: Com o intuito de prevenir e minimizar os riscos de ocorrência de danos ambientais, foram avaliados a manipulação e o destino final dos rejeitos e foi elaborado um modelo de gestão para serviços de radiodiagnóstico que visa à obtenção de recursos para o setor. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados a manipulação e os rejeitos, baseados em análises de amostras de efluentes das processadoras automáticas de filmes de serviços de radiologia. Foi feita uma análise econômica da viabilidade do modelo proposto. RESULTADOS: As observações in loco enfatizam que os princípios da gestão devem ser obedecidos, ou seja, os componentes dos efluentes (revelador, fixador e água de lavagem) necessitam ser tratados convenientemente antes de serem lançados direta ou indiretamente no meio ambiente, o que não ocorre. A análise econômica confirmou que a receita resultante da comercialização da prata (que varia de 3,5 a 10,2 g/l), recuperada a partir do fixador usado, acrescida da economia proporcionada pela reciclagem do fixador após seu beneficiamento, na pior das hipóteses (quando existe concentração de prata no fixador igual a 3,5 g/l) é suficiente para que toda a despesa correspondente à sua implantação seja paga. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de gestão proposto demonstra que o reprocessamento do fixador pode ser uma escolha adequada para solucionar os problemas ambientais e financeiros desses serviços. O modelo proposto poderá se tornar, além de ecologicamente correto, uma fonte de recursos para os setores de diagnóstico por imagem e pode ser aplicado a outras instituições, em face da semelhança de problemas e recursos.

OBJECTIVE: With the aim of reducing and preventing environmental damages, handling and disposing practices of chemical effluents from radiology departments were investigated and a service management model was created in order to obtain financial resources for the department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed model, based on the evaluation of chemical effluents from automatic processors of radiographic films, showed that fixer reprocessing can be an adequate choice to solve environmental and financial problems in these departments. This model also emphasizes that compliance with management guidelines should be observed, i.e. other effluents (developer and water) must be chemically treated before disposal in the natural environment. The economical analysis has confirmed that the income originated from commercializing the silver (of which concentration ranges from 3.5 to 10.2 g/l), recovered from the used fixer, in addition to the income from the reuse of the fixer (after its recovery), is in the worst scenario (when the silver concentration is 3.5 g/l) enough to cover all the expenses with the implementation of the project. CONCLUSION: The proposed model can be a good choice for solution of environmental and financial problems. Moreover, it is ecologically correct, a potential source of financial resources to radiology departments, and can be applied to other institutions due to the similarity of problems and resources.

The effect of superoxide dismutase deficiency on cadmium stress.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strains deficient in superoxide dismutase (Sod), an antioxidant enzyme, were used to analyze cadmium absorption and the oxidation produced by it. Cells lacking the cytosolic Sod1 removed twice as much cadmium as the control strain, while those deficient in the mitochondrial Sod2 exhibited poor metal absorption. Interestingly, the sod1 mutant did not become more oxidized after exposure to cadmium, as opposed to the control strain. We observed that the deficiency of Sod1 increases the expression of both Cup1 (a metallothionein) and Ycf1 (a vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate pump), proteins involved with protection against cadmium. Furthermore, when sod1 cells were exposed to cadmium, the ratio glutathione oxidized/glutathione reduced did not increase as expected. We propose that a high level of metallothionein expression would relieve glutathione under cadmium stress, while an increased level of Ycf1 expression would favor compartmentalization of this metal into the vacuole. Both conditions would reduce the level of glutathione-cadmium complex in cytosol, contributing to the high capacity of absorbing cadmium by the sod1 strain. Previous results showed that the glutathione-cadmium complex regulates cadmium uptake. These results indicate that, even indirectly, metallothionein also regulates cadmium transport.