Repercusiones de la pandemia por COVID-19 en una población de pacientes EPOC

Resumen: Introducción: En 2020 y 2021 la pandemia por COVID-19 tuvo repercusiones a nivel mundial. Los pacientes EPOC constituyen un grupo de riesgo para sufrir enfermedad grave por COVID-19. Las medidas sanitarias recomendadas por la OMS resultaron eficaces para disminuir tanto la propagación del SARS-CoV2 como la de otros virus respiratorios. Objetivo: Determinar las repercusiones de las medidas sanitarias tomadas para mitigar los efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en una población de pacientes EPOC durante el año 2020. Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico, longitudinal, retrospectivo de cohorte histórica. Incluyó a los 126 pacientes asistidos en la policlínica de EPOC entre el 13 de marzo de 2018 y el 12 de marzo de 2021. Se seleccionó una muestra por conveniencia que consideró a aquellos pacientes con diagnóstico espirométrico de EPOC, que se hubieran atendido al menos una vez en el período intra-pandemia (13/03/2020 - 12/03/2021) y que tuvieran al menos una consulta constatada en la historia clínica electrónica en el período pre-pandemia (13/03/2018 - 12/03/2020). Se obtuvieron datos mediante la revisión de historias clínicas y una encuesta telefónica. Resultados: 43 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La media de exacerbaciones por paciente pre-pandemia e intra-pandemia fue 2.14 y 1.53 respectivamente, existiendo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.016). En ambos períodos predominó la causa infecciosa y las exacerbaciones leves. En el período intra-pandemia no hubo exacerbaciones severas. De los 36 pacientes encuestados, la gran mayoría cumplió con las medidas sanitarias recomendadas y se manifestó satisfecho con la atención telefónica recibida. Conclusiones: Las medidas sanitarias implementadas durante la pandemia por COVID-19 impresionan ser efectivas para disminuir las exacerbaciones de enfermedades crónicas como la EPOC debidas a la transmisión de patógenos respiratorios. La asistencia telefónica resulta una buena opción en términos de satisfacción asistencial.

Abstract: Introduction: In 2020 and 2021 the COVID-19 pandemic had worldwide consequences. COPD patients are at risk of suffering severe COVID-19 disease. The WHO´s public health recommended measures were successful in reducing the spread of both SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory viruses. Objective: To determine the consequences of the implementation of public health measures to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in a population of COPD patients assisted at Hospital Pasteur during 2020. Methodology: Observational, analytical, longitudinal, retrospective historic cohort study. It included the 126 patients assisted at Hospital Pasteur´s COPD clinic between March 13th 2018 and March 12th 2021. A sample was selected by convenience; it considered those patients with spirometric COPD diagnosis, assisted at least once in the intrapandemic period (13/03/2020 - 12/03/2021) and with at least one registered visit in the electronic medical record in the prepandemic period (13/03/2018 - 12/03/2020). Data was obtained by the revision of medical records and through a telephone survey. Results: 43 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean of exacerbations per patient in the prepandemic and intrapandemic periods was 2.14 and 1.53 respectively, establishing a statistically significant difference (p=0.016). The infectious cause and mild exacerbations prevailed in both periods. In the intrapandemic period no severe exacerbations were registered. 36 patients answered the survey; the vast majority had complied with the public health recommended measures and were satisfied with the telephone assistance received. Conclusions: Public health measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic seem effective in reducing chronic diseases´ exacerbations produced by respiratory pathogens, like those due to COPD. Telephone assistance might be a good option where medical assistance satisfaction is concerned.

Resumo: Introdução: Em 2020 e 2021, a pandemia do COVID-19 teve repercussões globais. Os pacientes com DPOC constituem um grupo de risco para doença grave por COVID-19. As medidas de saúde recomendadas pela OMS foram eficazes na redução da propagação do SARS-CoV2 e de outros vírus respiratórios. Meta. Determinar as repercussões das medidas sanitárias adotadas para mitigar os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 em uma população de pacientes com DPOC durante o ano de 2020. Metodologia. Estudo observacional, analítico, longitudinal e retrospectivo de uma coorte histórica. incluiu todos os 126 pacientes atendidos na policlínica de DPOC entre 13 de março de 2018 e 12 de março de 2021. Foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência que considerou aqueles pacientes com diagnóstico espirométrico de DPOC, que haviam sido atendidos pelo menos uma vez no período intra-pandemia (03/13 /2020 - 12/03/2021) e que teve pelo menos uma consulta verificada no prontuário eletrônico no período pré-pandemia (13/03/2018 - 12/03/2020). Os dados foram obtidos por meio de revisão de prontuários e inquérito telefônico. Resultados. 43 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O número médio de exacerbações por paciente pré-pandêmico e intra-pandêmico foi de 2,14 e 1,53, respectivamente, com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,016). Em ambos os períodos, prevaleceu a causa infecciosa e as exacerbações leves. No período intrapandêmico não houve exacerbações graves. Dos 36 pacientes pesquisados, a grande maioria cumpriu as medidas de saúde preconizadas e manifestou satisfação com o atendimento telefônico recebido. Conclusões. As medidas de saúde implementadas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 parecem ser eficazes na redução das exacerbações de doenças crônicas, como a DPOC, devido à transmissão de patógenos respiratórios. O suporte telefônico é uma boa opção em termos de satisfação com o atendimento.

Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine on Pregnancy Failure in Beef Cows.

This study evaluates whether the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination increases pregnancy failures in Bos taurus beef cows. A total of 3,379 cows were assigned to two experimental groups to receive (n = 1,722) or not receive (n = 1,657) a FMD vaccine (commercial preparation containing FMD virus, O1 Campos and A24 Cruzeiro) at different gestational age. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography at vaccination time (Day 0), and the cows were classified by days of pregnancy as follows: (a) <29 days after mating (presumed pregnant cows, n = 778), (b) between 30 and 44 days of pregnancy (n = 1,100), (c) 45 and 59 days of pregnancy (n = 553), and (d) between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy (n = 948). Pregnancy failure was determined 30 days after vaccination by a second ultrasound examination. Cows that were vaccinated within 29 days after mating had a 7.8% greater pregnancy failure rate than non-vaccinated cows (44.1%, 163/370 vs. 36.3%, 148/408, respectively; P <0.05). Cows vaccinated between 30 and 44 days of gestation had a pregnancy failure rate greater than non-vaccinated cows (4.9%, 28/576 vs. 2.5%, 13/524, respectively; P <0.05). When cows received the vaccine between days 45 and 90 of gestation no differences in pregnancy failure were observed (0.8%, 6/776 vs. 1.2%, 9/725, respectively; P = NS). Body temperature and local adverse reactions to vaccine inoculation were recorded in a subset of 152 multiparous cows. Hyperthermia (>39.5°C) was detected on Day 1 or 2 in 28.0% (21/75) of vaccinated vs. 7.8% (6/77) of non-vaccinated cows (P <0.01). Local adverse reaction to the FMD vaccine inoculation increased from 0.0% (0/75) on Day 0, to 15.7% (11/75) on Day 4, and 38.7% (29/75) on Day 10 (P <0.01). On Day 30 local reaction was detected in 10.5% (34/323) and fell to 2.2% on Day 60 (7/323) post vaccination (P <0.01). In conclusion, FMD vaccine increases pregnancy failure when it is administered before 45 days of gestation, an effect that was associated with hyperthermia and local adverse reaction. No effect on pregnancy failure was found when vaccination was performed after 45 days of gestation.