RESUMO
Objetivo. Identificar y describir las necesidades y las características de los pacientes intervenidos de patología quirúrgica y describir un modelo de «paciente tipo» quirúrgico. Método. Se realizó un estudio transversal para describir un paciente tipo quirúrgico, formado por una o más tipologías con características y/o necesidades similares. La población de estudio fueron los pacientes ingresados en las plantas de hospitalización quirúrgicas de un hospital general, en un período de 10 meses. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, grado de autonomía y necesidades según V. Henderson mediante una entrevista llevada a cabo durante el postoperatorio. Se realizaron análisis univariante, descriptivo estratificado y de correspondencias múltiples. Resultados. Participaron 270 pacientes de mediana o de baja complejidad, de diferentes especialidades quirúrgicas. Durante el proceso quirúrgico (preoperatorio y postoperatorio) casi la mitad de los pacientes se hipotensaban, la frecuencia cardíaca no sufría cambios significativos y no variaba el riesgo de sufrir úlceras por presión según la escala de Norton. Un primer análisis estadístico clasificó a los pacientes quirúrgicos en 5 grupos y mostró la relación existente entre el grado de autonomía mediante el índice de Barthel, y el número de problemas personales de los pacientes según el modelo de Henderson. Posteriormente, el análisis de conglomerados clasificó a los pacientes quirúrgicos en 4 clases o tipos que explicaban el 70% de la varianza total. Conclusiones. Se ha identificado mediante el modelo de Henderson un «paciente tipo» formado por 4 clases. Se plantea su uso para facilitar el cuidado de los pacientes de mediana o de baja complejidad quirúrgica de diferentes especialidades(AU)
Objective. To describe a model of surgical patient type by identifying the needs and characteristics of surgical patients. Method. We performed a cross-sectional study of surgical patients with one or more diseases and similar needs and/or characteristics admitted to the surgical wards of a general hospital over a 10-month period. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic and clinical data, degree of autonomy, and Virginia Henderson′s needs, which were identified through an interview performed in the postoperative period. Univariate analysis, stratified descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis were performed. Results. A total of 270 medium- or low-complexity patients from different surgical specialities took part in the analysis. During the surgical process (pre- and post-operative), almost a half of the patients suffered from hypotension, heart rate showed no significant changes and the risk of developing a pressure ulcer was unmodified according to Norton's scale. The first statistical analysis classified the surgical patients into five groups and showed the relationship between the degree of autonomy (measured through Barthel's index) and the number of personal problems (assessed according to the Henderson model). A subsequent statistical analysis classified the patients into four groups or types, explaining 70% of the total variance. Conclusions. Through the use of Virginia Henderson's model, a surgical patient type composed of four different groups was identified. The results of this study may be useful in the care of low- and medium-complexity patients in distinct surgical specialities(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Seleção de Pacientes , Modelos de Enfermagem , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/enfermagem , Avaliação das Necessidades , Enfermagem Perioperatória/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe a model of surgical "patient type" by identifying the needs and characteristics of surgical patients. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study of surgical patients with one or more diseases and similar needs and/or characteristics admitted to the surgical wards of a general hospital over a 10-month period. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic and clinical data, degree of autonomy, and Virginia Henderson's needs, which were identified through an interview performed in the postoperative period. Univariate analysis, stratified descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 270 medium- or low-complexity patients from different surgical specialties took part in the analysis. During the surgical process (pre- and post-operative), almost a half of the patients suffered from hypotension, heart rate showed no significant changes and the risk of developing a pressure ulcer was unmodified according to Norton's scale. The first statistical analysis classified the surgical patients into five groups and showed the relationship between the degree of autonomy (measured through Barthel's index) and the number of personal problems (assessed according to the Henderson model). A subsequent statistical analysis classified the patients into four groups or types, explaining 70% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Through the use of Virginia Henderson's model, a surgical patient type composed of four different groups was identified. The results of this study may be useful in the care of low- and medium-complexity patients in distinct surgical specialties.
