Effects of high-intensity interval training on depressive and anxiety symptoms in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Although evidence regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on mental health has increased in recent years, there is still no consensus regarding the effects of HIIT on the symptoms of depression and anxiety in a healthy population. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on depressive and/or anxiety symptoms in healthy individuals. The following four databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis based on standardized mean difference (SMD). The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool, and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated based on recommendations GRADE. Eight RCTs evaluating 471 participants (81% female) were considered eligible for inclusion. The results of the meta-analysis showed that HIIT-based interventions had no significant effect on reducing anxiety (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI: -0.53, 0.19; p = 0.27) and depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI: -1.06, 0.30; p = 0.17) compared with the passive control group. In conclusion, HIIT does not improve symptoms of depression and anxiety in healthy individuals. This finding is based on evidence of very low certainty. Therefore, the evidence is still not consistent enough to support HIIT as a viable strategy to reduce both outcomes because of the limited number of included studies and the overall quality of evidence.

Rotura do tendão semimembranoso ­ Relato de caso de uma rara rotura tendínea / Semimembranous tendon rupture ­ Case report of a rare tendon rupture

Contexto: A rotura da inserção distal do tendão semimembranoso é uma lesão ocasionada no tendão de um dos músculos do grupo isquiotibiais, acarretando dor no joelho. Para o diagnóstico da lesão do tendão semimembranoso, a ressonância magnética é a principal modalidade de imagem. Descrição do caso: Homem de 63 anos acusa dor no joelho esquerdo há 1 semana. Apresenta melhora da dor com repouso e medicação. Ao exame físico, apresenta teste de Waldron positivo e testes de McMurray e Appley negativos, com edema articular, sem hematomas, apresentando limitação à movimentação devido à dor. A ressonância magnética apresenta a rotura do semimembranoso, e o tratamento foi realizado com medicação analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Discussão: Essa rotura é rara, e surge de uma força em valgo em uma perna hiperextendida externamente. O uso de esteroides anabolizantes pode aumentar o risco de rotura do tendão. Contudo, a ultrassonografia é um método de fácil acesso e é cada vez mais utilizada. O diagnóstico é realizado por meio de ressonância magnética. Seu tratamento pode ser realizado com anti-inflamatórios ou reparo cirúrgico. Conclusão: Relatamos um caso de rotura do tendão semimembranoso, composta por uma sintomatologia como dor no joelho, que pode ser tratada com anti-inflamatório ou reparo cirúrgico.

U-SMILE: a brief version of the Short Multidimensional Inventory on Lifestyle Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Lifestyle Medicine comprises six domains: diet, substance use, physical activity, stress management, social connection, and sleep. The comprehensive assessment of lifestyle is challenging, but the "Short Multidimensional Inventory on Lifestyle Evaluation" (SMILE) was developed to fill out this gap. In this paper, we describe the development and the psychometric properties (internal consistency, concurrent and convergent validity) of a shorter version of the SMILE among university students. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional study including 369 students from 10 Brazilian universities were used. Considering a theoretical nomological net, we performed exploratory factor analysis to obtain the most parsimonious, interpretable and good-fitting model. RESULTS: The final model was called U-SMILE, comprised 24 items, and presented acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.73, McDonald's ω = 0.79). To evaluate the concurrent validity of the U-SMILE, we compared it to the original SMILE and found a high correlation between the instruments (Spearman's r= 0.94). Furthermore, we evaluated convergent validity by examining the U-SMILE correlation with the PHQ-9 (Spearman's r= -0.517), and GAD-7 (Spearman's r= -0.356), two validated instruments to screen for depression and anxiety, respectively. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that the U-SMILE is a valid instrument for assessing lifestyle among university students. We recommend that the use of U-SMILE to evaluate overall lifestyle scores rather than individual domain scores. Finally, we discuss the importance of clarifying the definitions of lifestyle and related constructs in future research.

Examining the international bushmeat traffic in Belgium: A threat to conservation and public health.

The carriage of bushmeat into the European Union is an infringement of EU Animal Health and Wildlife Trade legislation and poses a threat to biodiversity and public health. To explore the nature and scale of the international bushmeat trade, seized leaking luggage and passengers arriving at Brussels Zaventem airport from sub-Saharan Africa between 2017 and 2018 were searched for "meat" (bushmeat and livestock) by border control authorities. Visual identification, radiography and genetic analysis were applied to derive information from seized specimens, including at least ten CITES-listed species. We estimate that an average of 3.9 t of bushmeat is smuggled monthly through Brussels. The average consignment of meat seized per passenger was 2.8 kg and 4 kg of bushmeat or domestic livestock meat, respectively. The international trafficking of bushmeat is evidently active, yet penalties are rarely enforced; hence we provide suggestions to simplify law enforcement procedures.

Psychometric properties of the Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) for Brazilian Basketball Referees / Propiedades psicométricas del Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) para Árbitros Brasileiros de Baloncesto / Propriedades psicométricas do Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) para Árbitros Brasileiros de Basquetebol

The main goal of this paper was to verify the psychometric properties of the Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) on Brazilian basketball referees. A total of 395 basketball referees were evaluated (age: 35.11 ± 9.18 years), of both gender (male = 319 and female = 76), with an average experience time of 12.34 ± 7.83 years, who answered demographic identification questionnaires, BIR and BRUMS. Factor validity was estimated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC) with the Maximum Likelihood estimation method. As homoscedasticity was rejected, the comparison between groups was performed using ANOVA with Welch's correction followed by the Games-Howell post-test. The correlation between the scores of the BIR-AB factors and the variables age and length of experience was assessed using Pearson's Correlation Analysis (r). The level of significance adopted was 5%. After the performance of the AFC and insertion of the second-order hierarchical model (MHSO), a new model was proposed, called BIR-AB (Burnout Inventory for Referees for Brazilian basketball referees), containing two negative dimensions (EFE and DES) and a positive (RE), with adequate adjustment indexes, acceptable and invariant reliability between the gender and in the test/validation sample and the divergent validity was attested. (AU)

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue verificar las propiedades psicométricas del Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) para los árbitros brasileños de baloncesto. Se evaluaron 395 árbitros de baloncesto (edad: 35,11 ± 9,18 años), de ambos sexos (hombre=319 y mujer=76), con tiempo de experiencia de 12,34 ± 7,83 años, que respondieron los cuestionarios de identificación demográfica, BIR e BRUMS. La validez factorial se estimóutilizando el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) con el método de estimación de Máxima Verosimilitud. Como se rechazó la homocedasticidad, la comparación entre los grupos se realizóutilizando ANOVA com la correción de Welch seguida de la prueba posterior Games-Howell. La correlación entre las puntuaciones de los factores BIR-AB y las variables edad y duración de la experiência se evaluó mediante el Análisis de Correlación de Pearson (r). El nível de significación adoptado fue del 5%. Después de la realización de la AFC y la inserción delmodelo jerárquico de segundo orden (MHSO), se propuso um nuevo modelo, llamado BIR-AB (Burnout Inventory for Referees para los árbitros de baloncesto brasileños), que contiene dos dimensiones negativas (EFE e DES) e una positiva (RE), con índices de ajuste adecuados, confiabilidad aceptable e invariante entre los sexos y en la muestra de puebra/validación y se confirmó la validez divergente. (AU)

O objetivo principal desse estudo foi verificar as propriedades psicométricas do Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) para árbitros brasileiros de basquetebol. Foram avaliados 395 árbitros de basquetebol (idade: 35,11 ± 9,18 anos), de ambos os sexos (masculino=319 e feminino=76), com tempo médio de experiência de 12,34 ± 7,83 anos, que responderam aos questionários de identificação demográfica, BIR e BRUMS. A validade fatorial foi estimada utilizando-se a Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC) com método de estimação da Máxima Verossimilhança. Como a homocedasticidade foi rejeitada, a comparação entre os grupos foi realizada por meio da ANOVA com correção de Welch seguido pelo pós-teste de Games-Howell. A correlação entre os escores dos fatores do BIR-AB e as variáveis idade e tempo de atuação foi avaliada a partir da Análise de Correlação de Pearson (r). O nível de significância adotado foi 5%. Após a realização da AFC e inserção do modelo hierárquico de segunda ordem (MHSO), um novo modelo foi proposto, chamado de BIR-AB (Burnout Inventory for Refereespara árbitros brasileiros de basquetebol), contendo duas dimensões negativas (EFE e DES) e uma positiva (RE), com índices adequados de ajustamento, confiabilidade aceitável e invariante entre os sexos e na amostra teste/validação e a validade divergente foiatestada. (AU)

Burnout and Coping Perceptions of Volleyball Players Throughout an Annual Sport Season.

Burnout is a psychological syndrome of reaction to chronic stress that occurs in athletes who feel exhausted by a sport activity that was previously pleasurable and enjoyable. One technique to prevent and control the syndrome is through coping, which is the ability to deal with stressful situations. In contrast to traditional cross-sectional approaches, this study aimed to investigate burnout and coping strategy characteristics over time and to analyze the relationship between burnout dimensions and coping strategies. Fifty-four high-level volleyball athletes (twenty-eight men and twenty-six women, age M = 25.57, SD = 4.72, range 18-35) completed paper-and-pencil measures of burnout and coping four times throughout a sport season. The Friedman test presented a significant increase in the reduced sense of athletic accomplishment (X2 = 20.58; p < 0.01) and sport devaluation (X2 = 19.83; p < 0.01) perceptions during the season. However, no coping differences were observed through the longitudinal analysis. Burnout dimensions showed a moderate inverse correlation to confidence/motivation at all measurement points during the season. Overall, the findings suggest that burnout perceptions increase as the season progresses, highlighting the relevance for the periodization of burnout prevention and control.

Effect of replacing forage sorghum silage with biomass sorghum silage in diets for F1 Holstein × Zebu lactating cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of forage sorghum silage (FS silage) with BRS 716 biomass sorghum silage (BRS 716 silage) in diet of F1 ½ Holstein × ½ Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, and milk yield and composition. The experimental design was in two 5 × 5 Latin squares, simultaneous, composed, each, by five animals, five treatments, and five experimental periods. The study included 10 cows with an initial body weight (BW) of 544 ± 12.84 and 88 ± 14 days of lactation at the beginning of the experiment. The treatments were defined by replacement FS silage at levels 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% with BRS 716 silage. The roughage:concentrate ratio in the total dry matter (DM) of the diets was 75:25. The replacement of FS silage with BRS 716 silage reduced (p < 0.01) the dry matter intake and digestibility of dry matter, but it had not changed average milk yield (12.68 kg/day; p = 0.94), feed efficiency, body weight, the score of body condition, and the average daily gain of the cows. The milk composition was not changed except casein/total protein in milk that decreased and that increased linearly milk urea nitrogen. The inclusion of BRS 716 silage increased the activities of rumination and chewing and decreased the periods of feeding and idleness. The replacement of up to 100% of FS silage with BRS 716 silage in the diet of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows does not alter average milk yield, despite changing diet intake and digestibility.

Prevalence of burnout syndrome and perception by playing position in professional football players

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the indicators of burnout, to determine whether playing position affects the perception of syndrome dimensions, and to identify burnout prevalence in professional football players. Methods: The participants were 100 professional football players (mean age 24.3 ± 4.6 years and meantime as a professional athlete of 9.2 ± 4.5 years) who were divided into three groups: 27 forwards, 34 midfielders, and 39 defenders. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. Results: The results show that a) the majority of athletes had low burnout indicators, b) there was no difference in the perception of burnout dimensions by playing position, and c) the prevalence of athletes with burnout, whether mild, moderate, or severe, was 13%. Conclusion: The variable of playing position was not a determinant of perception of burnout dimensions among the forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Nonetheless, the prevalence of burnout deserves attention, as the negative effects of this syndrome may exert impacts on health, well-being, and sports performance, making athletes more likely to abandon their sport.

Effects of physical activity on the mood states of young students / Efeitos da atividade física sobre os estados de humor de jovens estudantes

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of level of physical activity on perception of mood states among young students in the final grades of high school. The sample consisted of a total of 216 students, of both sexes, with an average age of 16.89±1.48 years. This cross-sectional research was characterized as descriptive and of a quantitative nature. For data collection, the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and the Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire were used. Normality was verified through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Subsequently, inferential statistics for non-parametric data were applied, with the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Post-Hoc tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationship between level of physical activity and mood states. Significance was set at p<0.05. From the results, we found that the perception of mood states reported by young students had significant differences when we consider this population's level of physical activity. Young individuals classified as physically inactive reported a lower level of vigor, as well as a greater predisposition to negative mood aspects compared to physically active ones. In this case, physical activity can contribute to a better perception of psychological health.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o efeito do nível de atividade física na percepção dos estados de humor em jovens estudantes das séries finais do Ensino Médio. A amostra foi constituída por um total de 216 estudantes, de ambos os sexos, com uma idade média de 16,89 ±1,48 anos. Esta pesquisa de caráter transversal se caracterizou como descritiva e de aspecto quantitativo. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados a Escala de Humor de Brunel (BRUMS) e o Questionário de Atividades Físicas Habituais. A verificação da normalidade foi realizada através do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Posteriormente aplicou-se a estatística inferencial para dados não paramétricos, com os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Post-Hoc de Dunn. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para verificar a relação entre o nível de atividade física e os estados de humor. A significância adotada foi de p<0,05. A partir dos resultados verificamos que a percepção dos estados de humor relatadas por jovens escolares possuem diferenças significativas quando consideramos o nível de atividade física dessa população. Jovens classificados como inativos fisicamente relataram um menor nível de vigor bem como uma maior predisposição aos aspectos negativos de humor quando comparado aos jovens ativos fisicamente. Nesse caso, a atividade física pode contribuir para uma melhor percepção da saúde psicológica.

Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its psychological effects among university students who participate and do not participate in resistance training / Prevalência da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) e seus efeitos psicológicos entre universitárias praticantes e não praticantes de treinamento resistido / Prevalencia del síndrome premenstrual y sus efectos psicológicos entre estudiantes universitarios que participan y no participan en el entrenamiento de resistencia

ABSTRACT The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on the psychological factors of university students who do and do not participate in resistance training. The initial sample consisted of 81 participants, and the prevalence of PMS was 64.2%. Forty women diagnosed with PMS were divided into two groups: women who participated in (GP) and did not participate in (GNP) resistance training. The intergroup comparison showed significant differences (with higher scores in the GNP) in the items: difficulty concentrating, lack of energy, and feeling under pressure, and they reported a greater influence of the symptoms on their family relationships. It is concluded that women who participate in resistance training have reduced indicators of some psychological symptoms of PMS.

RESUMO O estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência e os efeitos da Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) nos fatores psicológicos de universitárias praticantes e não praticantes de treinamento resistido. A amostra inicial consistiu em 81 participantes, e a prevalência da SPM foi de 64,2%. Quarenta mulheres diagnosticadas com SPM foram divididas em dois grupos: praticantes (GP) e não-praticantes (GNP) de treinamento resistido. A comparação intergrupos apresentou diferenças significativas (com maiores escores do GNP) referentes aos itens: dificuldade de concentração, falta de energia, e sentindo-se sob pressão, tendo maior interferência dos sintomas em seus relacionamentos familiares. Conclui-se que mulheres praticantes de treinamento resistido apresentam indicadores reduzidos de alguns sintomas psicológicos da SPM.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia y los efectos del síndrome premenstrual (SPM) sobre los factores psicológicos de las universitarias que practican y no practican el entrenamiento de resistencia. La muestra inicial consistió en 81 mujeres, y la prevalencia del SPM fue del 64,2%. Cuarenta mujeres diagnosticadas con SPM se dividieron en dos grupos: practicantes (GP) y no practicantes (GNP) de entrenamiento de resistencia. La comparación intergrupal mostró diferencias significativas (con puntajes de GNP más altos) con respecto a: dificultad para concentrarse, falta de energía y sentirse bajo presión, con una mayor interferencia de síntomas en sus relaciones familiares. Las mujeres que practican el entrenamiento de resistencia han reducido los indicadores de algunos síntomas psicológicos del SPM.

Productive and reproductive performance of females F1 Holstein x Gir daughters of proven bulls.

Records of 234 lactations from F1 Holstein x Gyr daughters of proven bulls were used in this study for the evaluation of productive and reproductive characteristics of cows. Data were collected from a private farm located in the municipality of Santo Antônio do Monte, MG, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Holstein bull's PTA milk (predicted transmitting ability) calving year, season, and parity on the productive and reproductive characteristics of F! cows. The productive characteristics analyzed were total milk production (TMP), average daily production (ADP), days in milk (DIM), and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYDCI). The studied reproductive characteristics were service interval (SI), calving interval (CI), and gestation length (GL). The results were subjected to statistical analysis and means for significant effects were compared using Duncan's test at a significance level of 5%. F1 animals efficiently expressed their genetic potential for milk production with an average total milk production of 7842.61 kg and average daily production of 24.53 kg. Means for days in milk, milk yield per day of calving interval, service interval, calving interval, and gestation length were 322.52 days, 20.73 kg, 106.0 days, 383.23 days, and 276.18 days, respectively. Properly managed F1 Holstein x Gyr daughters of proven bulls fed a balanced diet efficiently expressed their genetic potential for milk production without adverse effects on reproduction. Moreover, Holstein x Gyr cows should be selected based on parents' PTA for milk traits and other factors such as environmental conditions and management.

Effect of different roughage sources associated banana pseudostem hay on the nutritional and behavioral parameters and performance of F1 Holstein/Zebu lactation cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of pseudostem hay of banana trees of different roughages in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis, ingestive behavior, and milk production. The experiment was distributed in two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments were as follows: diet 1-sorghum silage as exclusive dietary roughage; diet 2-sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); diet 3-70% elephant grass with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); and diet 4-70% sugarcane with 30% banana pseudostem hay (dry matter basis). The roughage/concentrate ratio was 75:25. The animals fed with sorghum silage presented 14.45% higher intake (p = 0.01) to that of animals fed hay and elephant grass. The diets containing silage and silage with hay showed digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein that was 57.75% higher (p < 0.01) than that of other diets. Cows fed elephant grass spent more time intake (p = 0.01). Diets did not influence milk yield (p = 0.47), and the milk yield corrected for 3.5 fat (p = 0.22), final weight (p = 0.06), and intake efficiency (p = 0.57), presenting a mean of 14.16 kg/day, 15.94 kg/day, 590 kg, and 0.9 kg of milk/kg of ingested dry matter, respectively. The utilization of pseudostem hay associated with other roughage can be an alternative to milk yield in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows.

Combinations of cactus pear with different roughage sources on the production, chemical composition, and milk fatty acid profile of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows.

The qualities of food, mainly of animal origin, have always been of concern to consumers. It is known that the composition of animals' diets can influence the composition of the foods produced, such as milk. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate diets with cactus pear in combination with different forages for F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk. Two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares were used in the experimental design. Four experimental diets were used: Diet 1, sorghum silage as the only roughage; Diet 2, sorghum silage combined with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage (dry matter basis); Diet 3, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) as the only roughage; and Diet 4, elephant grass combined with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 75:25. The milk urea nitrogen was higher (16.08 mg/dL) in the milk of cows fed the diet with only elephant grass than that of milk from the other diet groups. The other analyzed variables of the chemical composition of milk were not influenced by the diets. However, there was a change in the sum of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The content of C16:0 fatty acid was higher and that of C18:0 was lower in the milk of cows fed the cactus pear diets than in that of cows fed the other diets. Higher levels of oleic acid were observed in the milk of cows fed with diets containing elephant grass than those in the milk of the cows in the sorghum forage groups. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was higher in the milk of cows fed cactus pear than in that of the other cows. The combination of cactus pear with elephant grass or sorghum silage in the diet did not alter the chemical composition of milk. However, it influenced the fatty acid profile.

Resiliência em atletas de Artes Marciais Mistas: Relação entre estressores e fatores psicológicos de proteção / Resiliencia em atletas de Artes Marciales Mixtas: Relación entre estressores y factores psicológicos de protección / Resilience in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: Relationship between stressors and psychological protection factors

Lidar com situações impostas em treinamentos e competições e saber administrá-las emocionalmente é essencial para que atletas apresentem um desempenho elevado. Estudos apontam que atletas resilientes apresentam a capacidade de enfrentar e interpretar positivamente situações adversas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a dinâmica do processo de resiliência em atletas profissionais de MMA. A amostra desse estudo foi constituída por 10 atletas brasileiros. O instrumento utilizado foi um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, tendo como base a teoria fundamentada da resiliência psicológica e ótimo desempenho esportivo. Os resultados constataram que o processo de resiliência pode ocorrer quando os fatores internos (próprios do indivíduo) e fatoresexternos (como o ambiente e as relações sociais) se interagem, produzindo respostas favoráveis mesmo em situações provedoras de estresse da modalidade

Luchar con situaciones impuestas en competiciones y entrenamientos y saber administrarlas emocionalmente es esencial para que los atletas presenten un buen resultado en competiciones. Los estudios apuntan a la resiliencia como un fenómeno que ejerce capacidad de enfrentar e interpretar positivamente situaciones adversas. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general investigar la dinámica del proceso de resiliencia en atletas profesionales de MMA y como objetivos específicos analizar las fuentes de estrés y los aspectos psicológicos de protección al atleta. La muestra de este estudio fue constituida por 10 atletas brasileños. El instrumento utilizado fue un guión de entrevista semiestructurada, teniendo como base la teoría fundamentada de la resiliencia psicológica y óptimo desempeño deportivo. Los resultados de este estudio constataron que la dinámica del proceso de resiliencia puede ocurrir cuando los factores internos propios del individuo y también factores externos como el ambiente y las relaciones sociales, vivenciados por los atletas se interactúan, produciendo respuestas favorables incluso en las situaciones proveedoras de estrés de la modalidad

Dealing with situations imposed in training and competitions and knowing how to administer them emotionally is essential for athletes to present an optimal performance. Studies point to resilience as a phenomenon that exerts the capacity to face and interpret positively adverse situations. This research aims to investigate the dynamics of the resilience process in professional athletes of MMA and as specifics objectives to analyze the sources of stress and psychological aspects of protection to the athlete. The sample of this study consisted of 10 athletes from Brazil. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview script, based on the theory of psychological resilience and optimal sports performance. The results of this study showed that the dynamics of the resilience process can occur when the internal factors of the individual and also external factors such as the environment and the social relations experienced by the athletes interact, producing favorable responses even in the stressful situations of the modality

Dimensões de Burnout, Estratégias de Coping e Tempo de Prática como Atleta Federado em Jogadores Profissionais de Futebol / Dimensiones de Agotamiento, Estrategias de Afrontamiento y Tiempo de Práctica como Atleta Federado en Jugadores Profesionales de Fútbol / Burnout Dimensions, Coping Strategies and Practice Time as a Federated Athlete in Professional Soccer Players

O objetivo do estudo consiste em analisar se há correlação entre as seguintes variáveis emjogadores profissionais de futebol: a) dimensões de burnoutx estratégia de coping; b) tempo de prática como atleta federado x dimensões de burnout; c) tempode prática como atleta federado x estratégias de coping. Participaram do estudo 54 atletas profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão do Campeonato Paraense de 2018, todos do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 24.0 ± 3.9 anos, e a média do tempo deprática como atleta federado foi de 8.7 ± 4.2 anos. Os participantes responderam a dois instrumentos psicométricos de mensuração de burnoute coping. Os resultados evidenciam que: I) os indicadores de burnoutforam baixos; II) a correlação entre as dimensões de burnoute copingfoi significativa, negativa e moderada somente entre a dimensão reduzido senso de realização esportiva e a estratégia treinabilidade; III) não observamos correlação entre o tempo de prática como atleta federado e as dimensões de burnout; IV) encontramos uma correlação significativa, positiva e moderada entre o tempo de prática como atleta federado e a estratégia desempenho sob pressão. As principais conclusões do estudo apontam que atletas com maior tempo de prática como federados tendem a apresentar melhor desempenho sob pressão, bem como o desenvolvimento da estratégia treinabilidade pode ser oportuno para a percepção de realização esportiva em atletas

El objetivo del estudio consiste en analizar si hay correlación entre las siguientes variablesen jugadores profesionales de fútbol: a) dimensiones de agotamiento x estrategia de afrontamiento; b) tiempo de práctica como atleta federado x dimensiones de agotamiento; c) tiempo de práctica como atleta federado x estrategias de afrontamiento. Participaron del estudio 54 atletas profesionales Brasileños de fútbol de la primera división del Campeonato Paraensede 2018, todos del sexo masculino. El promedio de edad fue de 24.0 ± 3.9 años, y el promedio del tiempo de práctica como atleta federado fue de 8.7 ± 4.2 años. Los participantes respondieron a dos instrumentos psicométricos de medición de agotamiento y afrontamiento. Los resultados evidencian que: I) los indicadores de agotamiento fueron bajos; II) la correlación entre las dimensiones de agotamientoy afrontamiento fue significativa, negativa y moderada solamente entre la dimensión reducido sentido de realización deportiva y la estrategia de capacitación; III) no observamos correlación entre el tiempo de práctica como atleta federado y las dimensiones de agotamiento; IV) encontramos una correlación significativa, positiva y moderada entre el tiempo de práctica como atleta federado y la estrategia de rendimiento bajo presión. Las principales conclusiones del estudio apuntan que los atletas con mayor tiempo de práctica como federados tienden a presentar mejor desempeño bajo presión, así como el desarrollo de la estrategia de capacitación puede ser oportuno para el sentido de realización deportiva en atletas

The objective of the study is to analyze whether there is correlation between the following variablesin professional soccer players: a) burnout dimensions x copingstrategies; b) practice time as a federated athlete x burnoutdimensions; c) practice time as a federated athlete x copingstrategies. Fifty-four professional Brazilian soccer athletes from the first division of the 2018 ParáState Championship, all males, participated in the study. The mean age was 24.0 ± 3.9 years, and the mean time of practice as a federated athlete was 8.7 ± 4.2 years. Participants responded to two paper and pencil psychometric instruments measuring burnoutand coping. The results show that: I) the burnoutindicators were low; II) the correlation between the dimensions of burnoutand copingwas significant, negative and moderate only between the dimension reduced sense of accomplishment and the strategy of coachability; III) we did not observe correlation between the time of practice as a federated athlete and the dimensions of burnout; IV) we found a significant, positive and moderate correlation between the practice time as a federated athlete and the strategy performance under pressure. The main conclusions of the study point out that athletes with higher practice time as federated tend to present better performance under pressure, as well as the development of the strategy coachability may be opportune for athletes' sense of accomplishment

Efeitos de um microciclo de Crossfit® em variáveis da carga interna de treinamento / Effects of a Crossfit® microcycle on internal training load variables / Efectos de un microciclo de Crossfit®en variables de la carga interna de entrenamiento

Investigar o efeito de um microciclo habitual de CrossFit®em indicadores da carga interna de treinamento. Participaram do estudo noveindivíduos com média de idade de 28,5±3,4anos. Frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCrep), variabilidade da FC, testes físicos e o perfil de hu-mor foram mensurados no primeiro (PRÉ) e no último dia (PÓS) de um microciclo. Foram aplicados testes tpareados e o tamanho de efeito por dCohen. Dentre os principais achados,a FCrep aumentou (4,3%; p<0,001), o rMSSD reduziu (-8,8%; p=0,04) e o desempenho físico reduziu (-2,5 a -6%; p<0,05).O microciclo de CrossFit®investigado promoveu efeito negati-vo na carga interna dos praticantes como resultado de fadiga acumulada em apenas uma se-mana de treinamento.

To investigate the effect of a typical CrossFit®microcycle on central and peripheral indicators of the internal training load. Nine individuals with mean age of 28.5±3.4 yo. Resting heart rate (HRR), HR variability, physical tests and mood profile were measured on the first (PRE) and on the last day (POS) of a microcycle. Paired t tests and Cohen's d were applied. Among the main findings, resting heart rate (HRR) increased (4.3%; p <0.001), rMSSD decreased (-8.8%, p = 0.04) and physical performance decreased (-2.5 to -6%, p <0.05). The investigated CrossFit® microcycle promoted a significant negative effecton the internal load aspects of the practitioners as a result of accumulated fatigue in only one week of training.

Investigar el efecto de un microciclo habitual de CrossFit® en indicadores de la carga interna de entrenamiento. Materiales y métodos:Participaron del estudio 9 individuos con edad de 28,5±3,4 años. La frecuencia cardíaca de reposo (FCrep), la variabilidad de FC, las pruebas físicas y el perfil de humor se midieron en el primer (PRÉ) y en el último día (POS) de un microciclo. Se aplicaron pruebas tpareadas y el tamaño de efecto por dCohen. Resultados:Entre los principales hallazgos a FCrep aumentó (4,3%, p<0,001), el rMSSD redujo (-8,8%, p=0,04) yel desempeño físico disminuyó (-2,5 a -6%, p<0,05). Conclusión:El microciclo de CrossFit® investigado suscitó efecto negativo en la carga interna como resultado de fatiga acumulada en apenas una semana de entrenamiento.

Weight Regain, but not Weight Loss, Is Related to Competitive Success in Real-Life Mixed Martial Arts Competition.

We aimed to describe the nutritional and behavioral strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL), investigate the effects of RWL and weight regain in winners and losers, and verify mood state and technical-tactical/time-motion parameters in mixed martial arts. The sample consisted of mixed martial arts athletes after a single real match and was separated into two groups: winners (n = 8; age: 25.4 ± 6.1 years, height: 173.9 ± 0.2 cm, habitual body mass: 89.9 ± 17.3 kg) and losers (n = 7; age: 24.4 ± 6.8 years, height: 178.4 ± 0.9 cm, habitual body mass: 90.8 ± 19.5 kg). Both groups exhibited RWL and weight regain, verified their macronutrient intake, underwent weight and height assessments, and completed two questionnaires (Profile of Mood States and RWL) at (a) 24 hr before weigh-in, (b) weigh-in, (c) postbout, and (d) during a validated time-motion and technical-tactical analysis during the bout. Variance analysis, repeated measures, and a logistic regression analysis were used. The main results showed significant differences between the time points in terms of total caloric intake as well as carbohydrate, protein, and lipid ingestion. Statistical differences in combat analysis were observed between the winners and losers in terms of high-intensity relative time (58 [10-98] s and 32 [1-60] s, respectively), lower limb sequences (3.5 [1.0-7.5] sequences and 1.0 [0.0-1.0] sequences, respectively), and ground and pound actions (2.5 [0.0-4.5] actions and 0.0 [0.0-0.5] actions, respectively), and logistic regression confirmed the importance of high-intensity relative time and lower limb sequences on mixed martial arts performance. RWL and weight regain strategies were related to technical-tactical and time-motion patterns as well as match outcomes. Weight management should be carefully supervised by specialized professionals to reduce health risks and raise competitive performance.

Comparison of the effects of volemic reposition with 7. 5 % NaCl or blood in an experimental model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock / Comparação dos efeitos da reposição volêmica com NaCl 7, 5 % ou sangue em um modelo experimental de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico

ABSTRACT Objective: Crush syndrome is characterized by traumatic muscular injuries with severe systemic clinical repercussions. The systemic inflammatory reaction characterized acutely by infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs has been studied as part of the spectrum of crush syndrome. Experimental research may demonstrate alternative treatments for crush syndrome. The authors studied the hypothesis that hypertonic saline solution (7.5% NaCl) could minimize the local and systemic effects in a model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Rabbits were submitted to a new model of muscle compression associated with hemorrhagic shock. Compression was applied through an Esmarch bandage, used for 1 h on the entire right lower limb. Hemorrhagic shock was induced for 1 h by dissection and catheterization of the carotid artery. Blood replacement or hypertonic saline solution was used to treat the shock. Biochemical analysis of plasma, quantification of muscular edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs were carried out. Results: Animals treated with hypertonic solution presented the same hemodynamic response as the blood treated patients, less water in the compressed muscles and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. The blood group presented hypocalcemia, a facet of crush syndrome. Conclusions: The proposed model was effective for the study of crush syndrome associated with hemorrhagic shock. The treatment with hypertonic solution showed benefits when compared with blood volume replacement.

RESUMO Objetivo: A síndrome de esmagamento é caracterizada por lesões musculares traumáticas com graves repercussões clínicas sistêmicas. A reação inflamatória sistêmica, caracterizada agudamente por infiltração de neutrófilos nos pulmões, tem sido estudada como parte do espectro da síndrome de esmagamento. A pesquisa experimental pode demonstrar opções de tratamento para a síndrome de esmagamento. Os autores estudaram a hipótese de que solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%) pudesse minimizar os efeitos locais e sistêmicos da síndrome de esmagamento em um modelo de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico. Métodos: Coelhos foram submetidos a um novo modelo de compressão muscular associado ao choque hemorrágico. A compressão foi feita por uma faixa de Esmarch aplicada por uma hora em todo membro inferior direito. O choque hemorrágico foi induzido durante uma hora por dissecção e cateterização da artéria carótida. O choque foi tratado com reposição de sangue ou solução salina hipertônica. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas do plasma, quantificação do edema muscular e infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. Resultados: Os animais tratados com solução hipertônica apresentaram a mesma resposta hemodinâmica observada naqueles tratados com sangue, menor quantidade de água nos músculos comprimidos e menor infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. O grupo tratado com sangue apresentou hipocalcemia, característica da síndrome de esmagamento. Conclusões: O modelo proposto mostrou-se efetivo para o estudo da síndrome de esmagamento associada ao choque hemorrágico. O tratamento com solução hipertônica apresentou benefícios quando comparado com a reposição volêmica com sangue.

Comparison of the effects of volemic reposition with 7.5% NaCl or blood in an experimental model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock.

OBJECTIVE: Crush syndrome is characterized by traumatic muscular injuries with severe systemic clinical repercussions. The systemic inflammatory reaction characterized acutely by infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs has been studied as part of the spectrum of crush syndrome. Experimental research may demonstrate alternative treatments for crush syndrome. The authors studied the hypothesis that hypertonic saline solution (7.5% NaCl) could minimize the local and systemic effects in a model of muscular compression and hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Rabbits were submitted to a new model of muscle compression associated with hemorrhagic shock. Compression was applied through an Esmarch bandage, used for 1 h on the entire right lower limb. Hemorrhagic shock was induced for 1 h by dissection and catheterization of the carotid artery. Blood replacement or hypertonic saline solution was used to treat the shock. Biochemical analysis of plasma, quantification of muscular edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs were carried out. RESULTS: Animals treated with hypertonic solution presented the same hemodynamic response as the blood treated patients, less water in the compressed muscles and less infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. The blood group presented hypocalcemia, a facet of crush syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model was effective for the study of crush syndrome associated with hemorrhagic shock. The treatment with hypertonic solution showed benefits when compared with blood volume replacement.

OBJETIVO: A síndrome de esmagamento é caracterizada por lesões musculares traumáticas com graves repercussões clínicas sistêmicas. A reação inflamatória sistêmica, caracterizada agudamente por infiltração de neutrófilos nos pulmões, tem sido estudada como parte do espectro da síndrome de esmagamento. A pesquisa experimental pode demonstrar opções de tratamento para a síndrome de esmagamento. Os autores estudaram a hipótese de que solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%) pudesse minimizar os efeitos locais e sistêmicos da síndrome de esmagamento em um modelo de compressão muscular e choque hemorrágico. MÉTODOS: Coelhos foram submetidos a um novo modelo de compressão muscular associado ao choque hemorrágico. A compressão foi feita por uma faixa de Esmarch aplicada por uma hora em todo membro inferior direito. O choque hemorrágico foi induzido durante uma hora por dissecção e cateterização da artéria carótida. O choque foi tratado com reposição de sangue ou solução salina hipertônica. Foram feitas análises bioquímicas do plasma, quantificação do edema muscular e infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. RESULTADOS: Os animais tratados com solução hipertônica apresentaram a mesma resposta hemodinâmica observada naqueles tratados com sangue, menor quantidade de água nos músculos comprimidos e menor infiltração de células inflamatórias nos pulmões. O grupo tratado com sangue apresentou hipocalcemia, característica da síndrome de esmagamento. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo proposto mostrou-se efetivo para o estudo da síndrome de esmagamento associada ao choque hemorrágico. O tratamento com solução hipertônica apresentou benefícios quando comparado com a reposição volêmica com sangue.

Predisposição ao fluxo: percepção dos praticantes do basquete em cadeira de rodas / Flow prediction: perception of wheelchair basketball practicers / Disposición a flujo: percepción de los practicantes de baloncesto en silla de ruedas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a percepção de fluxo em 15 paratletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas do sexo masculino. Para isto, foi utilizada a "Escala de Predisposição ao Fluxo" e a análise de dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e análise de correlação para estabelecer a relação entre as dimensões do estado de fluxo. De modo geral verificamos que os paratletas vivenciam o estado de fluxo, sendo que experiência autotélica e clareza de metas foram as dimensões com maior prevalência entre os praticantes da modalidade, assim como concentração na tarefa apresentou-se correlacionada com as dimensões fusão entre ação e consciência, metas claras, percepção de controle, e experiência autotélica.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the perception of flow in 15 male wheelchair basketball athletes. For this, the "Flow Predisposition Scale" was used and the data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to establish the relationship between the flow feeling dimensions. In general, we verified that the athletes experience flow, specially autothelic experience and clarity of goals, the dimensions with greater prevalence among the practitioners of the modality, as well as concentration on task was correlated with the dimensions fusion between action and consciousness, clear goals, perception of control, and autotelic experience.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la percepción de flujo en 15 atletas de baloncesto en silla de ruedas del sexo masculino. Para ello, se utilizó la "Escala de Predisposición al Flujo" y el análisis de datos fue realizado por medio de estadística descriptiva y análisis de correlación para establecer la relación entre las dimensiones del estado de flujo. En general verificamos que los atletas experimentan el estado de flujo, siendo que la experiencia autotélica y la claridad de metas fueron las dimensiones con mayor prevalencia entre los practicantes de la modalidad, así como concentración en tarea se presentó correlacionada con las dimensiones de fusión entre acción y conciencia, metas claras, percepción de control, y experiencia autotélica.