Assessment of weight gain and control of parasitism by Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle in the field using organosynthetic parasiticide, phytotherapics and homeopathy / Avaliação do ganho de peso e controle do parasitismo por Rhipicephalus microplus em bovinos leiteiros a campo usando parasiticida organosintético, fitoterápicos e homeopatia

The goal of this research was to compare the effect of the following products on dairy cattle, parasitized by Rhipicephalus microplus: organosynthetics - Clorfenvinfós and Ivermectina (OG); phytotherapics - Eucalyptus oil (EG) and Neem cake (NG); Homeopathy (HG); The control group (CG) received no treatment. Infestation was by R. microplus (MIC) and weight gain (GP) were evaluated. The study included 60 animals (5 groups) from ­ Dutch / Zebu, aged between 25-44 months and initial weight between 211-477kg. EG and NG showed MIC 84.9% and 14.0% greater than CG, respectively (P <0.05; P = 0). HG and OG had MIC less than CG 24.4% and 16.9%, respectively (P<0.05; P <0.05). EG, NG and OG obtained GP lower than CG in 7.9%, 8.9% and 8.06% (P <0.05) respectively. The HG GP was 4.9% higher (P <0.05) than CG. This was the first research to prove parasitism control by R. microplus in a field test, using homeopathy. The methodology for choosing Homeopathy for the control of enzooties, developed and tested for the first time in this study, proved to be adequate and efficient, opening the possibility for establishing a new methodology for strategic control of parasitism by R. microplus.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o efeito dos seguintes produtos sobre bovinos leiteiros, parasitados por Rhipicephalus microplus: organossintéticos - clorfenvinfós e ivermectina (OG); fitoterápicos - óleo de eucalipto (EG) e torta de Neem (NG) e homeopatia (HG). O grupo controle (CG) não recebeu tratamento. Foram avaliados infestação por R. microplus (MIC) e ganho de peso/grupo (GP) em 60 animais (5 grupos), a partir de ­ holandês/zebu, com idade entre 25 e 44 meses e peso inicial entre 211 e 477kg. EG e NG apresentaram MIC 84,9% e 14,0% maior que CG, respectivamente (P<0,05; P=0). HG e OG apresentaram MIC menor que CG 24,4% e 16,9%, respectivamente (P<0,05; P<0,05). EG, NG e OG obtiveram GP menor que CG em 7,9%, 8,9% e 8,06% (P<0,05), respectivamente. O GP do HG foi 4,9% maior (P<0,05) que o CG. Esta foi a primeira pesquisa a comprovar controle do parasitismo por R. microplus em teste a campo, usando homeopatia. A metodologia para escolha de medicamentos homeopáticos para controle de enzootias, desenvolvida e testada pela primeira vez neste estudo, mostrou-se adequada e eficiente, abrindo a possibilidade para estabelecimento de nova metodologia para controle estratégico do parasitismo por R. microplus.(AU)

Antifungal sensitivity and species of yeasts in oral mucosa of street mixed-breed dogs.

The aim of this research is to verify the yeast species isolated from oral mucosa in street mixed-breed dogs and to determine the antifungal profiles. After capturing and sedating the animals, oral mucosa samples were collected from fifty dogs and the materials were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Forty-three yeast strains were isolated and identified trough the API-20C AUX method. Thirty-seven (86.1%) of the yeasts belonged to genus Candida, five (11.6%) to genus Trichosporon and only one strain (2.3%) to genus Malassezia. The sensitivity profiles to anifungals (amphotericin B, itraconanole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and variconazole) were determined through Etest® method. This study found resistance of some yeasts to amphotericin B and a good susceptibility to voriconazole and ketoconazole. Some of these antifungals are used in veterinary medical practice. This research is the first investigation on street mixed-breed dogs regarding yeast identifications and antifungals profiles.

Sward characteristics and performance of dairy cows in organic grass-legume pastures shaded by tropical trees.

The silvopastoral system (SPS) has been suggested to ensure sustainability in animal production systems in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate pasture characteristics, herbage intake, grazing activity and milk yield of Holstein×Zebu cows managed in two grazing systems (treatments): SPS dominated by a graminaceous forage (Brachiaria decumbens) intercropped with different leguminous herbaceous forages (Stylosanthes spp., Pueraria phaseoloides and Calopogonium mucunoides) and legume trees (Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala), and open pasture (OP) of B. decumbens intercropped only with Stylosanthes spp. Pastures were managed according to the rules for organic cattle production. The study was carried out by following a switch back format with 12 cows, 6 for each treatment, over 3 experimental years. Herbage mass was similar (P>0.05) for both treatments, supporting an average stocking rate of 1.23 AU/ha. Daily dry matter intake did not vary (P>0.05) between treatments (average of 11.3±1.02 kg/cow per day, corresponding to 2.23±0.2% BW). Milk yield was higher (P0.05) in subsequent years. The highest (P0.05) milk yields. Low persistence of Stylosanthes guianensis was observed over the experimental period, indicating that the persistence of forage legumes under grazing could be improved using adapted cultivars that have higher annual seed production. The SPS and a diversified botanical composition of the pasture using legume species mixed with grasses are recommended for organic milk production.

Taxa de sudação e parâmetros histológicos de bovinos submetidos ao estresse calórico / Sweat rate and histological parameters of cattle submitted to heat stress

Caracterizaram-se o pelame, a taxa de sudação e os parâmetros histológicos de 71 bovinos F2 (½ Gir x ½ Holandês), 39 machos e 32 fêmeas, entre 14 e 20 meses de idade, submetidos a condições de termoneutralidade (22ºC e 70 por cento de umidade relativa - UR) e ao estresse calórico (42ºC e 60 por cento UR). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas estações de verão e inverno em câmara bioclimática. O comprimento dos pelos e a espessura da capa foram maiores no inverno que no verão, sendo de 1,58 e 1,04cm e 5,31 e 3,91mm, respectivamente (P<0,05). A histologia da pele mostrou que, no verão, a área da glândula sudorípara e a distância da glândula ao epitélio foram menores que no inverno, sendo de 2589 e 4051µm e 294 e 344µm, respectivamente (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que a estação do ano influencia as características de pelame, o posicionamento e a atividade das glândulas sudoríparas de forma a maximizar o controle da homeostase térmica.

Coat thickness, sweat rate, and histological parameters were characterized in 39 males and 32 females crossbred cattle (½ Holstein x ½ Gir), averaging 14 to 20 months of age, submitted to thermoneutrality (22ºC and 70 percent of relative humidity - RH) and heat stress (42ºC and 60 percent RH) in summer and winter in a climatic chamber. Fur length and coat thickness were significantly higher in summer than winter, 1.58 and 1.04cm and 5.31 and 3.91mm, respectively (P<0.05). Skin histology showed that sweat gland area and distance of gland to epithelium was shorter in summer than in winter, 2,589 and 4,051µm and 294 and 344µm, respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the season influenced the coat thickness, the sweat glands disposal and activity to maximize thermic homeostasis control.

Parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e hormonais de bovinos submetidos ao estresse calórico / Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters of cattle submitted to heat stress

Caracterizaram-se as respostas clínicas, hematológicas, bioquímicas e hormonais de 71 bovinos F2 (½ Gir x ½ Holandês), 39 machos e 32 fêmeas, entre 14 e 20 meses de idade, submetidos a condições de termoneutralidade (22ºC a 70 por cento de umidade relativa) e ao estresse calórico (42ºC e 60 por cento de umidade relativa). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas estações de verão e inverno em câmara bioclimática. Ao exame clínico, todos os animais apresentaram salivação e retração de globo ocular. Os animais apresentaram aumento do número de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina, hematócrito, proteínas totais, ureia, creatinina, sódio, potássio, cloretos, cortisol, pH e densidade urinária e matéria seca das fezes no período de estresse calórico (P<0,05). O aumento de todas essas variáveis foi mais acentuado no verão (P<0,05). Os valores de γ-glutamil transferase e aspatato aminotransferase aumentaram no período da tarde no verão (P<0,05), e a concentração sérica de potássio foi constante entre estações (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que as variáveis hematológicas, bioquímicas e hormonais, bem como as características fenotípicas, revelaram-se importantes para caracterizar o estresse calórico em bovinos.

Clinical, haemathological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters were characterized in 39 males and 32 females crossbred cattle (½ Holstein x ½ Gir), averaging 14 to 20 months of age, submitted to thermoneutrality (22ºC and 70 percent of RH) and heat stress (42ºC and 60 percent RH) in summer and winter in climatic chamber. At clinical examination, all animals presented salivation and ocular globe retraction. Under heat stress, animals increased erythrocytes count, hemoglobin total concentration, hematocrit, concentraction of total proteins, urea, creatinin, sodium, potassium, chlorides, cortisol, urinary pH and density, and dry matter of feces (P<0.05). The increase of all these variables was more evident in the summer. The values of γ-glutamil transferase and aspartate aminotransferase increased under stress only in the summer (P<0.05), been potassium blood concentration constant during the seasons (P>0.05). It was concluded that hematology, biochemical, and hormonal parameters are important to characterize the heat stress in cattle.

Association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with tick (Boophilus microplus) resistance in cattle.

Losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. Besides reducing production, this parasite can cause death in the most susceptible animals. The use of commercial acaricides has been the major method of control, but their misuse has led to tick resistance to many chemicals. More recently, vaccines have been used in some countries without solving the problem completely. An alternative could be the development of resistant animals and the use of genetic markers and candidate genes that could help with the enormous task of selecting resistant animals. The bovine lymphocyte antigen genes (BoLA) have been shown to be associated with some parasitic infestations and disease incidence. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with tick resistance in cattle. The study was conducted on 231 F2 (Gyr x Holstein) animals that were artificially infested with 10,000 tick larvae. Log of tick count +1 was used as the dependent variable in a mixed animal model with allele substitution effects in addition to fixed effects of year and season at tick count, sex of calves, age of animal at tick count, hair type (short-straight, short-curl, long-straight, and long-curl), coat color (white, >75% white, 50- 75% white, and 25-50% white), and additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects as random. Females showed fewer ticks than males. Animals with short-straight hair were more resistant to tick infestation than animals with long-curl hair, and animals with whiter coat color also had fewer ticks. An association between BoLA alleles and lower tick number was found for alleles DRB3.2 *18, *20 and *27 at the 5% significance level. Also, one allele (DRB3.2*16) showed an association at the 10% level. Allele *27 was the most frequent in the population (30.7%), followed by alleles *16 (10.8%), *20 (8.7%) and *18 (2.4%). These results suggest that BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles could be used to help in the selection of animals resistant to tick infestation. However, further studies involving a larger population of cattle in combination with other BoLA genes may help to understand the mechanisms of resistance to parasites.

Parâmetros fisiológicos de bovinos cruzados submetidos ao estresse calórico / Physiologic parameters of crossbred cattle subjected to heat stress

Caracterizaram-se as respostas fisiológicas de termorregulação em conforto e estresse calórico de bovinos cruzados F2 (½ Gir x ½ Holandês), machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 14 e 20 meses. Os animais foram alocados, em número de cinco, e submetidos ao conforto térmico (22°C a 70 por cento de umidade relativa) por 12 horas e ao estresse calórico (42°C e 60 por cento de umidade relativa) durante seis horas, logo após o período de conforto, nas estações de verão e inverno, em câmara bioclimática. Nas duas etapas, foram registradas a temperatura retal (TR), a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura de superfície corporal (TSC) às 6 e 16 horas. Os animais apresentaram aumento da TR, da FR e da TSC no período de estresse calórico (P<0,05). O aumento da TR e FR foi mais acentuado no verão (P<0,05). A TSC não apresentou diferença entre as estações (P<0,05).

The thermoregulation physiological responses in thermoneutrality and heat stress of crossbred calves (½Gir x ½Holstein), males and females, with age between 14 and 20 months were studied. The animals were submitted to thermoneutrality (22°C and 70 percent of relative humidity) and to heat stress (42°C and 60 percent of relative humidity) in summer and winter season's in bioclimatic chamber. Rectal temperature (TR), respiratory rate (FR) and body surface temperature (BST) were registered at 6 AM and 4 PM. It was observed increase in TR, FR and BST in the heat stress period (P<0.05). TR and FR increased more in the summer than in the winter (P<0.05). No difference between seasons (P>0.05) was observed for BST.

Association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with tick (Boophilus microplus) resistance in cattle

Losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. Besides reducing production, this parasite can cause death in the most susceptible animals. The use of commercial acaricides has been the major method of control, but their misuse has led to tick resistance to many chemicals. More recently, vaccines have been used in some countries without solving the problem completely. An alternative could be the development of resistant animals and the use of genetic markers and candidate genes that could help with the enormous task of selecting resistant animals. The bovine lymphocyte antigen genes (BoLA) have been shown to be associated with some parasitic infestations and disease incidence. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with tick resistance in cattle. The study was conducted on 231 F2 (Gyr x Holstein) animals that were artificially infested with 10,000 tick larvae. Log of tick count +1 was used as the dependent variable in a mixed animal model with allele substitution effects in addition to fixed effects of year and season at tick count, sex of calves, age of animal at tick count, hair type (short-straight, short-curl, long-straight, and long-curl), coat color (white, >75% white, 50- 75% white, and 25-50% white), and additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects as random. Females showed fewer ticks than males. Animals with short-straight hair were more resistant to tick infestation than animals with long-curl hair, and animals with whiter coat color also had fewer ticks. An association between BoLA alleles and lower tick number was found for alleles DRB3.2 *18, *20 and *27 at the 5% significance level. Also, one allele (DRB3.2*16) showed an association at the 10% level. Allele *27 was the most frequent in the population (30.7%), followed by alleles *16 (10.8%), *20 (8.7%) and *18 (2.4%)...

Intervalos do início e do final do estro à ovulaçäo em vacas das raças Gir e Guzerá após luteólise natural ou induzida por prostaglandina / Intervals from the beginning and ending of estrus to ovulation in Gir and Guzera cows after natural or prostaglandin induced luteolysis

A duraçäo do estro e os intervalos início do estro-ovulaçäo e fim do estro-ovulaçäo após luteólise induzida ou espontânea, e os intervalos administraçäo de prostaglandina-início do estro e administraçäo de prostaglandina-ovulaçäo foram avaliados em 35 vacas da raça Gir e 12 da raça Guzerá, no inverno e no veräo de dois anos consecutivos. A duraçäo do estro näo diferiu (P>0,05) entre as raças Gir (12,13±0,47h) e Guzerá (12,30±0,63h) e näo foi influenciada (P>0,05) pelo tipo de luteólise e pela estaçäo do ano. Os intervalos do início e final do estro à ovulaçäo näo diferiram (P>0,05) entre as raças Gir (29,30± 0,96h e 17,28± 0,93h, respectivamente) e Guzerá (28,33± 1,26h e 16,04± 1,21h, respectivamente) e foram similares (P>0,05) entre os estros induzido e natural, e entre estaçöes. O intervalo aplicaçäo de prostaglandina-início do estro foi menor (P<0,05) na raça Gir (64,68± 2,41h) do que na Guzerá (73,47± 3,45h) e näo diferiu (P>0,05) entre as estaçöes. O intervalo administraçäo de prostaglandina-ovulaçäo foi similar (P>0,05) entre as raças Gir e Guzerá (96,62± 4,25h e 104,01± 6,51h, respectivamente). Observou-se ampla variaçäo no intervalo prostaglandina-início do estro e alta correlaçäo entre este e o momento de ovulaçäo, sugerindo que as sincronizaçöes do estro e da ovulaçäo näo foram suficientemente precisas para permitir a adoçäo de IA programada.

Comportamento de vacas da raça Gir (Bos taurus indicus) em estro / Estrus behaviour in Gir cows (Bos taurus indicus)

O comportamento de vacas da raça Gir em estro e a concentraçäo plasmática de progesterona foram avaliadas durante um estro induzido e o natural subseqüente, em 35 animais da raça Gir, no inverno e no veräo de dois anos consecutivos. Observou-se efeito de interaçäo entre estaçäo e ano do experimento sobre a duraçäo do ciclo estral. O proestro foi maior no veräo (51,82± 4,77h) do que no inverno (33,43± 4,82h) e no estro natural (64,41± 4,95h) do que no induzido (20,85± 4,64h). Observou-se menor duraçäo da atividade sexual total no estro induzido do que no natural (41,62± 4,81 vs 94,83± 4,56h no inverno, e 64,00± 4,14 vs 127,44± 4,04h no veräo). A duraçäo do estro foi similar no inverno (12,33± 0,74h) e no veräo (11,82± 0,74h), e maior nas vacas sincronizadas (13,24± 0,70 vs 10,91± 0,78h). O número de montas recebidas durante o estro foi similar no inverno (28,16± 2,61) e no veräo (22,98± 2,58) e maior nos animais sincronizados (29,97± 2,48 vs 21,17± 2,17). Observou-se efeito de interaçäo entre estaçäo e tipo de luteólise sobre o número de montas recebidas por hora em estro. O inverno näo se constituiu em fator limitante à manifestaçäo do estro, cuja duraçäo e intensidade foram suficientes para permitir sua detecçäo; contudo, a sincronizaçäo dos estros interferiu com a manifestaçäo do comportamento sexual

Yeasts isolated from blood and catheter in children from a public hospital of São Paulo, Brazil.

The great majority of nosocomial fungal infections, especially fungemias, are caused by yeasts, mostly of the genus Candida. In addition, such infections may be associated with intravascular catheters. In this study, 80 yeast strains were isolated from hospitalized children, being 59 from blood cultures and 21 from vascular catheter cultures. The prevalent species in both blood and catheter was C. parapsilosis (32.2% and 48.9%, respectively), followed by C. albicans (16.9% and 28.6%, respectively). Concerning enzyme production, 78.8% of the 80 isolates presented strong proteolytic activity but 78.8% showed no phospholipase activity. We also detected two prevalent "killer" biotypes: 511 and 888. Additionally, in five patients, it was possible to observe that the yeast species, "killer" biotype and proteolytic and phospholipase activity of blood and catheter were similar. In view of this, we suggest a transmission of nosocomial yeast infection from catheter to blood.

Taxa de gestaçäo em fêmeas da raça Holandesa confinadas em free stall, no veräo e inverno / Gestation rate of Holstein females confined in free stall, during the summer and winter

A taxa de gestaçäo de vacas em lactaçäo e de novilhas confinadas em free stall foi avaliada durante o inverno e o veräo, nos anos de 1993, 1994 e 1995. A temperatura ambiente (TA) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR) foram acompanhadas diariamente, durante quatro meses de veräo (dezembro a março) e três meses de inverno (junho a agosto). Em cada estaçäo mediram-se semanalmente às 9, 15 e 21h a temperatura retal (TR) e a freqüência respiratória (FR) de 50 por cento das vacas em lactaçäo, sorteadas ao acaso, separadas em quatro grupos de acordo com a produçäo de leite. A TA e o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) médios foram mais elevados (P < 0,05) no verao (25,6§C e 75,8) do que no inverno (19,0§C e 65,3), enquanto que a UR média foi a mesma nas duas estaçöes (80,0 por cento). As médias da TR e FR foram sempre mais elevadas no veräo e também às 15h, em comparaçäo com às das 9h (39,5§C e 64,8 mov/min versus 38,9§C e 44,2 mov/min). A taxa de gestaçäo das vacas em lactaçäo foi menor no veräo (45,7 por cento) do que no inverno (71,2 por cento). Entre as novilhas 85,4 por cento ficaram gestantes no veräo e 78,3 por cento no inverno (P<0,05)

Allergenic evaluation of Malassezia furfur crude extracts.

Crude extracts of the lipophilic yeast Malassezia furfur were obtained from 2, 6, 10 and 28 day old cultures. The in vitro cultivation periods corresponded, respectively, to the lag phase, middle of the log phase, end of log phase and the decline phase of the growth curve, which was based on viable cell counts obtained with a fluorescent viability test. Biochemical analyses showed that the protein and carbohydrate contents were greater in day 10 extracts. Seventy patients with different allergic manifestations and 30 healthy volunteers were skin prick tested using the extracts. Of these, thirteen (18.57%) patients gave positive responses. SDS PAGE gradient electrophoretic profiles of the preparations indicated that the 28 day extracts contained the greatest number of protein bands with molecular weights ranging mostly between 30 and 94 kDa. Immunoblots incubated with individual patient sera showed that four IgE binding M. furfur allergens of approximately 88, 61, 52 and 39 kDa were present in the 28 day extracts. The components identified could be used for detecting IgE mediated responses to M. furfur among individuals affected with different allergic conditions.

Use of bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows receiving timed artificial insemination.

Objectives of the research were to examine the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol and to test a resynchronization system with two consecutive synchronized services. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 403) were assigned to the following treatments: bST treatment (500 mg) was initiated at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum concomitantly with initiation of the timed artificial insemination protocol or bST treatment was initiated at 105 +/- 3 d postpartum. At 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, all cows received GnRH (100 microg), an injection of PGF2alpha (25 mg) 7 d later, and a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were reinseminated at detected estrus or resynchronized with a GnRH injection at 20 d after insemination. At 27 d after insemination, cows were examined for pregnancy. Resynchronized cows diagnosed nonpregnant received an injection of PGF2alpha and were inseminated at detected estrus or received an injection of GnRH at 48 h after PGF2alpha and inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows pregnant at d 27 were reexamined for pregnancy at 45 d after insemination. First-service pregnancy rates at d 45 were increased in cows not resynchronized that initiated bST treatment at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, compared with cows initiating bST treatment at 105 +/- 3 d postpartum (37.7 +/- 5.8% and 22.1 +/- 4.2%, respectively), but the effect of bST treatment was not observed when cows were resynchronized (25.6 +/- 4.3% and 25.8 +/- 5.5%, respectively). Thus, bST increased pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol.

Effect of body condition on reproductive efficiency of lactating dairy cows receiving a timed insemination.

Body condition may influence pregnancy rates to a timed insemination (Ovsynch/TAI) protocol and affect the economical performance of dairy farms. The objectives were to compare pregnancy rates using the Ovsynch/TAI protocol for the first service of lactating dairy cows with body condition scores < 2.5 (scale: 1 to 5, low BCS group) versus > or = 2.5 (control group) and to estimate the economic impact of the effect of body condition on reproductive performance. At 63 +/- 3 d post partum, cows were assigned to 2 experimental groups (low BCS = 81; control = 126), and were treated with GnRH at d 0 and with PGF2alpha 7 d later. At 48 h after PGF2alpha, cows received an injection of GnRH and were inseminated 16 h later. Pregnancy rates to the Ovsynch/TAI protocol were lower for the low BCS group than for the control group at 27 d (18.1 +/- 6.1% < 33.8 +/- 4.5%; P<0.02) and at 45 d (11.1 +/- 5.4% < 25.6 +/- 4.1%; P<0.02) after insemination. Economic analysis indicated that reducing the percentage of the herd in low body condition increases net revenues per cow per year. Body condition influenced pregnancy rates to the Ovsynch/TAI protocol.

Efeito da temperatura ambiente e da umidade relativa do ar sobre a freqüência de ingestäo de alimentos e de água e de ruminaçäo em vacas da raça Holandesa / Effect of air temperature and humidity on frequency of feeding, water ingestion and rumination in Holstein cows

Estudaram-se a ingestäo de alimentos e de água e a ruminaçäo em vacas primíparas e multíparas da raça Holandesa, com alta produçäo de leite, criadas em sistema de confinamento do tipo free stall, em diferentes combinaçöes de temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar. Foram realizadas três coletas de dados nos meses de veräo e três nos de inverno, todas elas com duraçäo de 24 horas. As atividades de alimentaçäo e ruminaçäo foram monitoradas em intervalos de 15 minutos e a de ingestäo de água, continuamente ao longo das 24 horas. A temperatura ambiente e a umidade relativa do ar foram observadas em intervalos de uma hora. O binômio temperatura ambiente/umidade do ar alteraram significativamente (P<0,05) o padräo de alimentaçäo de vacas e novilhas nas coletas de veräo, período de alimentaçäo esperado de 6h-18h, para o intervalo de 18h-24h. A ruminaçäo foi afetada principalmente pelo padräo diário de alimentaçäo. O padräo de ingestäo de água, da mesma forma, variou significativamente (P<0,05) em funçäo do comportamento de alimentaçäo e das condiçöes ambientais (temperatura ambiente e umidade do ar), marcadamente no lote de vacas

Efeito da temperatura ambiente e da umidade relativa do ar sobre a freqüência de ingestão de alimentos e de água e de ruminação em vacas da raça Holandesa

The feeding behaviour, rumination and water consumption of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows, housed in a free-stall system were studied, in response to different combinations of temperature and relative air humidity. Data were collected during three days (24 hours) in the summer and winter months. Feeding behaviour and rumination were monitored in each 15 minute intervals, and the water ingestion, continuously all day long. Environmental temperature and relative humidity were also monitored in each hour interval. During summer time, the environmental temperature and relative humidity significantly affected (P 0.05) feeding behaviour of the cows with an increasing time of feeding intervals, from 6am - 6pm to 6pm - 12pm. Daily pattern of rumination was defined by the daily pattern of feeding. The water ingestion varied significantly (P 0.05) as a function of the feeding behavior due to environmental temperature and air humidity, mainly in the cow group.

Estudaram-se a ingestão de alimentos e de água e a ruminação em vacas primíparas e multíparas da raça Holandesa, com alta produção de leite, criadas em sistema de confinamento do tipo free stall, em diferentes combinações de temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar. Foram realizadas três coletas de dados nos meses de verão e três nos de inverno, todas elas com duração de 24 horas. As atividades de alimentação e ruminação foram monitoradas em intervalos de 15 minutos e a de ingestão de água, continuamente ao longo das 24 horas. A temperatura ambiente e a umidade relativa do ar foram observadas em intervalos de uma hora. O binômio temperatura ambiente/umidade do ar alteraram significativamente (P 0,05) o padrão de alimentação de vacas e novilhas nas coletas de verão, período de alimentação esperado de 6h-18h, para o intervalo de 18h-24h. A ruminação foi afetada principalmente pelo padrão diário de alimentação. O padrão de ingestão de água, da mesma forma, variou significativamente (P 0,05) em função do comportamento de alimentação e das condições ambientais (temperatura ambiente e umidade do ar), marcadamente no lote de vacas.

Efeito da estaçäo do ano sobre a temperatura retal e freqüência respiratória de vacas da raça Holandesa confinadas em free stall / Season effects on retal temperature and respiratory frequency of lactating Holstein cows on free stall barn

Os efeitos de estaçäo do ano sobre a temperatura retal (TR) e a freqüência respiratória (FR) em vacas em lactaçäo confinadas em free stall foram avaliados durante três meses de veräo (janeiro a março) e três de inverno (junho a agosto), nos anos de 1993 a 1995. Temperatura ambiente (TA) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) foram monitoradas diariamente, no período. Em cada estaçäo mediram-se, semanalmente, às 9, 15 e 21h, a TR e a FR em vacas distribuídas em quatro grupos de acordo com a produçäo de leite. TA e UR foram mais elevadas (P<0,05) no veräo (24,54ºC e 83,24 por cento) que no inverno (20,10ºC e 81,60 por cento) e TA às 15h foi consistentemente mais elevada (26,51ºC) do que TA as 9h (19,58ºC). O inverso ocorreu com a UR (71 por cento X 86 por cento). Os maiores valores médios de TR e FR foram obtidos no veräo (39,25ºC e 59,59 mov/min X 38,77ºC e 41,08 mov/min). TR e FR médias foram sempre mais elevadas às 15h do que às 9h (39,21ºC e 56,01 mov/min X 38,78ºC e 46,50 mov/min) e nos animais de maior produçäo (39,25ºC e 53,60 mov/min X 38,89ºC e 47,69 mov/min). Esta mesma tendência foi mantida quando se analisaram as interaçöes estaçäo X hora do dia e estaçäo X grupo

Influence of deslorelin (GnRH-agonist) implant on plasma progesterone, first wave dominant follicle and pregnancy in dairy cattle.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of a synthetic GnRH-agonist (Deslorelin) implant on CL function and follicle dynamics when administered 48 h after PGF2 alpha, in a timed-insemination protocol, and to determine if the incorporation of a Deslorelin implant into a timed-insemination protocol to synchronize ovulation would be beneficial to the establishment of pregnancy. In Experiment 1, 15 non lactating cyclic Holstein cows received Buserelin (8 micrograms, i.m.) on Day-9, Lutalyse (25 mg, i.m.) on Day-2, and then on Day 0 received either a Deslorelin implant (700 micrograms, s.c.; n = 5), Buserelin (8 micrograms, i.m.; n = 5), or no treatment (control; n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Days-9, -2, 0 and thereafter daily until the next ovulation. Ovaries were scanned by ultrasound on Days-9, -2, 0, 1 (day of ovulation) and 3 times a week thereafter until a subsequent ovulation. From Days 0 to 15, the rate of increase of plasma progesterone (P4) was greater (P < 0.01) for Deslorelin than for control and Buserelin. Establishment of the first-wave dominant follicle (FWDF) as a Class 3 (> 9 mm) follicle was delayed (P < 0.01) with Deslorelin (14.2 +/- 1.3 d) compared with the control (4.6 +/- 1.3 d) and Buserelin (5.0 +/- 1.5 d) treatments. The FWDF resumed growth after Day 13 in all 5 Deslorelin-treated cows, and 2 cows ovulated spontaneously. In 1 Deslorelin-treated cow, the FWDF regressed, and a second-wave dominant follicle ovulated, while 2 other Deslorelin cows failed to ovulate until after Day 36. The cumulative numbers of Class 2 and 3 follicles was lowest in the Deslorelin group (P < 0.01), while the cumulative number of Class 1 follicles was highest (Deslorelin > Buserelin > Control; P < 0.01). The number of days to CL-regression and days to subsequent estrus did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. In Experiment II, 16 lactating potentially subfertile (body condition score 2.25) cows received Cystorelin (100 micrograms, i.m.; Day-9), Lutalyse (25 mg, i.m.; Day-2), and either a Cystorelin injection (100 micrograms, i.m.; n = 8) or Deslorelin implant (700 micrograms, s.c.; n = 8) on Day 0 and inseminated 16 h later. Deslorelin-treated cows had a higher plasma P4 concentration between Days 0 and 16 (P < 0.05) than the 2 other groups, and 5 of the 8 cows in this group were pregnant (Day 45, palpation) compared with 1 of 8 cows in the Cystorelin group (P < 0.05). Incorporation of a Deslorelin implant into a timed-insemination protocol enhanced the pregnancy rate in cows of poor body condition. The results support the hypothesis that enhanced CL function and delayed establishment of the first-wave dominant follicle may enhance embryo survival.

Human parvovirus B19 infections among exanthematic diseases notified as measles.

A total of 1397 sera collected from 1095 cases of exanthematic disease notified as measles in ES and RJ states during July 1992 to December 1994 were investigated. These sera were first tested for measles and rubella specific IgM. When they proved negative, they were tested for B19 specific IgM by an enzyme immunoassay. B19 infection was confirmed in 27 (2.5%) of these cases. Sera from 194 negative cases for measles and rubella IgM received from other Brazilian states were also investigated and B19 infection was confirmed for 11 of them. Sera from these 38 IgM positive cases for B19, were tested for anti-B19 IgG by an enzyme immunoassay and for B19 DNA by dot blot hybridization. Anti-B19 IgG antibodies were detected in most of the acute sera. B19 DNA was detected in the acute serum of one patient that had been splenectomized before. As the exanthem caused by human parvovirus infection may be clinically diagnosed as rubella, it could be important to diagnose B19 infection in Brazil since it is becoming prevalent as the cause of rash in countries where rubella is controlled by vaccination.