1-(Phenylselanyl)-2-(p-tolyl)indolizine: A selenoindolizine with potential antidepressant-like activity in mice mediated by the modulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems.

1-(Phenylselanyl)-2-(p-tolyl)indolizine (MeSeI) is a selenoindolizine with an antidepressant-like effect in mice by regulation of the serotonergic system. This study investigated the involvement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the antidepressant-like action of MeSeI. For this purpose, Swiss male mice were pretreated with different antagonists, after 15 min, the MeSeI was administrated by intragastric (i.g.) via; after 30 min, the mouse behavior was assessed in the forced swimming test (FST). The action of MeSeI on the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was determined. The pretreatment of mice with haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.; non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist), sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.; D2 receptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.; α2 receptor antagonist), and propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.p.; non-selective ß receptor antagonist), inhibited the anti-immobility action of MeSeI (50 mg/kg, i.g.) in the FST. This blocking effect was not observed when SCH23390 (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.; D1 receptor antagonist), and prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.; α1 receptor antagonist) were administered. The coadministration of subeffective doses of bupropion (3 mg/kg. i.g.; dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) and MeSeI (0.5 mg/kg. i.g.) reduced the immobility time in the FST. Furthermore, MeSeI inhibited MAO-A and B activities in vitro and ex vivo tests. These results suggest that MeSeI exerts its antidepressant-like effect via regulation of the D2, α2, and ß1 receptors and the inhibition of MAO-A and B activities. Molecular docking investigations corroborated these results. This study provides comprehensive insights into the antidepressant-like mechanism of MeSeI in mice, suggesting its potential as a novel antidepressant candidate.

Dopaminergic Modulation and Computational ADMET Insights for the Antidepressant-like Effect of N-(3-(Phenylselanyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide.

The compound N-(3-(phenylselanyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide (SePB), which combines a selenium atom and a benzamide nucleus in an organic structure, has demonstrated a fast antidepressant-like effect in mice. This action is influenced by the serotonergic system and represents a promising development in the search for novel antidepressant drugs to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), which often resists conventional treatments. This study aimed to further explore the mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like effect of SePB by investigating the involvement of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice and evaluating its pharmacokinetic profile in silico. Preadministration of the dopaminergic antagonists haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), a nonselective antagonist of dopamine (DA) receptors, SCH23390 (0.01 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)), a D1 receptor antagonist, and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a D2/3 receptor antagonist, before SePB (10 mg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.)) prevented the anti-immobility effect of SePB in the TST, demonstrating that these receptors are involved in the antidepressant-like effect of SePB. Administration of the noradrenergic antagonists prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an α1-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an α2-adrenergic antagonist, and propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.p.), a ß-adrenergic antagonist, did not block the antidepressant-like effect of SePB on TST, indicating that noradrenergic receptors are not involved in this effect. Additionally, the coadministration of SePB and bupropion (a noradrenaline/dopamine reuptake inhibitor) at subeffective doses (0.1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively) produced antidepressant-like effects. SePB also demonstrated good oral bioavailability and low toxicity in computational absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analyses. These findings suggest that SePB has potential as a new antidepressant drug candidate with a particular focus on the dopaminergic system.

N-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)selanyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl) benzamide induces antidepressant-like effect in mice: involvement of the serotonergic system.

RATIONALE: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) significantly impairs the quality of life for those affected. While the exact causes of MDD are not fully understood, the deficit of monoamines, especially serotonin and noradrenaline, is widely accepted. Resistance to long-term treatments and adverse effects are often observed, highlighting the need for new pharmacological therapies. Synthetic organic compounds containing selenium have exhibited pharmacological properties, including potential antidepressant effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of N-(3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)selenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl) benzamide (CF3SePB) in mice and the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. METHODS: Male Swiss mice were treated with CF3SePB (1-50 mg/kg, i.g.) and 30 min later the forced swimming test (FST) or tail suspension test (TST) was performed. To investigate the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the antidepressant-like effect of CF3SePB, mice were pre-treated with p-CPA (a 5-HT depletor, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or the receptor antagonists WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), ketanserin (1 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist), ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist), GR110838 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p., an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) and propranolol (2 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist) at specific times before CF3SePB (50 mg/kg, i.g.), and after 30 min of CF3SePB administration the FST was performed. RESULTS: CF3SePB showed an antidepressant-like effect in both FST and TST and this effect was related to the modulation of the serotonergic system, specially the 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors. None of the noradrenergic antagonists prevented the antidepressant-like effect of CF3SePB. The compound exhibited a low potential for inducing acute toxicity in adult female Swiss mice. CONCLUSION: This study pointed a new compound with antidepressant-like effect, and it could be considered for the development of new antidepressants.

Last instar larva of the critically endangered Oxyagrion franciscoi Machado & Bede, 2016 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Serra da Canastra National Park.

Oxyagrion franciscoi Machado & Bede, 2016 is a critically endangered damselfly species endemic to the Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil, a vital environmental reserve within the Cerrado hotspot for biodiversity conservation. Here we reared, illustrated, and described the last instar larva of O. franciscoi.

Exploring the antioxidant potential of chalcogen-indolizines throughout in vitro assays.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are highly reactive molecules produced naturally by the body and by external factors. When these species are generated in excessive amounts, they can lead to oxidative stress, which in turn can cause cellular and tissue damage. This damage is known to contribute to the aging process and is associated with age-related conditions, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the development of compounds with antioxidant potential to assist in the treatment of disorders related to oxidative stress. In this way, compounds containing sulfur (S) and/or selenium (Se) have been considered promising due to the relevant role of these elements in the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes and essential proteins with physiological functions. In this context, studies involving heterocyclic nuclei have significantly increased, notably highlighting the indolizine nucleus, given that compounds containing this nucleus have been demonstrating considerable pharmacological properties. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of eight S- and Se-derivatives containing indolizine nucleus and different substituents. The in vitro assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) scavenger activity, ferric ion (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and protein carbonylation (PC) were used to access the antioxidant profile of the compounds. Our findings demonstrated that all the compounds showed FRAP activity and reduced the levels of TBARS and PC in mouse brains homogenates. Some compounds were also capable of acting as DPPH scavengers. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that eight novel organochalcogen compounds exhibit antioxidant activity.

Pharmacological and computational analysis of the involvement of the 5-HT4 receptor in the antidepressant-like effect of N-(3-(phenylselanyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide in mice.

The serotonin type 4 receptor (5-HT4R)shows promise as a target for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). Studies have demonstrated that 5-HT4R agonists have a faster antidepressant-like effect compared to conventional medications. Developing drugs that modulate this receptor could lead to faster and more effective MDD treatments. The compound N-(3-(phenylselanyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl)benzamide (SePB) induces an antidepressant-like effect in mice. The present study explored if the 5-HT4R mediates SePB's antidepressant effect. For this, male Swiss mice were treated with GR113808 (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally - i.p.), a 5-HT4R antagonist, and SePB (10 mg/kg, intragastrically - i.g), and then subjected to the tail-suspension test (TST) and open-field test (OFT). In silico tests were conducted to analyze SePB's binding affinity to the 5-HT4R and identify participating amino acid residues. The administration of GR113808 blocked the antidepressant-like effect of SePB in the TST without changing locomotor activity in the OFT. Moreover, SePB exhibited a high binding affinity between the 5-HT4R (-7.9 kcal/mol) and the amino acid residues Leu298, Asp100, Thr97, Arg96, Glu80, Leu81, Cys184, Val185, and Phe186 seem to be important for this interaction. The involvement of the 5-HT4R in the antidepressant-like effect of SePB suggests potential for novel therapies in MDD.

Antidepressant-like Effect of 1-(2-(4-(4-Ethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)ethan-1-one in Mice: Evidence of the Contribution of the Serotonergic System.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder that affects a large portion of the population, with dysregulation of the serotonergic system, which is deeply involved in both the pathophysiology of MDD and mechanism of action of many antidepressants. Current pharmacological therapies do not meet the neurobiological needs of all depressed individuals, making the development of new antidepressants necessary. In recent decades, compounds containing triazoles have become promising due to their range of biological activities, including antidepressant activity. In this study, we evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of a hybrid containing triazole and acetophenone, 1-(2-(4-(4-ethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)ethan-1-one (ETAP) (0.5-5 mg/kg), in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice, as well as the involvement of the serotonergic system in this effect. Our findings demonstrated that ETAP exhibited an antidepressant-like effect from the dose of 1 mg/kg and that this effect is modulated by 5-HT2A/2C and 5-HT4 receptors. We also demonstrated that this effect may be related to inhibition of monoamine oxidase A activity in the hippocampus. Additionally, we evaluated the in silico pharmacokinetic profile of ETAP, which predicted its penetration into the central nervous system. ETAP exhibited a low potential for toxicity at a high dose, making this molecule interesting for the development of a new therapeutic strategy for MDD.

Involvement of the serotonergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of 1-(phenylselanyl)-2-(p-tolyl)indolizine in mice.

RATIONALE: Depression is a mental disorder that affects approximately 280 million people worldwide. In the search for new treatments for mood disorders, compounds containing selenium and indolizine derivatives show promising results. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: To evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of 1-(phenylselanyl)-2-(p-tolyl)indolizine (MeSeI) (0.5-50 mg/kg, intragastric-i.g.) on the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swim test (FST) in adult male Swiss mice and to elucidate the role of the serotonergic system in this effect through pharmacological and in silico approaches, as well to evaluate acute oral toxicity at a high dose (300 mg/kg). RESULTS: MeSeI administered 30 min before the FST and the TST reduced immobility time at doses from 1 mg/kg and at 50 mg/kg and increased the latency time for the first episode of immobility, demonstrating an antidepressant-like effect. In the open field test (OFT), MeSeI did not change the locomotor activity. The antidepressant-like effect of MeSeI (50 mg/kg, i.g.) was prevented by the pre-treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), a selective tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally-i.p. for 4 days), with ketanserin, a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and with GR113808, a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), but not with WAY100635, a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous-s.c.) and ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (1 mg/kg, i.p.). MeSeI showed a binding affinity with 5-HT2A, 5 -HT2C, and 5-HT4 receptors by molecular docking. MeSeI (300 mg/kg, i.g.) demonstrated low potential to cause acute toxicity in adult female Swiss mice. CONCLUSION: In summary, MeSeI exhibits an antidepressant-like effect mediated by the serotonergic system and could be considered for the development of new treatment strategies for depression.

Pracaxi oil affects xenobiotic metabolisms, cellular proliferation, and oxidative stress without cytotogenotoxic effects in HepG2/C3A cells.

Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze seeds oil has been used as a topical healing agent, applied mainly to parturients and snake bites. The objective was to investigate the effects of pracaxi oil (POP) on HepG2/C3A cells under cytogenotoxicity, cell cycle and apoptosis influence, and expression of metabolism and other related cell types proliferation genes. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT test and apoptosis and cell cycle interferences by flow cytometry. To identify genotoxicity were used comet and micronucleus tests. RT-qPCR investigated gene expression. PO chemical characterization has shown two significant triterpenes, identified as oleanolic acid and hederagenin. The results showed that the PO did not reduce cell viability at concentrations ranging from 31 to 500 µg/ml. Comet and micronucleus assays revealed the absence of genotoxic effects, and flow cytometry showed no cell cycle or apoptosis disturbance. RT-qPCR indicated that PO up-regulated genes related to metabolism (CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP1A1), cell proliferation (mTOR), and oxidative stress (GPX1). The data indicate that PO has no cytogenotoxic effects and suggest that it activated the PI3/AKT/mTOR cascade of cell growth and proliferation. Inside the cells, the PO activated xenobiotic metabolizing genes, responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, can neutralize ROS with increased GPX1 gene expression without genetic damage, interruption of the cell cycle, or induction of apoptosis.

Genotoxicity induced by nerol, an essential oil present in citric plants using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and HepG2/C3A cells as a model.

Nerol (cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) is a monoterpene widely used in cosmetic products, household detergents and cleaners, as well as a flavoring in several food products. Despite the high level of human exposure to nerol, an absence of studies regarding potential genetic toxicity in human cells exists. The aim of this investigation was to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this monoterpene on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as hepatic metabolizing HepG2/C3A human cell line. Cytotoxicity was assessed using trypan blue staining and MTT assay while genotoxicity was determined utilizing the comet and micronucleus test. Cytotoxicity tests showed cell viability greater than 70% for concentrations between 2.5 and 500 µg/ml. Both cell types exhibited significant DNA damage and chromosomal mutations after medium and high concentration incubation with nerol indicating that the safety of use of this monoterpene in various formulations to which humans are exposed needs to be monitored and requires more comprehensive investigations.

Pelvic Sagittal Torsion Caused by Induced Leg Length Discrepancy: Geometrical Illusion May Influence Measures Based on Superior-iliac Spines Positions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a common measure of sagittal pelvic torsion based on the superior iliac spines behave similarly to predictions of a rigid (non-torsioned) plane, when leg length discrepancies (LLD) are induced. METHOD: Twenty-four young asymptomatic participants were subjected to pelvic posture measurements that use the anterior-superior iliac spines (ASISs) and posterior-superior iliac spines (PSISs) as references, while standing on level ground and with a one-, two- and three-centimeter lifts under the left foot. A special caliper with digital inclinometers was used. The following angles were measured: angles of the right and left PSIS-to-ASIS lines; right-left relative angle (RLRA), as the angle between the right and left PSIS-to-ASIS lines, which is a traditional lateral-view measure intended to detect sagittal torsions; angle of the inter-ASISs line; angle of the inter-PSISs line; anterior-posterior relative angle (APRA), as the angle between the inter-ASISs and inter-PSISs lines. According to trigonometric predictions based on the geometry given by the lines linking the superior iliac spines (i.e. a trapezoid plane), a pure lateral tilt of the pelvis, without interinnominate sagittal motion, would change RLRA in a specific direction and would not change APRA. RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that RLRA (p<0.001) and right and left PSIS-to-ASIS angles (p≤0.001) changed, and APRA did not change (p=0.33), as predicted. CONCLUSIONS: At least part of the sagittal torsion detected by measures that assume the PSIS-to-ASIS angles as the sagittal angles of the innominates is due to pelvic geometry and not to the occurrence of actual torsion, when LLDs are induced.

PREDICTIVE VALUE OF THE GENERAL MOVEMENTS ASSESSMENT IN PRETERM INFANTS: A META-ANALYSIS.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the predictive value of the General Movements Assessment for the diagnosis of neurodevelopment disorders in preterm newborns. DATA SOURCE: We conducted a systematic literature review using the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (PubMed), and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE). The articles were filtered by language, year of publication, population of interest, use of Prechtl's Method on the Qualitative Assessment of General Movements, and presence of variables related to the predictive value. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 was used to assess the methodology of the included studies. Sensitivity, specificity, Diagnostic Odds Ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and parameter of accuracy were calculated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Six of 342 articles were included. The evaluation of Writhing Movements is a good indicator for recognizing cerebral palsy, as it has high values for the sensitivity and accuracy parameters. The evaluation of Fidgety Movements has the strongest predictive validity for cerebral palsy, as it has high values in all measures of diagnostic accuracy. The quality assessment shows high risk of bias for patient selection and flow and timing of the evaluation. Therefore, the scale has potential to detect individuals with neurodevelopment disorders. However, the studies presented limitations regarding the selection of subjects and the assessment of neurological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high predictive values of the tool to identify neurological disorders, research on the subject is required due to the heterogeneity of the current studies.

Predictive value of the general movements assessment in preterm infants: a meta-analysis / Valor preditivo da general movements assessment na avaliação neurológica de recém-nascidos pré-termo: uma metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the predictive value of the General Movements Assessment for the diagnosis of neurodevelopment disorders in preterm newborns. Data source: We conducted a systematic literature review using the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (PubMed), and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE). The articles were filtered by language, year of publication, population of interest, use of Prechtl's Method on the Qualitative Assessment of General Movements, and presence of variables related to the predictive value. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 was used to assess the methodology of the included studies. Sensitivity, specificity, Diagnostic Odds Ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and parameter of accuracy were calculated. Data synthesis: Six of 342 articles were included. The evaluation of Writhing Movements is a good indicator for recognizing cerebral palsy, as it has high values for the sensitivity and accuracy parameters. The evaluation of Fidgety Movements has the strongest predictive validity for cerebral palsy, as it has high values in all measures of diagnostic accuracy. The quality assessment shows high risk of bias for patient selection and flow and timing of the evaluation. Therefore, the scale has potential to detect individuals with neurodevelopment disorders. However, the studies presented limitations regarding the selection of subjects and the assessment of neurological outcomes. Conclusions: Despite the high predictive values of the tool to identify neurological disorders, research on the subject is required due to the heterogeneity of the current studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o valor preditivo da General Movements Assessment para o diagnóstico de alterações do neurodesenvolvimento em recém-nascidos pré-termo. Fonte de dados: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando as bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (PubMed) e Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE). Os artigos foram filtrados por idioma, ano de publicação, população de interesse, utilização do Método Prechtl de avaliação e presença das variáveis relacionadas ao valor preditivo da escala. O Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 foi utilizado para avaliar a metodologia dos artigos. Foi realizado o cálculo de sensibilidade, especificidade, Diagnostic Odds Ratio, razão de verossimilhanças positiva e negativa e parâmetro de acurácia. Síntese dos dados: Foram incluídos seis artigos dentre os 342 encontrados. A escala, quando realizada no período Writhing Movements, possui bom poder discriminativo para o desfecho paralisia cerebral, com valores elevados de sensibilidade e acurácia. Quando realizada no período Fidgety Movements, possui maior valor preditivo para paralisia cerebral, com valores elevados em todas as medidas de acurácia diagnóstica. O risco de viés foi considerado elevado na seleção de pacientes e no fluxo e momento da avaliação. Desse modo, a escala tem potencial para detectar indivíduos que evoluíram com alterações do neurodesenvolvimento, porém, os artigos apresentaram limitações quanto à seleção dos sujeitos e à forma de avaliação do desfecho neurológico. Conclusões: Apesar dos altos valores preditivos descritos para identificação de alterações neurológicas, novas pesquisas são necessárias, devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos e ao método de avaliação a longo prazo do neurodesenvolvimento.

Molecular iodine-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1H-pyrazoles.

A one-pot iodine-catalyzed multicomponent reaction has been developed for the selective preparation of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1H-pyrazoles from a diverse array of benzoylacetonitriles, arylhydrazines and diaryl diselenides. The reactions were conducted in MeCN as solvent at reflux temperature under air. The methodology presents a large functional group tolerance to electron-deficient, electron-rich, and bulky substituents and gave the expected products in good to excellent yields. The synthesized 1,3-diphenyl-4-(phenylselanyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was submitted to an oxidative dehydrogenative coupling to produce a diazo compound confirmed by X-ray analysis.

Precisão das equações preditivas de peso corporal e altura: proposta de um percentual de ajuste / Precision of the body weight and stature predictive equations: proposition of an adjustment percentage

Introdução: As equações preditivas de peso corporal e altura foram criadas tendo como referência indivíduos norte-americanos, portanto, diante da distinção de populações, torna-se necessário que sejam analisadas.Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar as equações preditivas de peso e altura, propondo um percentual de ajuste para adequação das mesmas. Método: Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário do Nordeste brasileiro. Foram selecionados pacientes com idade entre 19 e 80 anos, internados nas clínicas médica e cirúrgica do referido hospital. Os dados antropométricos aferidos foram peso atual, altura, circunferência do braço e altura do joelho. Para comparação entre medidas estimadas e aferidas, foi utilizado o teste t pareado de Student e, para as variáveis categóricas, o teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Adotou-se como nível de significância estatística o valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Ao comparar os resultados das medidas aferidas com os das equações preditivas, foi observada uma subestimação nas medidas estimadas de peso (-3,3%), altura, (-4,5%), levando à subestimação na taxa metabólica basal (-6%) e necessidades energéticas (-6%) e uma superestimação nos valores de Índice de Massa Corporal (+5%) em relação às medidas aferidas, resultando numa subestimação no total de pacientes com baixo peso e eutróficos e superestimação daqueles com sobrepeso e obesidade. Conclusão: A análise da precisão das equações preditivas nos pacientes do estudo demonstrou que houve subestimação no total de indivíduos com baixo peso e eutróficos e superestimação daqueles com sobrepeso e obesidade. Baseado nos percentuais de subestimação encontrados ao comparar as medidas estimadas com as aferidas nos pacientes da amostra, sugere-se um ajuste de 3,3% no peso e 4,5% na altura para correção das equações preditivas.(AU)

Introduction: The predictive equations of body weight and stature were created with reference to American individuals, therefore, before the distinction of populations, it becomes necessary to be analyzed. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the predictive equations of weight and stature, proposing a percentage of adjustment to fit them. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in a university hospital in Brazilian northeastern. Patients aged between 19 and 80 years old admitted to the medical and surgical clinics of the referred hospital were selected. The anthropometric data measured were current weight, stature, arm circumference, calf circumference and knee height. The paired t-test of Student was used to compare the estimated and measured measurements. For the categorical variables, the Pearson Chi-square test was used. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0,05. Results: When comparing the results of the measures measured with those of the predictive equations, there was an underestimation in the estimated measures of weight (-3.3%), stature (-4.5%), leading to a underestimation of basal metabolic rate (-6%) and estimated energy requirements (-6%) and an overestimation in the values of Body Mass Index (+5%) in relation to the measures measured, resulting in an underestimation in the total of patients with low weight and eutrophic, and overestimation of those with overweight/ obesity. Conclusion: The analysis of the precision of the predictive equations in the study patients showed that there was an underestimation in the total of individuals with low weight and eutrophic and overestimation of those with overweight and obesity. Based on the underestimation percentages found when comparing the estimated measures with those measured in the patients in the sample, an adjustment of 3.3% in weight and 4.5% in stature for correcting the predictive equations is suggested.(AU)

Percepção e atitudes de alunos do ensino médio de uma unidade escolar estadual, sobre os problemas ocasionados pelo cão doméstico (Canis familiaris), no município de Tefé, Amazonas, Brasil / Perception and attitudes of secondary education students of a state school on the problems caused by domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), in the city of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil / Percepción y actitudes de alumnos de la enseñanza secundaria de una unidad escolar estadual sobre los problemas ocasionados por perro doméstico (Canis familiaris), en el municipio de Tefé, Amazonas, Brasil

O Brasil tem a segunda maior população canina do mundo, cerca de 52,2 milhões de cães. Desse total, estima-se que 20 milhões são errantes, sendo que estes causam diversos transtornos para a sociedade, afetando diretamente a saúde única. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e analisar a percepção e atitudes de alunos do ensino médio de uma unidade escolar estadual, na cidade de Tefé (AM), diante dos problemas ocasionados por cães de rua. A metodologia empregada para a realização da pesquisa foi fundamentada num estudo quali-quantitativo, por meio de entrevistas, com um questionário semiestruturado abrangendo questões objetivas e discursivas. Os resultados gerais demonstram que 86,6% dos alunos entrevistados entendem que o acúmulo de lixo é um dos problemas ambientais mais frequentes no município, associado ao aumento de cães que foi relatado por 20,0% dos entrevistados. Contudo, 81,6% e 80,0% acreditam que cães em vias públicas causam problemas ambientais e de saúde, respectivamente. Os alunos demonstraram estar sensibilizados sobre todos os problemas ocasionados por cães de ruas, entretanto, faz-se necessário uma maior abordagem sobre a importância da educação em guarda responsável, bem-estar animal e saúde pública nos estabelecimentos de ensino. Tais fatores constituem instrumentos imprescindíveis para redução de transtornos. Também devem ser implantados programas que visem o controle populacional de cães neste município.(AU)

Brazil has the second largest canine population in the world, with approximately 52.2 million dogs. It is estimated that 20 million wander free, causing a number of disruptions to society, thus directly affecting public health. The purpose of this study was to verify and analyze the perception and attitude of secondary education students from a state school in Tefé (AM) before the problems caused by street dogs. The research used a qualitative and quantitative methodology, mainly through interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions. Overall results show that 86.6% of the interviewed students understand that the accumulation of garbage is one of the most frequent environmental issues in the city associated with the increase of the canine population reported by 20.0% of the interviewees. However, 81.6% and 80.0% believe that dogs in public streets cause environmental and health problems, respectively. The students have shown that they are aware of all the issues caused by street dogs. Therefore, it is recommended that responsible ownership must be emphasized, as well as animal welfare and public health education in schools, since they are essential tools for the reduction of such issues, in addition to the implementation of programs aimed at controlling the canine population in this city.(AU)

Brasil tiene la segunda mayor población canina del mundo, alrededor de 52,2 millones de perros. De ese total, se estima que 20 millones son errantes, siendo que ellos causan diversos trastornos para la sociedad, afectando directamente la salud única. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido verificar y analizar la percepción y actitudes de alumnos de la enseñanza secundaria de una unidad escolar estadual en la ciudad de Tefé (AM), delante de los problemas ocasionados por perros callejeros. La metodología empleada para la realización de la investigación ha sido fundamentada en un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo, por medio de entrevistas, con un cuestionario semiestructurado abarcando cuestiones objetivas y discursivas. Los resultados generales demuestran que 86,6% de los alumnos entrevistados entienden que el acúmulo de basura es uno de los problemas ambientales más frecuentes en el municipio, asociado al aumento de perros que ha sido relatado por 20% de los entrevistados. Todavía, 81,6% creen que perros en vías públicas causan problemas ambientales y de salud, respectivamente. Los alumnos demostraron estar sensibilizados a los problemas ocasionados por perros callejeros. Entretanto, se hace necesario un abordaje mayor sobre la importancia de la educación en guardia responsable, bienestar del animal y salud pública en los establecimientos de enseñanza. Tales factores constituyen instrumentos imprescindibles para reducción de trastornos. Se debe también implantar programas que busquen el control poblacional de perros en este municipio.(AU)

Rourea cuspidata:Chemical composition and hypoglycemic activity

Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic effect of Rourea cuspidata hydroalcoholic stem extract in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In order to evaluate the chemical composition, different extracts from stem in ascending solvent order of polarity were prepared. The extracts were analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry and 7 compounds were identified, including hyperin, an important and already reported active compound in the literature. Hyperin was also quantified by HPLC-UV in all the extracts. The hydroalcoholic stem extract (Ss5), which showed the highest concentration of hyperin, was administered to STZ-induced diabetes rats to evaluate the potential hypoglycemic activity. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, ALT and AST were also evaluated. In the present study, the effects of oral administration of hydroalcoholic stem extract (200 mg/kg b. wt.) for 28 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. Histopathological changes in diabetic rats' pancreas were also studied. Results: The extract exposition demonstrated hypoglycemic effect like the drug control glibenclamide. The extract was able to increase the HDL levels. Histopathological study on diabetic rats' pancreas after extract treatment showed morphological alterations in STZ-induced diabetes rats, which were apparently restored after extract treatment. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the potential use of R. cuspidata as hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of diabetes.

Beclomethasone Dipropionate-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules: Development, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, and In Vivo Evaluation of Acute Lung Injury.

The aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanocapsules intended for the pulmonary delivery of beclomethasone dipropionate using ethyl cellulose or poly(ε-caprolactone). The formulations showed adequate physicochemical characteristics, namely, average diameter lower than 260 nm, low polydispersity index (< 0.2), negative zeta potential, neutral pH values, and encapsulation efficiencies close to 100%. The thermal analysis by DSC suggested that beclomethasone dipropionate encapsulated in the nanocapsules was in an amorphous state. In addition, both ethyl cellulose and poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules were able to delay the drug photodegradation under UVC radiation. The in vitro drug release showed a prolonged release without burst effect using the dialysis bag diffusion technique. Moreover, ethyl cellulose and poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules presented low in vitro cytotoxicity on 3T3 fibroblasts cells. In vivo, the formulations showed no acute pulmonary injury in rats. Therefore, the developed nanocapsules could be considered suitable carriers to be used for beclomethasone dipropionate pulmonary delivery.