The mitral-to-aortic flow-velocity integral ratio in the real world echocardiographic evaluation of functional mitral regurgitation before and after percutaneous repair.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) using MitraClip system has emerged as a therapeutic option for patients with functional severe mitral regurgitation (FMR) at prohibitive risk for surgery. In this setting, the echocardiographic assessment of FMR severity is challenging because the traditional echocardiographic methods have important limitations. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of a simple Doppler index, the mitral/aortic flow velocity integral ratio (MAVIR), to evaluate residual FMR severity after PMVR. METHODS: Eighty-five heart failure patients with functional MR and LV dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 40%) were included. FMR was quantified on the basis of traditional quantitative parameters of MR severity. MAVIR was expressed as the ratio of mitral and aortic time velocity integral (TVI) values. According to MR severity, 25 patients underwent MC implantation and at 6 months a complete echocardiographic follow-up was performed. RESULTS: A significant linear relationship was found between MAVIR and both VC and EROA. A MAVIR ≥1.02 identified pts with severe MR with a sensitivity of 86.7% and a specificity of 90.9%. At the 6 months echocardiographic follow-up after the MitraClip implantation, we observed a significant reduction of LAVI, LVED and LVES volume, while LVEF improved. Furthermore, MAVIR significantly decreased its decrease showed a significant linear relationship with LAVI reduction. CONCLUSION: Our data show a close relationship between MAVIR and traditional indexes of MR severity in patients with FMR. This Doppler-derived index seems applicable after PMVR where traditional echocardiographic index of MR severity shows significant limitations.

Genetics of Takotsubo Syndrome.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an enigmatic disease with a multifactorial and still unresolved pathogenesis. A genetic predisposition has been suggested based on the few familial TTS cases. Conflicting results have been published regarding the role of functional polymorphisms in relevant candidate genes, such as α1-, ß1-, and ß2-adrenergic receptors; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5; and estrogen receptors. Further research is required to help clarify the role of genetic susceptibility in TTS.

The Role of Multimodality Cardiac Imaging for the Assessment of Sports Eligibility in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) cannot be considered an innocent finding, but it is not necessarily a life-threatening condition. Athletes with BAV should undergo a thorough staging of the valve anatomy, taking into consideration hemodynamic factors, as well as aortic diameters and looking for other associated significant cardiovascular anomalies by use of a multimodality cardiac imaging approach. Furthermore an accurate follow-up is mandatory with serial cardiological controls in those allowed to continue sports.

Right atrial mass following transcatheter radiofrequency ablation for recurrent atrial fibrillation: thrombus, endocarditis or mixoma?

We report a case of an asymptomatic patient in whom a right atrial mass was fortuitously documented by echocardiography few months after a transcatheter radiofrequency catheter ablation for recurrent AF. No masses were seen in the cardiac chambers before the ablative procedure, raising important diagnostic and decision-making issues. The patient was referred to the surgeon and a diagnosis of right atrial myxoma was made.

"Steal" collaterals: an echocardiographic diagnostic marker for anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in the adult.

Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, also known as Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare malformation. Few patients survive past childhood without surgical repair, and up to 90% die suddenly at a mean age of 35 years. We describe a case of a 60-year-old patient with anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in which 2-dimensional and color flow Doppler visualization of the intercoronary (so-called "steal") collaterals was the first marker that alerted the examiner to the possibility of this diagnosis, subsequently guided step-by-step the echocardiographic approach.