Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Early enteral nutrition through a feeding tube is essential for the management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Nasojejunal tube nutrition has been preferred on the assumption that it provided pancreatic rest in comparison to the nasogastric tube. However, nasojejunal tube placement is complex, may delay feeding initiation and can increase hospital costs. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of enteral feeding with a nasogastric tube versus nasojejunal tube in patients with SAP. We searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) until December 1, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing enteral feeding by nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes in patients with SAP. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were organ failure, infection, complications, surgical intervention, duration of tube feeding and length of hospital stay. Risk of bias assessment was completed independently by two investigators using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. We performed random effects model meta-analyses using the inverse variance method. Effect measures were reported as relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. We included four RCTs involving 192 patients with SAP. The mean ages ranged between 36 and 62 years old. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the nasogastric and nasojejunal feeding arms (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). There were no significant differences in all secondary outcomes between feeding arms. There were three RCTs with some concerns of bias, in the randomization process. In conclusion, in patients with SAP, enteral feeding delivered by nasogastric tube was as efficacious and safe as nasojejunal tube. Further randomized controlled trials with more participants and better design are needed to confirm these findings.

Sub-oclusión intestinal y desnutrición severa en esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodermia

La esclerosis sistémica sin escleroderma es una forma no común de compromiso sistémico de esta enfermedad, con ausencia de manifestaciones cutáneas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 71 años con índice de masa corporal (IMC) en 16,9 kg/m2, con historia de hipotiroidismo y estreñimiento crónico, quien acude a emergencia por dolor y distensión abdominal, asociado a náuseas. Se realizó una tomografía abdomino-pélvica encontrándose cámara gástrica colapsada, asas intestinales con algunos segmentos distendidos, con signos de fecalización de asa delgada. La colonoscopía describió dolicocolon severo. Se observaron placas induradas en codo derecho y en ambos glúteos. Los exámenes auxiliares: ANA 1/640 patrón centromérico, anticuerpos anticentrómero = 227 U/mL (valor normal - VN: 0-25), Anti SCL-70 = 1,9 U/mL (VN 0-25) y anti RNP = 0,1 U/mL (VN 0-25). La capilaroscopía de borde ungueal a 200x mostró megacapilares. El diagnóstico clínico fue esclerosis sistémica sin esclerodermia. Se inició tratamiento con dieta rica en fibra y nutrición parenteral por 1 semana. La evolución de la paciente fue favorable.

Systemic sclerosis sine Scleroderma is an uncommon form of systemic compromise of this disease, in the abscense of cutaneous manifestations. We present the case of a 71 years-old woman, body mass index (BMI) in 16.9 kg/m2, with history of hypothyroidism and chronic constipation, who goes to the emergency with pain, abdominal bloating, and nausea. An abdominopelvic tomography was made, reporting a collapse of the gastric chamber, some segments of intestinal loops distended with signs of fecalization in the small intestine. A colonoscopy described severe dolicocolon. We observed indurated plaques in left elbow and in both buttocks. Lab tests: ANA 1/640 with anticentromeric pattern, anticentromere antibodies = 227 U/mL (0-25), Anti-SCL-70 = 1.9 U/mL (0-25), anti-RNP = 0.1 U/mL (0-25). Peri-ungueal cappilaroscopy 200x showed mega capillaries. Clinical diagnosis was systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma. We initiated treatment with a high-fiber diet and parenteral nutrition for a week. The patient evolution was favorable.

Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acutepancreatitis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Early enteral nutrition through a feeding tube is essential for the management of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Nasojejunal tube nutrition has been preferred on the assumption that it provided pancreatic rest in comparison to the nasogastric tube. However, nasojejunal tube placement is complex, may delay feeding initiation and can increase hospital costs. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of enteral feeding with a nasogastric tube versus nasojejunal tube in patients with SAP. We searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) until December 1, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing enteral feeding by nasogastric and nasojejunal tubes in patients with SAP. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were organ failure, infection, complications, surgical intervention, duration of tube feeding and length of hospital stay. Risk of bias assessment was completed independently by two investigators using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. We performed random effects model meta-analyses using the inverse variance method. Effect measures were reported as relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. We included four RCTs involving 192 patients with SAP. The mean ages ranged between 36 and 62 years old. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the nasogastric and nasojejunal feeding arms (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). There were no significant differences in all secondary outcomes between feeding arms. There were three RCTs with some concerns of bias, in the randomization process. In conclusion, in patients with SAP, enteral feeding delivered by nasogastric tube was as efficacious and safe as nasojejunal tube. Further randomized controlled trials with more participants and better design are needed to confirm these findings.

La nutrición enteral temprana a través de una sonda de alimentación es esencial para el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda severa (PAS). Se ha preferido la nutrición por sonda nasoyeyunal, bajo el supuesto de que proporciona descanso pancreático en comparación con la sonda nasogástrica. Sin embargo, la colocación de la sonda nasoyeyunal es compleja, puede retrasar el inicio de la alimentación y aumentar los costos hospitalarios. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la alimentación enteral con sonda nasogástrica versus sonda nasoyeyunal en pacientes con PAS. Se realizaron búsquedas en cuatro bases de datos (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y Embase) hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2022. Se incluyeron ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) que compararon la alimentación enteral mediante sondas nasogástricas y nasoyeyunales en pacientes con PAS. El resultado primario fue la mortalidad por todas las causas. Los resultados secundarios fueron insuficiencia orgánica, infección, complicaciones, intervención quirúrgica, duración de la alimentación por sonda y duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Dos investigadores completaron de forma independiente la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo mediante la herramienta Cochrane RoB 2.0. Realizamos metanálisis de modelos de efectos aleatorios utilizando el método de varianza inversa. Las medidas del efecto se informaron como riesgos relativos (RR) y sus IC del 95% para resultados dicotómicos y diferencias de medias (DM) y sus IC del 95% para resultados continuos. Se incluyeron cuatro ECA con 192 pacientes con PAS. La edad media osciló entre 36 y 62 años. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad por todas las causas entre los brazos de alimentación nasogástrica y nasoyeyunal Cambiar lo resaltado por: (18/98 vs. 23/93; RR 1.34, 95%CI 0.77-2.30; p=0.30). No hubo diferencias significativas en todos los resultados secundarios entre los brazos de alimentación. Hubo tres ECA con algunas preocupaciones de sesgo en el proceso de asignación aleatorizado. En conclusión, en pacientes con PAS, la alimentación enteral administrada por sonda nasogástrica fue tan eficaz y segura como la sonda nasoyeyunal. Se necesitan más ensayos controlados aleatorios con más participantes y mejor diseño para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Association between metabolic syndrome and euthyroid nodular goiter: a case-control study / Asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el bocio nodular eutiroideo: un estudio de casos y controles

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and abdominal obesity; its pathophysiologic basis, insulin resistance, has been shown to act as agent in thyroid cell proliferation. Few studies analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodular disease, with a substantial knowledge gap. Objective: Determine the association between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid disease in a region with adequate iodine intake. Methods: Case-control study. A total of 182 patients referred to radiology to undergo thyroid ultrasonography due to suspicion of thyroid disease. Cases had at least one thyroid nodule greater than 3 mm (n= 91). Controls did not have evidence of thyroid nodules (n= 91). Results: Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of thyroid nodule (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Low levels of HDL (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.10 to 3.78, p <0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of thyroid nodule, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Multivariate analysis maintained the association between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodule with an OR of 2.96 (95%CI 1.47 to 5.95, p <0.05); similarly, the associations of low levels of HDL (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.44 to 5.3, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.14 to 4.34, p<0.05) with thyroid nodule remained significant. Conclusion: The thyroid nodular disease is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, specifically decreased HDL and impaired fasting glucose levels were the factors that increased association was found.

Resumen Antecedentes: el síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades metabólicas y obesidad abdominal; Se ha demostrado que su base fisiopatológica, la resistencia a la insulina, actúa como agente en la proliferación de las células tiroideas. Pocos estudios analizan la relación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad nodular tiroidea, con una brecha de conocimiento sustancial. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad tiroidea nodular en una región con una ingesta adecuada de yodo. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles. Un total de 182 pacientes remitidos a radiología para someterse a una ecografía tiroidea debido a la sospecha de enfermedad tiroidea. Los casos tenían al menos un nódulo tiroideo mayor de 3 mm (n = 91). Los controles no tenían evidencia de nódulos tiroideos (n = 91). Resultados: El análisis bivariado mostró una asociación significativa entre el síndrome metabólico y la presencia de nódulo tiroideo (OR 2.56, IC 95%: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Los niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.81, IC 95%: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.05, IC 95% 1.10 a 3.78, p <0.05) se asociaron significativamente con la presencia de nódulo tiroideo, independiente de la presencia de síndrome metabólico. El análisis multivariado mantuvo la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el nódulo tiroideo con un OR de 2.96 (IC 95% 1.47 a 5.95, p <0.05); de manera similar, las asociaciones de niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.77, IC 95% 1.44 a 5.3, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.23, IC 95% 1.14 a 4.34, p <0.05) con nódulo tiroideo permanecieron significativas. Conclusión: la enfermedad nodular tiroidea se asocia con un mayor riesgo de síndrome metabólico, específicamente la disminución de HDL y los niveles de glucosa en ayunas alterados fueron los factores que aumentaron la asociación.

Association between metabolic syndrome and euthyroid nodular goiter: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and abdominal obesity; its pathophysiologic basis, insulin resistance, has been shown to act as agent in thyroid cell proliferation. Few studies analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodular disease, with a substantial knowledge gap. OBJECTIVE: Determine the association between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid disease in a region with adequate iodine intake. METHODS: Case-control study. A total of 182 patients referred to radiology to undergo thyroid ultrasonography due to suspicion of thyroid disease. Cases had at least one thyroid nodule greater than 3 mm (n= 91). Controls did not have evidence of thyroid nodules (n= 91). RESULTS: Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of thyroid nodule (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Low levels of HDL (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.10 to 3.78, p <0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of thyroid nodule, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Multivariate analysis maintained the association between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodule with an OR of 2.96 (95%CI 1.47 to 5.95, p <0.05); similarly, the associations of low levels of HDL (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.44 to 5.3, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.14 to 4.34, p<0.05) with thyroid nodule remained significant. CONCLUSION: The thyroid nodular disease is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, specifically decreased HDL and impaired fasting glucose levels were the factors that increased association was found.

ANTECEDENTES: el síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades metabólicas y obesidad abdominal; Se ha demostrado que su base fisiopatológica, la resistencia a la insulina, actúa como agente en la proliferación de las células tiroideas. Pocos estudios analizan la relación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad nodular tiroidea, con una brecha de conocimiento sustancial. OBJETIVO: determinar la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad tiroidea nodular en una región con una ingesta adecuada de yodo. MÉTODOS: estudio de casos y controles. Un total de 182 pacientes remitidos a radiología para someterse a una ecografía tiroidea debido a la sospecha de enfermedad tiroidea. Los casos tenían al menos un nódulo tiroideo mayor de 3 mm (n = 91). Los controles no tenían evidencia de nódulos tiroideos (n = 91). RESULTADOS: El análisis bivariado mostró una asociación significativa entre el síndrome metabólico y la presencia de nódulo tiroideo (OR 2.56, IC 95%: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Los niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.81, IC 95%: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.05, IC 95% 1.10 a 3.78, p <0.05) se asociaron significativamente con la presencia de nódulo tiroideo, independiente de la presencia de síndrome metabólico. El análisis multivariado mantuvo la asociación entre el síndrome metabólico y el nódulo tiroideo con un OR de 2.96 (IC 95% 1.47 a 5.95, p <0.05); de manera similar, las asociaciones de niveles bajos de HDL (OR 2.77, IC 95% 1.44 a 5.3, p <0.05) y glucosa en ayunas alterada (OR 2.23, IC 95% 1.14 a 4.34, p <0.05) con nódulo tiroideo permanecieron significativas. CONCLUSIÓN: la enfermedad nodular tiroidea se asocia con un mayor riesgo de síndrome metabólico, específicamente la disminución de HDL y los niveles de glucosa en ayunas alterados fueron los factores que aumentaron la asociación.

Effectiveness of systematic alphanumeric coded endoscopy for diagnosis of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia in a low socioeconomic population.

Background and study aims: In the Western world, gastric cancer (GC) usually presents at an advanced stage, carrying a high mortality rate. Studies have reported that 14 % to 26 % of GCs are missed at endoscopy up to 3 years before diagnosis. Systematic Alphanumeric Coded Endoscopy (SACE) has been proposed to improve quality of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) by facilitating a complete examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. This prospective cross-sectional study was designed to determine the frequency of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) by using the SACE approach in cohort of patients from low socioeconomic level. It also used non-targeted biopsies to evaluate the frequency of premalignant conditions. Patients and methods: A total of 601 consecutive asymptomatic or dyspeptic patients were enrolled between January 2013 and November 2014 at the Huacho regional hospital in Peru. The SACE method proposed by Emura et al, which divides the stomach into 5 regions and 21 areas, was routinely used for diagnosis. Biopsy samples were obtained from any endoscopically detected focal lesion. To evaluate gastric premalignant conditions, 4 non-targeted biopsies were taken. Results: A total of 573 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 57 years, and the female:male ratio was 1.9 : 1. In all cases, complete photo-documentation of the 21 gastric areas was achieved. The overall rate of detection of GIN was 2.8 %. Low-grade displasia, high-grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma were found in 13 (2.3 %), 2 (0.3 %), and 1 (0.2 %) of the patients, respectively. The prevalence of at least 1 premalignant condition was 31 %, and helicobacter pylori infection was found in 57 % of patients. Conclusions: Using the SACE approach and with proper training, we have reported herein a high frequency of GIN in patients from a low socioeconomic status. Gastric cancer detection can be improved in a Western endoscopy setting when SACE, as a screening method, is performed by a trained endoscopist.

[Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital. A case control study]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público. Estudio caso control.

OBJECTIVE: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. RESULTS: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). CONCLUSIONS: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima - Perú / The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima-Peru

Objetivo: Demostrar la utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) por úlcera péptica, en términos de mortalidad y recidiva de hemorragia a 30 días de seguimiento. Material y método: Se recolectaron datos prospectivamente en un formato de registro de las historias clínicas. Los pacientes incluidos fueron aquellos que acudieron al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, durante el periodo de Junio del 2009 a Mayo del 2011, por hemorragia digestiva alta debido a úlcera péptica evidenciada por endoscopía. Se analizaron los datos con la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: Se incluyeron 181 de 380 pacientes con HDA (47,63%), 74% fueron varones con una edad promedio de 56 años, 20 pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento: 8 por hemorragia digestiva y 12 por otras causas, 10 pacientes presentaron recidiva de hemorragia durante el seguimiento. Al realizar el análisis de la curva de ROC con el score de Baylor y mortalidad, se reportó un valor de área bajo la curva de 0,89 IC 95% (0,83-0,95), con recurrencia de sangrado, un valor de 0,81 IC 95% (0,68-0,93) y necesidad de transfusión de más de dos paquetes globulares, un valor de 0,79 IC 95% (0,70-0,86). Conclusiones: El score de Baylor es un buen predictor de mortalidad y recidiva del sangrado durante los primeros 30 días después del primer episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta y en menor medida para la necesidad de transfundir más de dos paquetes globulares durante la hospitalización.

Objective: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. Material and methods: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the “Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia”, Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). Conclusions: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes de un hospital público: Estudio caso control / Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital: A case control study

Objetivo: Determinar y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) a los 30 días posteriores al episodio en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico caso-control retrospectivo con una proporción caso: control de 1:3, analizando 180 pacientes, siendo 135 los controles y 45 los casos. Se determinó por plausibilidad biológica como posibles factores de riesgo a 14 variables, con las cuales se realizó un análisis logístico bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se encontró en el análisis logístico bivariado como variables relacionadas estadísticamente a la mortalidad: edad (OR=1,02), hematemesis (OR=2,57), hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria (OR=4), cirrosis (OR=2,67), neoplasia maligna (OR=5,37), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=9,29), score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=19,75), resangrado (OR=5,65), y paquetes globulares transfundidos (OR=1,22). Mientras que en el análisis logístico multivariado se encontró solamente a las variables neoplasia maligna (OR=5,35), ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma (OR=8,29), y score de Rockall mayor a 4 (OR=8,43). Conclusiones: Los factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta son: un score de Rockall mayor a 4, ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos/Shock-Trauma, resangrado, hemorragia digestiva alta intrahospitalaria, cirrosis, presencia de hematemesis, neoplasia maligna, número de paquetes globulares transfundidos y edad.

Objective: Identify and establish risk factors associated with mortality secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding up to 30 days after the episode, at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material and methods: A retrospective analytic observational case-control study was made with a case: control proportion of 1:3, analyzing 180 patient from which 135 were the controls and 45 the cases. It was determined by biological plausibility as potential risk factors to 14 variables, with which were performed bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: It was found in the bivariate logistic analysis as variables statistically related to mortality: age (OR=1.02), hematemesis (OR=2.57), in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR=4), cirrhosis (OR=2.67), malignancy (OR=5,37), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=9.29), Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=19.75), rebleeding (OR=5.65), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions(OR=1.22). While in the multivariate logistic analysis, the only variables statistically related to mortality were: malignancy (OR=5.35), admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma (OR=8.29), and Rockall score greater than 4 (OR=8.43). Conclusions: The factors that increase the risk of mortality in patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are: Rockall score greater than 4, admittance to intensive care unit/Shock-Trauma, rebleeding, in-hospital upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, hematemesis, malignancy, the number of red blood cell transfusion, and age.

[Validation of a modified version of SODA questionnaire (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adapted to Peru for evaluating evolution of symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia]. / Modificación y validación del instrumento SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adaptada al Perú para evaluar la evolución de la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia.

OBJECTIVES: To validate SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) questionnaire in our population for evaluating symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Content and appearance validity were measured, and then a modified questionnaire was developed. A pilot test was made and reliability, construct validity and responsiveness were measured. RESULTS: An adequate content and appearance validity were obtained. On the pilot test, reliability of the complete questionnaire and by components had Cronbach alpha values over 0,7. Construct validity of SODA was evaluated by correlating modified SODA results with SF-36 scores using Pearson test: -0.72 (p<0.001). When we compared results of modified SODA questionnaire and the score of a question about subjective perception of the disease using Spearman test we obtained similar results: 0.72 (p<0.001). Two means of SODA questionnaire scores, before and after treatment, were compared using Student's T test, and a significant difference was found, (p<0.001) with a drop mean of 5.70 ±5.33. CONCLUSION: Modified SODA questionnaire meets all criteria of validity and it could be used to measure dyspepsia severity and its evolution in a Peruvian population.

Modificación y validación del instrumento SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adaptada al Perú para evaluar la evolución de la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia / Validation of a modified version of SODA questionnaire (severity of dyspepsia assessment) adapted to Peru for evaluating evolution of symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia

Objetivos: Validación del cuestionario SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) para evaluar la severidad de los síntomas en pacientes con dispepsia. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó la validez de contenido y de apariencia, tras lo cual se elaboró un cuestionario modificado. Posteriormente se evaluó la consistencia interna, la validez de constructo y la sensibilidad al cambio. Resultados: Se obtuvo una validez de contenido y de apariencia adecuadas. Se obtuvo un α-Cronbach del cuestionario y por componentes superiores a 0,7. Al analizar la validez de constructo, la correlaciσn entre los valores del cuestionario SODA modificado y SF-36 fue de -0,72 (p<0,001) a través de la prueba de Pearson. Al evaluar la correlación entre el puntaje del cuestionario SODA modificado y el de percepción subjetiva de los síntomas se obtuvo un valor de 0,72 (p<0,001) mediante la prueba de Spearman. Se comparó las medias de los puntajes del cuestionario SODA modificado pre y post-tratamiento mediante la prueba de T-Student en el que se encontró una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) con un promedio de caída de 5,70±5,33. Conclusiones: El cuestionario SODA modificado cumple con los criterios de validez por lo que sirve para valorar la severidad de la dispepsia y su evolución.

Objectives: To validate SODA (severity of dyspepsia assessment) questionnaire in our population for evaluating symptoms severity in patients with dyspepsia. Materials and methods: Content and appearance validity were measured, and then a modified questionnaire was developed. A pilot test was made and reliability, construct validity and responsiveness were measured. Results: An adequate content and appearance validity were obtained. On the pilot test, reliability of the complete questionnaire and by components had Cronbach alpha values over 0,7. Construct validity of SODA was evaluated by correlating modified SODA results with SF-36 scores using Pearson test: -0.72 (p<0.001). When we compared results of modified SODA questionnaire and the score of a question about subjective perception of the disease using Spearman test we obtained similar results: 0.72 (p<0.001). Two means of SODA questionnaire scores, before and after treatment, were compared using Student’s T test, and a significant difference was found, (p<0.001) with a drop mean of 5.70 5.33. Conclusion: Modified SODA questionnaire meets all criteria of validity and it could be used to measure dyspepsia severity and its evolution in a Peruvian population.

[The usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital in Lima, Peru]. / Utilidad del score de Baylor en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the usefulness of the Baylor score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) due to peptic ulcer, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study has collected information prospectively into a registration form from medical histories. Patients included were those who came to the "Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia", Lima, Peru, in the period between June 2009 and May 2011, with UGB due to peptic ulcer demonstrated by endoscopy. The data was analyzed with the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). RESULTS: We included 181 from 380 patients with UGB (47.63%), 74% were male, mean age 56 years old; 20 patients died during follow-up: 8 due to gastrointestinal bleeding and 12 from other causes, 10 patients had recurrence of bleeding during a 30 days follow-up. When performing the analysis of the ROC curve with the Baylor score and mortality, it was reported IC 95% value of 0.89 (0.83-0.95), with recurrence of bleeding an IC 95% value of 0.81 (0.68-0.93) and need for transfusion of over two globular packages an IC 95% value of 0.79 (0.70-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Baylor score is a good predictor of mortality and recurrence of bleeding during the first 30 days after a first episode of an upper gastrointestinal bleeding and an acceptable predictor of the need to transfuse more than two globular packages during hospitalization.

Colonoscopic findings in Peruvian patients with chronic diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: To report the colonoscopic and pathological findings in patients with chronic diarrhea from a gastroenterology unit during approximately 3 years in a general teaching hospital located in Lima-Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with chronic diarrhea as the motive for colonoscopy from March 2008 to December 2010 were selected from the colonoscopy report computerized database. Colonoscopic findings were registered. Biopsies taken during the procedure were prospectively reviewed. RESULTS: 226 patients were included, of which 162 (71.7%) had a colon biopsy available. The average age of the patients was 53.6±16.36. 85.8% of patients were reported to have a normal colon. 14.8% of patients were found to have a normal colonic mucosa or mucosal edema, 35.8% of patients had lymphocytic colitis and 28.4% had paucicelular colitis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of colonoscopies were reported with unremarkable macroscopic findings. Lymphocytic colitis was unusually frequent compared to previous reports.

["Pilot study: sequential therapy in erradicating Helicobacter pylori in the Cayetano Heredia Hospital"]. / "Estudio piloto: terapia secuencial en la erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia"

BACKGROUND: Sequential therapy is used as an alternative to growing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the standard triple therapy. Despite the success it had in Europe, we have no information regarding this therapy in our region. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using sequential therapy and show its adverse effects. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, open descriptive study. 31 patients were evaluated who were treated with sequential therapy in the following way: the first 5 days omeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 1 g every 12 hours and following 5 days omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and tinidazole 500 mg every 12 hours. After four weeks of treatment, each patient had a C13 urea breath test to check for eradication. RESULTS: 31 patients were included, one patient was excluded from the protocol due to adverse drug react to amoxicillin. Of the remaining 30 patients who completed treatment, 22 (73%) were negative to breath test and 8 (27%) were positive. Of the patients who completed treatment, 10 had minor adverse events to treatment, the main symptoms were epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential therapy had an eradication rate of 73% which is much lower than that reported in European studies. However, therapy is easily accesible with lower cost and fewer side effects tan standard therapy.

[Utility of urease rapid test for detection of Helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer]. / Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de Helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer. STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.

[Hemoconcentration, Apache II and Ranson as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in a hospital in Lima - Peru]. / Hemoconcentración, Apache II y Ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un Hospital de Lima - Perú

OBJECTIVE: Compare hemoconcetration, APACHE II and Ranson scores as early predictors of severity defined by Atlanta criteria in patients with acute pancreatitis at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study between December 2009 to November 2010 done using a data collection sheet to gather study relevant information. We classified acute pancreatitis into mild or severe according to Atlanta symposium criteria for organ failure and/or local complications. Comparison of hematocrit values was made using a t Student test to detect a significant difference and the area below the ROC curve was analyzed. RESULTS: Counting with 151 patients, 103 women (68.2%), with mean age of 45.5 ± 19.17 years, 112 mild pancreatitis (74.2%) and 39 severe (25.8%). Mean hematocrit in mild cases was 38.40 ± 4.77% and 39.78 ± 7.35% in severe group with p equal to 0.182. Area below the ROC curve of 0.89 y 0.68 for APACHE II and Ranson scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemoconcentration and Ranson proved not to be as useful as APACHE II score in predicting severity in acute pancreatitis.

Utilidad del test rápido de ureasa para la detección de helicobacter pylori en la hemorragia digestiva alta por úlcera péptica / Utility of urease rapid test for detection of helicobacter pylori in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad ulcerosa péptica es la principal causa de hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA), siendo la infección por Helicobacter pylori su principal etiología. La sensibilidad de los métodos diagnósticos es menor para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta, existiendo significativa variación entre ellos. OBJETIVO: Validar el test rápido de ureasa (TRU) en pacientes con HDA. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron prospectivamente pacientes mayores de 14 años que presentaron HDA por úlcera péptica y que tuvieron estudios histológicos y TRU para la búsqueda deH. pylori. Se tomó como prueba de oro la histología. Se tomaron una biopsia de antro y otra de cuerpo para el TRU y dos de antro y dos de cuerpo para la histología. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes siendo la principal etiología la úlcera gástrica. Se diagnosticó H. pylori en 48 pacientes según la histología y 55 pacientes tuvieron resultado positivo según el TRU. La sensibilidad y especificidad calculada para el TRU fueron de 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: El TRU tiene una alta sensibilidad para la detección de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta por enfermedad ulcerosa péptica.

BACKGROUND: Peptic ulcer disease is the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Helicobacter pylori is its principal etiology. The sensitivity of the diagnostics tests is low for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer. In addition there are different results among them. GOAL: To validate the rapid urease test (RUT) in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.STUDY: We prospectively included patients older than 14 years old who presented with bleeding peptic ulcer and performed diagnostic studies of RUT and histology for the detection of H. pylori. Two biopsies were taken (one from the antrum and another one from the corpus) for RUT and four biopsies (two from both antrum and corpus) for histology. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, gastric ulcer was the most frequent site of the bleeding. 48 patients were positive for H. pylori by histology studies and 55 patients were positive to H. pylori by RUT. The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT were 89.6% (IC 77.3-96.5) y 73.3% (IC 58.0-85.4) respectively. CONCLUSION: The RUT has a high sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori en the setting of bleeding peptic ulcer.

Estudio piloto: terapia secuencial en la erradicación del helicobacter pylori en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia / Pilot study: sequential therapy in erradicating helicobacter pylori in the Cayetano Heredia Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La terapia secuencial nace como una alternativa a la creciente resistencia antibiótica del Helicobacter pylori (HP) a la terapia triple (estándar). A pesar de los resultados satisfactorios que ha tenido en Europa, en nuestro medio no tenemos referencia de un estudio al respecto. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la tasa de erradicación del Helicobacter pylori empleando la terapia secuencial y evidenciar sus efectos adversos. METODOLOGÍA: Se realiza un estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, abierto. Se evaluaron 31 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con terapia secuencial de la siguiente forma, los 5 primeros días omeprazol 20 mg y amoxicilina de 1 g cada 12 horas y los 5 días siguientes omeprazol 20 mg, claritromicina 500 mg y tinidazol de 500 mg cada 12 horas. A las 4 semanas de terminado el tratamiento se le realizó a cada paciente una prueba de aliento con carbono 13 para comprobar la erradicación del HP. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron a 31 pacientes, un paciente fue excluido del protocolo por presentar RAM a la amoxicilina. De los 30 pacientes restantes que completaron el tratamiento, 22 (73%) resultaron negativos en la prueba del aliento y 8 (27%) resultaron positivos. De los pacientes que completaron el tratamiento, 10 presentaron eventos adversos menores al tratamiento, principalmente epigastralgia y náuseas. CONCLUSIONES: La terapia secuencial tuvo una tasa de erradicación del 73% la cual es mucho menor a la reportada en los estudios europeos. Sin embargo, es una terapia de fácil acceso, de menor costo y con menores efectos colaterales.

BACKGROUND: Sequential therapy is used as an alternative to growing antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the standard triple therapy. Despite the success it had in Europe, we have no information regarding this therapy in our region. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori using sequential therapy and show its adverse effects. METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational, open descriptive study. 31 patients were evaluated who were treated with sequential therapy in the following way: the first 5 days omeprazole 20 mg and amoxicillin 1 g every 12 hours and following 5 days omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and tinidazole 500 mg every 12 hours. After four weeks of treatment, each patient had a C13 urea breath test to check for eradication.RESULTS: 31 patients were included, one patient was excluded from the protocol due to adverse drug react to amoxicillin. Of the remaining 30 patients who completed treatment, 22 (73%) were negative to breath test and 8 (27%) were positive. Of the patients who completed treatment, 10 had minor adverse events to treatment, the main symptoms were epigastralgia and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential therapy had an eradication rate of 73% which is much lower than that reported in European studies. However, therapy is easily accesible with lower cost and fewer side effects tan standard therapy.

Hemoconcentración, apache II y ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un Hospital de Lima - Perú / Hemoconcentration, apache II and ranson as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in a hospital in Lima - Peru

OBJETIVO: Comparar hemoconcentración y sistemas de puntuación APACHE II y Ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad determinada por criterios de Atlanta en pacientes con diagnóstico de Pancreatitis Aguda en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre diciembre del 2009 a noviembre del 2010 con una ficha de recolección de datos para obtener la información relevante. Se clasificó los cuadros de pancreatitis aguda en leve y severa en base a los criterios de falla orgánica y/o complicaciones locales según el Simposio de Atlanta. Para la comparación del valor de hematocrito se realizó la prueba t de Student para evaluar una diferencia significativa y se elaboró la curva ROC para las áreas bajo la curva. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron al estudio 151 pacientes, 103 mujeres (68.2%), edad promedio de 45.5 ± 19.17 años, 112 pancreatitis leves (74.2%) y 39 severas (25.8%). El hematocrito promedio en los casos leves fue de 38.40 ± 4.77%, y 39.78 ± 7.35% en los severos con p igual a 0.182. Se encontró un área bajo la curva de 0.89 y 0.68 para score APACHE II y Ranson, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Hemoconcentración y Ranson no son buenos predictores de severidad comparados con el APACHE II en Pancreatitis Aguda.

OBJECTIVE: Compare hemoconcetration, APACHE II and Ranson scores as early predictors of severity defined by Atlanta criteria in patients with acute pancreatitis at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study between December 2009 to November 2010 done using a data collection sheet to gather study relevant information. We classified acute pancreatitis into mild or severe according to Atlanta symposium criteria for organ failure and/or local complications. Comparison of hematocrit values was made using a t Student test to detect a significant difference and the area below the ROC curve was analyzed. RESULTS: Counting with 151 patients, 103 women (68.2%), with mean age of 45.5 ± 19.17 years, 112 mild pancreatitis (74.2%) and 39 severe (25.8%). Mean hematocrit in mild cases was 38.40 ± 4.77% and 39.78 ± 7.35% in severe group with p equal to 0.182. Area below the ROC curve of 0.89 y 0.68 for APACHE II and Ranson scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemoconcentration and Ranson proved not to be as useful as APACHE II score in predicting severity in acute pancreatitis.

["Influence of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia in a hospital of Lima"]. / "Influencia de la Erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en Pacientes con Dispepsia no UlcerosA en un Hospital de Lima".

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether erradication of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection from gastric mucosae is associated with changes in symptoms severity and satisfaction degree in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). METHODS: Prospective cohort study in patients with NUD and HP infection that were evaluated for six months following treatment, made up of 70 HP Negative patients in whom HP infection was erradicated, and 28 HP Positive patients in whom infection was not eradicated following treatment. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed using SODA scale. RESULTS: There was significant differences on decrease of pain (RR= 0.6, IC 90%: 0.47 -0.78) and non-pain symptoms intensity (RR= 0.5, IC 90%: 0.39 - 0.67), as well as on increase on degree of satisfaction (RR= 3.28, IC 90%: 2.86 - 3.75) among HP Negative patients group with regards to HP Positive patients at sixth month. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, erradication of HP infection is associated with decrease in symptoms intensity and increase on degree of satisfaction six month after treatment.