Diabetes and the Risk of Long-term Post-COVID Symptoms.

This study investigated the association of diabetes in patients who recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection with the presence of long-term post-coronavirus disease (COVID) symptoms. A case-control study that included individuals hospitalized during the first wave of the pandemic was conducted. Patients with a previous diagnosis of diabetes and under medical control were considered case subjects. Two age- and sex-matched patients without presenting diabetes per case subject were recruited as control subjects. Hospitalization and clinical data were collected from hospital medical records. Patients were scheduled for a telephone interview. A list of post-COVID symptoms was systematically evaluated, but participants were invited to freely report any symptom. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms, and sleep quality, respectively. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were constructed. Overall, 145 patients with diabetes and 144 control subjects without diabetes who had recovered from COVID-19 were assessed at 7.2 (SD 0.6) months after hospital discharge. The number of post-COVID symptoms was similar between groups (incident rate ratio 1.06, 95% CI 0.92-1.24, P = 0.372). The most prevalent post-COVID symptoms were fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and pain. No between-groups differences in any post-COVID symptom were observed. Similarly, no differences in limitations with daily living activities were found between patients with and without diabetes. Diabetes was not a risk factor for experiencing long-term post-COVID symptoms.

Prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Cough One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multicenter Study.

This multicenter study presents prevalence data and associated risk factors of post-COVID-19 cough one year after hospital discharge in COVID-19 survivors. Individuals recovered from COVID-19 at three public hospitals in Madrid (Spain) were scheduled for a telephonic interview. They were systematically asked about the presence of respiratory symptoms, e.g., fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, and cough after hospital discharge. Clinical and hospitalization data were collected from hospital records. Overall, 1,950 patients (47% women, mean age:61, SD:16 years) were assessed at 11.2 months (SD 0.5) after hospital discharge. Just 367 (18.8%) were completely free of any respiratory post-COVID -19 symptom. The prevalence of long-term cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and fatigue was 2.5%, 6.5%, 23.3%, and 61.2%, respectively. Clinical and hospitalization factors were not associated with long-term post-COVID-19 cough. In conclusion, the prevalence of post-COVID-19 cough one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection was 2.5% in subjects who had survived hospitalization for COVID-19. No clear risk factor associated to long-term post-COVID-19 cough was identified.

Predicting Clinical Outcome with Phenotypic Clusters in COVID-19 Pneumonia: An Analysis of 12,066 Hospitalized Patients from the Spanish Registry SEMI-COVID-19.

(1) Background: Different clinical presentations in COVID-19 are described to date, from mild to severe cases. This study aims to identify different clinical phenotypes in COVID-19 pneumonia using cluster analysis and to assess the prognostic impact among identified clusters in such patients. (2) Methods: Cluster analysis including 11 phenotypic variables was performed in a large cohort of 12,066 COVID-19 patients, collected and followed-up from 1 March to 31 July 2020, from the nationwide Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI)-COVID-19 Registry. (3) Results: Of the total of 12,066 patients included in the study, most were males (7052, 58.5%) and Caucasian (10,635, 89.5%), with a mean age at diagnosis of 67 years (standard deviation (SD) 16). The main pre-admission comorbidities were arterial hypertension (6030, 50%), hyperlipidemia (4741, 39.4%) and diabetes mellitus (2309, 19.2%). The average number of days from COVID-19 symptom onset to hospital admission was 6.7 (SD 7). The triad of fever, cough, and dyspnea was present almost uniformly in all 4 clinical phenotypes identified by clustering. Cluster C1 (8737 patients, 72.4%) was the largest, and comprised patients with the triad alone. Cluster C2 (1196 patients, 9.9%) also presented with ageusia and anosmia; cluster C3 (880 patients, 7.3%) also had arthromyalgia, headache, and sore throat; and cluster C4 (1253 patients, 10.4%) also manifested with diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Compared to each other, cluster C1 presented the highest in-hospital mortality (24.1% vs. 4.3% vs. 14.7% vs. 18.6%; p < 0.001). The multivariate study identified age, gender (male), body mass index (BMI), arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic cardiopathy, chronic heart failure, chronic hepatopathy, Charlson's index, heart rate and respiratory rate upon admission >20 bpm, lower PaO2/FiO2 at admission, higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the phenotypic cluster as independent factors for in-hospital death. (4) Conclusions: The present study identified 4 phenotypic clusters in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, which predicted the in-hospital prognosis of clinical outcomes.

Hyponatremia in hospitalised patients with heart failure in internal medicine: Analysis of the Spanish national minimum basic data set (MBDS) (2005-2011).

OBJECTIVE: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinical practice. Numerous studies have reported increased inhospital mortality associated to this condition, which is also an independent predictor of comorbidity in patients admitted with heart failure (HF). The objective of this study is to assess the incidence, average length of stay, associated comorbidities, readmissions and mortality caused by hyponatremia in admissions for acute heart failure from the Spanish national minimum basic data set (MBDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Spanish national minimum basic data set (MBDS) of discharged patients who were initially diagnosed with heart failure (HF) from all internal medicine (IM) departments of Spanish National Health System (SNS) hospitals between 2005 and 2011 were analysed (ICD-9: 428; DRGs 127 and 544). A descriptive data analysis was conducted comparing the diagnosis codes and administrative variables of heart failure patients with and without hyponatremia. The chi-square test was used for qualitative variables and the Student's t test for quantitative variables. A bivariate analysis was used to detect statistical differences in the mortality of both groups, as well as mean age, Charlson index, average length of stay and readmissions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, taking intrahospital mortality and hospital readmissions as dependent variables, and age, gender, comorbidity according to the Charlson index and hyponatremia as independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 504,860 patients with acute heart failure were identified, of whom 11,095 (2.2%) presented with HNa. A gradual year-on-year increase of hyponatremia codification (both primary and secondary diagnosis) was observed at discharge throughout the study period (from 1.6% in 2005 to 2.8% in 2011; p<0.0001). Overall mortality due to any cause in patients with hyponatremia was 17% (1937 patients) versus 11% in non-hyponatremic patients (53,820 patients). The probability of readmission for patients with hyponatremia was 22% versus 17% in the non-hyponatremic group. Hyponatremia was associated to a higher rate of mortality during hospitalisation for acute heart failure with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.58, 95% CI, 1.50-1.66 (p<0.05). Hyponatremia maintained statistical significance in the regression model after adjusting for gender, OR 0.919 (95% CI 0.902-0.936); age, OR 1.061 (95% CI 1.060-1.062); and Charlson index, OR 1.388 (95% CI 1.361-1.461). CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia is associated to an increased rate of mortality and readmission in patients admitted for acute heart failure in SNS hospitals. Our study identified a statistically significant association between hyponatremia and increased intrahospital mortality independent of age, gender and the Charlson comorbidity index. During the defined follow-up period the discharge reports showed an increased codification of hyponatremia.

Infección por Clostridium difficile en el período 2005-2010 en los Servicios de Medicina Interna españoles: el peso de la enfermedad / Clostridium difficile infections in Spanish Internal Medicine departments during the period 2005-2010: the burden of the disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: La incidencia de la infección por Clostridium difficile (ICD) parece estar aumentando en España. Revisamos esta información para conocer qué supone la carga de esta enfermedad. Material: Estudio analítico retrospectivo descriptivo del conjunto mínimo básico de datos entre los pacientes dados de alta en Medicina Interna (MI) entre 2005 y 2010. Se comparan variables demográficas y clínicas entre pacientes con ICD y sin ICD. RESULTADOS: De 3.353.857 altas se identifican 7.247 casos de ICD (0,2%) con una edad mediana ± DE de 75,5 ± 15,4 años), 54,9% mujeres y estancia mediana de 22,2 ± 24,8. El coste (5.001 ± 4.985 Euros vs. 3.934 ± 2.738 Euros) y la complejidad diagnóstica (2,04 ± 2,62 vs. 1,67 ± 1,47) también varían. La mortalidad por todas las causas fue del 12,5% frente al 9,8%. El riesgo de muerte se incrementa un 30% (odds ratio 1,30; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,21-1,39) y la tasa de reingresos en los sujetos con ICD es del 30,4% vs. 13,5%. La distribución de los casos muestra estacionalidad (mayor en invierno) y la incidencia anual crece durante el período de estudio. Se asocian a un mayor riesgo de contraer una ICD: edad avanzada, ser mujer, ingreso prolongado y las comorbilidades: anemia, virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, demencia, desnutrición, insuficiencia renal crónica o ingresar desde residencia. CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestros resultados demuestran claro impacto negativo de la ICD sobre el ingreso hospitalario e incremento el tiempo, algo compartido con Europa y el resto de Occidente, sin que mejoren los datos de morbimortalidad o reingresos

INTRODUCTION: Clostridium Difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in Spain. A review is presented of this infection in order to evaluate the burden of the disease in this country. Material: An analytical retrospective and descriptive study was conducted by analyzing the Minimum Basic Data Set of patients admitted to Internal Medicine Departments and with and without CDI between the years 2005-2010. Clinical and demographical variables were compared. RESULTS: Mean age was 75.5 years (SD 15.4), 54.9% were women and mean stay was 22.2 days (SD 24.8). The Cost [(Euros 5,001 (SD 4,985) vs [Euros 3,934 (SD 2,738)] and diagnostic complexity [2.04 (SD 2.62) vs [1.67 (SD 1.47)] were also different. Mortality for all causes was 12.5% vs 9.8%. Death risk showed a 30% increase (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval;1.21-1.39) and readmission rate was 30.4% vs 13.5%. Distribution of cases showed season variations (more cases in winter), and annual incidence increased during the study period. Comorbidities associated to increased risk of acquiring CDI were: anemia, human immunodeficiency virus, dementia, malnutrition, chronic renal failure, and living in a nursing home. CONCLUSIÓN: The results showed a clear negative impact of CDI on hospital admissions. A trend towards progression in its incidence without changes in mortality or readmission rates was observed, in common with the rest of Europe and the Western World

[Clostridium difficile infections in Spanish Internal Medicine departments during the period 2005-2010: the burden of the disease]. / Infección por Clostridium difficile en el período 2005-2010 en los Servicios de Medicina Interna españoles: el peso de la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION: Clostridium Difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in Spain. A review is presented of this infection in order to evaluate the burden of the disease in this country. MATERIAL: An analytical retrospective and descriptive study was conducted by analyzing the Minimum Basic Data Set of patients admitted to Internal Medicine Departments and with and without CDI between the years 2005-2010. Clinical and demographical variables were compared. RESULTS: Mean age was 75.5 years (SD 15.4), 54.9% were women and mean stay was 22.2 days (SD 24.8). The Cost [(€ 5,001 (SD 4,985) vs [€ 3,934 (SD 2,738)] and diagnostic complexity [2.04 (SD 2.62) vs [1.67 (SD 1.47)] were also different. Mortality for all causes was 12.5% vs 9.8%. Death risk showed a 30% increase (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval;1.21-1.39) and readmission rate was 30.4% vs 13.5%. Distribution of cases showed season variations (more cases in winter), and annual incidence increased during the study period. Comorbidities associated to increased risk of acquiring CDI were: anemia, human immunodeficiency virus, dementia, malnutrition, chronic renal failure, and living in a nursing home. CONCLUSION: The results showed a clear negative impact of CDI on hospital admissions. A trend towards progression in its incidence without changes in mortality or readmission rates was observed, in common with the rest of Europe and the Western World.

[Mortality in internal medicine departments]. / Mortalidad en los servicios de medicina interna.

UNLABELLED: Mortality is an important indicator of clinical activity. The aim of this paper is to analyze the mortality in Internal Medicine (IM) departments in our country taking into account the characteristics of the patients seen at our hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients attended at the IM Departments of Spanish hospitals during 2006 were analyzed through the CMBD (minimum basic set of data; in Spanish: <>) which collects administrative and clinical data of all patients admitted to the public and private hospital of our state. Global and specific mortality by DRG were established and compared with the national standard published by the Spanish Health and Consume Ministry for that same year. RESULTS: In general hospitals of the National Health Service for the year 2006, 3,589,718 patients were discharged, 522,268 (14.5%) of them from IM departments. Of this last group, 46.6% were female, with a mean age of 70.4 years (SD 11.6) and a mean weight of 1.72 (SD 1.39). Global mortality was 9.5% compared to a national standard of 4.1%. Comparing by DRG, mortality was in general higher in IM. CONCLUSIONS: Global mortality as well as specific mortality by DRG is higher than the general mortality. This could be explained by the characteristics of the population admitted in IM: older, seriously ill, with more co-morbidities, admitted trough the emergency department and consuming more resources than the general population.