Involvement of the central nervous system in neuroblastomas: A potential direct pathway.

Although frequently disseminated to other anatomical sites, neuroblastoma (NB) is rarely reported as involving the central nervous system (CNS), which may reflect insufficient research in poorly controlled systemic disease. Here we demonstrate the involvement of the CNS in patients with NB over 18 months of age at diagnosis of extensive systemic disease. Meningeal metastases were observed even in the presence of complete systemic control. Although no improvement in patient's survival was observed, radiotherapy was effective in preventing CNS recurrence after observation of actual or previous dural disease. In conclusion, this study uncovered the uncommon pathologic involvement of the CNS in children with advanced NB and underscores the meningeal surface as a potential pathway for this to occur.

Surgical treatment of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Primary spinal cord intramedullary tumors are rare and present with insidious symptoms. Previous treatment protocols emphasized biopsy and radiation/chemotherapy but more aggressive protocols have emerged. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were diagnosed with primary intramedullary tumors. The cervical cord was involved in 27% and thoracic in 42% of patients. Complete microsurgical removal was attempted whenever possible without added neurological morbidity. RESULTS: Complete resection was obtained in 33 (71%) patients. Neurological function remained stable or improved in 32 patients (66.7%). Ependymoma was the most frequent tumor (66.7%). CONCLUSION: Neurological outcome is superior in patients with subtle findings; aggressive microsurgical resection should be pursued with acceptable neurological outcomes.

The ventriculoomental bursa shunt.

OBJECT: The aim of this study is to access the efficacy of the omental bursa (lesser sac) as a receptacle of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to use it as an alternative to the ventriculoatrial or ventriculopleural shunts when the peritoneum reduces or loses its CSF absorption capacity. METHODS: Three patients with hydrocephalus presented with malfunctioning of ventriculoperitoneal shunts, secondary to peritoneal blockage caused by previous episodes of shunt infections in two and peritonitis in one patient. All patients underwent previous shunt revisions due to ventriculitis and shunt obstruction ranging from three to eight times. In order to keep the peritoneal cavity as the main receptacle of CSF absorption site, the distal catheter was inserted in the omental bursa, through the foramen of Winslow, jointly by a pediatric surgeon. We denominated this new technique of CSF diversion as ventriculoomental bursa (VOB) shunting. The children have been followed at least for 1 year (range 12 to 28 months) with no recurrence of shunt. CONCLUSIONS: VOB shunting may be considered an acceptable technique to CSF shunting when the anterior peritoneum loses or decreases its CSF absorption capacity.

Surgical treatment of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adult patients

BACKGROUND: Primary spinal cord intramedullary tumors are rare and present with insidious symptoms. Previous treatment protocols emphasized biopsy and radiation/chemotherapy but more aggressive protocols have emerged. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were diagnosed with primary intramedullary tumors. The cervical cord was involved in 27 percent and thoracic in 42 percent of patients. Complete microsurgical removal was attempted whenever possible without added neurological morbidity. RESULTS: Complete resection was obtained in 33 (71 percent) patients. Neurological function remained stable or improved in 32 patients (66.7 percent). Ependymoma was the most frequent tumor (66.7 percent). CONCLUSION: Neurological outcome is superior in patients with subtle findings; aggressive microsurgical resection should be pursued with acceptable neurological outcomes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores intramedulares primários são raros e apresentam-se com sintomas insidiosos. Protocolos de tratamento anteriores enfatizavam biópsia e radio/quimioterapia, mas protocolos mais agres-sivos têm surgido. OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência. MÉTODO: Tumores intramedulares foram diagnosticados em 48 pacientes. O segmento cervical estava envolvido em 27 por cento e torácico em 42 por cento dos pacientes. Remoção completa foi tentada quando possível sem aumento da morbidade neurológica. RESULTADOS: Ressecção total foi obtida em 33 (71 por cento) pacientes. Função neurológica: permaneceu inalterada/melhorou em 32 (66,7 por cento) pacientes. O tumor mais freqüente foi ependimoma (66,7 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O prognóstico é melhor em pacientes oligossintomáticos; ressecção microcirúrgica agressiva deve ser tentada sempre, com resultados clínicos aceitáveis.

Meningiomas of pineal region in children.

Meningiomas are uncommon tumors in children and either more rarely encountered in the pineal region. We report two cases of meningioma of the pineal region in children. One of these cases was a five years-old girl and the other a one year-old boy. No specific clinical presentation or tomographic examinations findings was identified before treatment, suggestive of a diagnosis of meningioma. The clinical and laboratory features were very similar to the most common tumors of the pineal region. Prior to the surgery, the histology of these tumors was not suspected. Both patients underwent direct surgery and complete removal was achieved by a suboccipital transtentorial approach. The tumors originated from velum interpositum in both cases. At the follow up, one case presented with recurrence six years later, and she underwent a reoperation with total resection without morbidity. Long-term follow up presented no other recurrences.

Meningiomas of pineal region in children

Meningiomas are uncommon tumors in children and either more rarely encountered in the pineal region. We report two cases of meningioma of the pineal region in children. One of these cases was a five years-old girl and the other a one year-old boy. No specific clinical presentation or tomographic examinations findings was identified before treatment, suggestive of a diagnosis of menigioma. The clinical and laboratory features were very similar to the most common tumors of the pineal region. Prior to the surgery, the histology of these tumors was not suspected. Both patients underwent direct surgery and complete removal was achieved by a suboccipital transtentorial approach. The tumors originated from velum interpositum in both cases. At the follow up, one case presented with recurrence six years later, and she underwent a reoperation with total resection without morbidity. Long-term follow up presented no other recurrences.

Meningiomas são tumores poucos frequentes em crianças, e mais raramente encontrados na região da pineal. Relatamos dois casos de meningioma da região da pineal em crianças, uma menina de cinco anos e um menino de um ano de idade. Não foi identificada nenhuma forma de apresentação clinica ou caracteristica tomográfica, antes do tratamento, que sugerisse o diagnóstico de meningioma. As características clinicas e laboratoriais encontradas foram similares às de tumores mais frequentes da região da pineal. Ambos os pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico e a remoção completa foi obtida por abordagem suboccipital transtentorial. Durante o seguimento, um dos pacientes foi reoperado por recorrencia do tumor seis anos após o tratamento inicial. Atualmente, os pacientes encontram-se livres de recorrência tumoral.

Intracranial arterial aneurysms in childhood: case report.

A case of an intracranial arterial aneurysm at internal carotid bifurcation in a 10-year-old girl is described with the special features of cerebral aneurysm which occur in children, comparing with the adults. We alert for the necessity of carefully operative technique in order to avoid damage and intraoperative rupture of the aneurysm due to the very thin vessel wall that this population can develop. Our recommendation is early surgery in these patients.

Correlation between parameters of electrophysiological, histomorphometric and sciatic functional index evaluations after rat sciatic nerve repair.

The rat sciatic nerve is a well-established model for the study of recovery from peripheral nerve injuries. Traditional methods of assessing nerve regeneration after nerve injury and repair, such as electrophysiology and histomorphometry, despite widely used in neural regeneration experiments, do not necessarily correlate with return of motor and sensory functions. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the possible correlation between several parameters of peripheral nerve regeneration after repair of sectioned sciatic nerve in Wistar rat. A two-stage approach was used to obtain 17 parameters after electrophysiological, morphometric and sciatic functional index evaluations. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between these results. Only two positives correlations between different classes of peripheral nerve assessments were noted, between sciatic functional index and proximal nerve fiber diameter (r=0.56, p<0.01) and between sciatic functional index and distal fiber diameter (r=0.50, p<0.01). The data presented in our study demonstrates that there is a poor correlation between the sciatic functional index and outcome measures of electrophysiological and morphometric evaluations.

Intracranial arterial aneurysms in childhood: case report / Aneurismas arteriais intracranianos na infância: relato de caso

A case of an intracranial arterial aneurysm at internal carotid bifurcation in a 10-year-old girl is described with the special features of cerebral aneurysm which occur in children, comparing with the adults. We alert for the necessity of carefully operative technique in order to avoid damage and intraoperative rupture of the aneurysm due to the very thin vessel wall that this population can develop. Our recommendation is early surgery in these patients.

Relatamos o caso de aneurisma arterial intracraniano na bifurcação da carótida interna em menina de 10 anos de idade. As características especiais dos aneurismas intracranianos que acometem a faixa etária pediátrica são descritas, comparando com a faixa etária adulta. Alertamos a necessidade de emprego de técnica operatória microcirúrgica cautelosa para evitar lesão e ruptura intraoperatória do aneurisma, devido a parede do aneurisma geralmente ser muito fina na faixa etária pediátrica. Recomendamos cirurgia precoce nestes pacientes.

Correlation between parameters of electrophysiological, histomorphometric and sciatic functional index evaluations after rat sciatic nerve repair / Correlações entre parâmetros obtidos das avaliações eletrofisiológica, histomorfométrica e do índice funcional ciático após o reparo do nervo ciático do rato

The rat sciatic nerve is a well-established model for the study of recovery from peripheral nerve injuries. Traditional methods of assessing nerve regeneration after nerve injury and repair, such as electrophysiology and histomorphometry, despite widely used in neural regeneration experiments, do not necessarily correlate with return of motor and sensory functions. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the possible correlation between several parameters of peripheral nerve regeneration after repair of sectioned sciatic nerve in Wistar rat. A two-stage approach was used to obtain 17 parameters after electrophysiological, morphometric and sciatic functional index evaluations. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between these results. Only two positives correlations between different classes of peripheral nerve assessments were noted, between sciatic functional index and proximal nerve fiber diameter (r=0.56, p<0.01) and between sciatic functional index and distal fiber diameter (r=0.50, p<0.01). The data presented in our study demonstrates that there is a poor correlation between the sciatic functional index and outcome measures of electrophysiological and morphometric evaluations.

O nervo ciático do rato é o modelo mais amplamente utilizado para o estudo da regeneração após uma lesão de nervo. Apesar do uso amplo para a avaliação da regeneração os métodos tradicionais, como a avaliação eletrofisiológica e histomorfométrica, nem sempre apresentam correlações com a recuperação motora e sensitiva. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as possíveis correlações entre vários parâmetros da regeneração após a secção e reparo do nervo ciático do rato. Foi utilizado um experimento dividido em dois estágios para obter 17 parâmetros após a realização de avaliações eletrofisiológica, histomorfométrica e funcional. A análise das possíveis correlações foi obtida através da aplicação do método de Pearson. Somente duas correlações positivas entre diferentes tipos de avaliações foram obtidas, entre o índice funcional ciático e o diâmetro proximal das fibras (r=0,56, p<0,01) e entre o índice funcional ciático e o diâmetro distal das fibras (r=0,50, p<0,01). Concluímos que as correlações entre diferentes métodos de avaliação da regeneração no nervo ciático do rato são pouco freqüentes.

Electrophysiologic assessment of regeneration in rat sciatic nerve repair using suture, fibrin glue or a combination of both techniques.

We evaluated the repair of sectioned rat sciatic nerve by the comparison of electrophysiologic parameters. The repair was effected with suture (group A), fibrin glue (group B) or a combination of both techniques (group C). The amplitude, latency and conduction velocity of the motor and nerve action potentials were assessed before the nerve section and at reoperation after 24 weeks. There was no difference between the groups when the nerve action potential was evaluated. Rats of group B presented better results than those of group A (p<0.05) when latency and the nerve conduction velocity assessed at the reoperation, and the ratio between the conduction velocity at the reoperation and before the nerve section in the motor action potential evaluation were measured. Animals of group C presented better results than those of group A when the ratio between the conduction velocity of motor action potential at the reoperation and before the nerve division was considered (p<0.05). No difference between groups B and C was found. We conclude that repair using fibrin glue presented better results than suture following transection of sciatic nerve when the motor action potential was evaluated in the rat experimental model.

Electrophysiologic assessment of regeneration in rat sciatic nerve repair using suture, fibrin glue or a combination of both techniques

Foram comparados os parâmetros obtidos na avaliação eletrofisiológica do potencial de ação do nervo e do potencial de ação motor antes e após 24 semanas do reparo no nervo ciático do rato previamente seccionado no lado direito com a utilização de sutura (grupo A), adesivo de fibrina (grupo B) ou uma combinação das duas técnicas (grupo C). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na avaliação do potencial de ação do nervo. Quando consideradas a latência e a velocidade de condução mensurados na reoperação e a razão entre a velocidade de condução medida na reoperação e o mesmo parâmetro antes da secção do nervo, durante a mensuração do potencial de ação motor, os animais do grupo B apresentaram melhores resultados em relação aos do grupo A (p<0,05). Os animais do grupo C apresentaram melhores resultados em comparação com os do grupo A quando considerada a razão entre a velocidade de condução medida 24 semanas do reparo e antes da secção do nervo durante a avaliação do potencial de ação motor. Conclui-se que os animais em que o reparo dos nervos foi realizado com o adesivo de fibrina apresentaram melhores resultados em comparação com a sutura quando considerados os parâmetros obtidos na mensuração do potencial de ação motor.

Mecanismos básicos da regeneração de nervos / Basic mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration

Um grande número de pacientes portadores de lesões de nervos é tratado por meio de intervenção cirúrgica. Embora nos últimos anos evoluções constantes tenham sido obtidas na elucidação dos mecanismos básicos da regeneração de nervos, esse progresso ainda não foi incorporado de forma eficaz às situações clínicas. Neste estudo apresentamos uma revisão dos mecanismos básicos da regeneração de nervos. O conhecimento desses mecanismos é o primeiro passo para que terapêuticas adjuvantes sejam desenvolvidas e adicionadas rotineiramente à cirurgia no tratamento das lesões traumáticas de nervos.

Medulloblastoma: evaluation of proliferative index by monoclonal antibody Mib-1, its prognostic correlation and therapeutic implications.

In the past few years, the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 has been used by researchers in order to retrospectively study paraffin imbibed tumor fragments. The medulloblastoma is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor in childhood. The objectives were: determination of the mean Mib-1 LI value from these patients, as well as the prognostic value of the method. This retrospective study represents an analysis of the cellular proliferation index of posterior fossa medulloblastomas collected from 22 patients at A.C. Camargo Hospital, from January 1990 to December 1999. The histopathological diagnosis was confirmed by H&E and proliferative index (LI) was achived with Mib-1 which detects proliferating cells during G1, G2, S and M phases. The results demostrated that the mean Mib-1 was 30,1%, and ranged from 5,2% to 62,0%.In conclusion, this method has prognostic value, has to be used as routine for patients harboring medulloblastomas and the ones who have PI greater than the mean value found in this study, should be treated aggressively.

Medulloblastoma: evaluation of proliferative index by monoclonal antibody Mib-1, its prognostic correlation and therapeutic implications

In the past few years, the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 has been used by researchers in order to retrospectively study paraffin imbibed tumor fragments. The medulloblastoma is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor in childhood. The objectives were: determination of the mean Mib-1 LI value from these patients, as well as the prognostic value of the method.This retrospective study represents an analysis of the cellular proliferation index of posterior fossa medulloblastomas collected from 22 patients at A.C. Camargo Hospital, from January 1990 to December 1999. The histopathological diagnosis was confirmed by H&E and proliferative index (LI) was achived with Mib-1 which detects proliferating cells during G1, G2, S and M phases.The results demostrated that the mean Mib-1 was 30,1 percent, and ranged from 5,2 percent to 62,0 percent.In conclusion, this method has prognostic value, has to be used as routine for patients harboring medulloblastomas and the ones who have PI greater than the mean value found in this study, should be treated aggressively

Meduloplastoma em adultos: análise de uma casuística e resultados cirúrgicos / Meduloplastoma in adults: analysis of a casuistic and surgical results

Analisamos 15 casos de meduloblastoma em adultos (8 homens e 7 mulheres), com idade média de 23,7 anos (variação de 13 a 46) submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica no período de fevereiro de 1988 a outubro de 1995. Os tumores se localizavam no hemisfério cerebelar em 7 casos (1 com extensão supratentorial e outro atingido a cisterna do ângulo pontocerebelar), no vernis e hemisférico em 4 e apenas no vernis em outros 4. A ressecção foi considerada radical em 7 casos, subtotal em 7 e parcial em um. Não houve mortalidade operatória. Aspectos relativos ao comportamento biológico e prognóstico são discutidos.

Neurinoma do acústico em crianças sem associaçäo com neurofibromatose: relato de dois casos / Acoustic neuroma in children without association with neurofibromatosis: report of 2 cases

O neurinoma do acústico é o tumor da regiao ângulo ponto-cerebelar mais comum em indivíduos adultos, sendo raro em crianças sem neurofibromatose. A literatura consultada mostra 18 casos bem documentados de crianças portadoras de neurinomas do VII nervo craniano com idade inferior a 16 anos. Relatamos dois casos de crianças com idade de 9 a 15 anos, portadoras desta patologia e submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico. Nestes casos, assim como nos relatados na literatura, o quadro clínico é semelhante ao do adulto, em que o primeiro sintoma é a surdez progressiva, mais tardiamente seguindo-se sinais e sintomas relacionados à lesao expansiva na fossa posterior.

Granuloma eosinófilo de coluna torácica em pacientes com infecçäo pelo HIV: relato de caso / Thoracic spine eosinophilic granuloma in a HIV-positive patient: case report

Os autores apresentam um caso de paciente do sexo masculino, 35 anos, portador de infecçao pelo HIV há mais de 9 anos, com granuloma eosinófilo da quarta vértebra torácica, acometendo pedículo esquerdo e porçao do corpo vertebral. A raridade da associaçao e aspectos relativos ao diagnóstico e conduta terapêutica sao discutidos.

Ferimentos craniencefálicos por arma de fogo em crianças / Craniocerebral gunshot wounds in children

O Serviço de Neurocirurgia de Urgência do Pronto Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP) recebeu e tratou 19 crianças, com idade igual ou inferior a 15 anos, vítimas de ferimento craniencefálico por projétil de arma de fogo, no período de 1980 a 1990. A mortalidade nos pacientes operados foi de 35,3 por cento e a mortalidade geral de 42,1 por cento. Além da gravidade da lesao, condiçoes relacionadas ao atendimento pré-hospitalar e ao suporte pós-opertário contribuíram, de maneira significativa, para elevados índices de morbidade e mortalidade. Säo analisados os fatores implicados no prognóstico e säo propostas terapêuticas que presupöem medidas de suporte pré e pós-operatórias e cirurgias pouco agressivas.

Meningeoma cístico. Análise de 5 casos e revisäo da literatura / Intracranial cystic menigeoma. Report of 5 cases and literature review

Os autores relatam 5 casos de meningeoma cístico operados. Discutem os aspectos fisiopatológicos da formaçäo do cisto tumoral e sua classificaçäo com base na literatura revista. A histopatologia é avaliada, bem como a imunohistoquímica referente à proliferaçäo celular através da técnica do MIB1. Aspectos referentes à técnica operatória e conduta terapêutica säo analisados. Com este relato, as publicaçöes na literatura brasileira totalizam 14 meningeomas císticos.