[Suicide and cultural criticism in 19th century Spanish medicine]. / Suicidio y crítica cultural en la medicina española del siglo XIX.

This paper explores the major role of suicide in the cultural criticism deployed by 19th century Spanish doctors by analysing the most important theoretical models that inspired their contributions to its aetiology. In the first half of the century, the most commonly debated causal factor was the passions, which were thought to stand in a permanent tension with a free, reflexive and conscious self, in accordance with the spiritualist doctrine that was then dominant. In the context of a growing somatisation of moral and intellectual phenomena, the notion of suicide as an act of free will was later modified, and it became considered the consequence of certain organic disturbances. However, this process did not alter the central role of suicidal behaviour within 19th-century cultural criticism, because the advent of degeneration theory meant that doctors finally had a doctrine that allowed them to combine biological determinism with the extended perception of a moral and social crisis threatening the stability and achievements of bourgeois society.

Suicidio y crítica cultural en la medicina española del siglo XIX / Suicide and cultural criticism in 19th century Spanish medicine

El presente trabajo explora el destacado papel del suicidio en la crítica cultural desplegada por los médicos españoles del siglo XIX a través de un análisis de los principales modelos teóricos que inspiraron sus aportaciones en torno a la causación del mismo. En la primera mitad del siglo, el factor etiológico más discutido fueron las pasiones, las cuales, de acuerdo con el espiritualismo dominante, actuaban en tensión permanente con un yo reflexivo, consciente y dueño de su libre albedrío. Posteriormente, y en el contexto de una progresiva somatización de los fenómenos morales e intelectuales, la concepción del suicidio como un acto libre del individuo fue modificándose hasta considerarlo como una consecuencia más o menos directa de ciertas alteraciones orgánicas. Pero este proceso no anuló el lugar central de las conductas suicidas en el marco de la crítica cultural decimonónica, pues, con la introducción de la teoría de la degeneración, los médicos dispusieron de una doctrina que les permitía conciliar el determinismo biológico con la muy extendida percepción de una crisis moral y social que amenazaba la estabilidad y los logros de la sociedad burguesa (AU)

This paper explores the major role of suicide in the cultural criticism deployed by 19th century Spanish doctors by analysing the most important theoretical models that inspired their contributions to its aetiology. In the first half of the century, the most commonly debated causal factor was the passions, which were thought to stand in a permanent tension with a free, reflexive and conscious self, in accordance with the spiritualist doctrine that was then dominant. In the context of a growing somatisation of moral and intellectual phenomena, the notion of suicide as an act of free will was later modified, and it became considered the consequence of certain organic disturbances. However, this process did not alter the central role of suicidal behaviour within 19th-century cultural criticism, because the advent of degeneration theory meant that doctors finally had a doctrine that allowed them to combine biological determinism with the extended perception of a moral and social crisis threatening the stability and achievements of bourgeois society (AU)

Prevalencia y comorbilidad del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada en una muestra española de escolares adolescentes / Prevalence and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder in a sample of spanish adolescent schoolchildren

Los datos epidemiológicos del Trastorno Ansiedad Generalizada (TAG) son relativamente escasos en niños y adolescentes. Este estudio pretende determinar la prevalencia y comorbilidad del TAG en una muestra de adolescentes escolares de la provincia de Valencia. La población evaluada, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años (14.04 ± 1.22), procedía de centros con Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria. Diseño transversal, empleando una entrevista diagnóstica (K-SADS) llevada a cabo por profesionales de salud mental, en una única intervención. La muestra definitiva, 962 participantes, presentaba una prevalencia global del TAG del 3% (2,4% varones; 3,7% mujeres). La prevalencia era máxima, para ambos grupos, a los 14 años de edad. El 58% de los participantes con TAG presentaban, al menos, otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico siendo el más frecuente el de otro trastorno de ansiedad (48,3%). Los niveles de prevalencia y comorbilidad obtenidos, en ausencia de datos previos en nuestro entorno, son similares a los descritos en otros medios; por ello, su detección precoz permitiría una intervención temprana

The epidemiological data on Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are relatively scant in children and adolescents. This study attempts to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of GAD in a sample of adolescent schoolchildren from the province of Valencia. The study population, aged from 12 to16 years(14.04 ± 1.22), came from a series of secondary schools. The study has a crossover design, using a diagnostic interview (K-SADS) conducted by mental health professionals with a single intervention. The prevalence rate for GAD in the final sample of 962 individuals was 3% (2.4% males; 3.7% females). Prevalence was highest for both groups at 14 years of age. Of the participants with GAD, 58% had at least one other psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being another anxiety disorder (48.3%). The prevalence and comorbidity rates found, in the absence of any prior data in our environment, are similar to those described in other settings; therefore, early detection would allow early intervention

La medicalización del suicidio en la España del siglo XIX: Aspectos teóricos, profesionales y culturales / The medicalization of suicide in 19th century Spain: theoretical, professional and cultural aspects

El presente artículo analiza el proceso de medicalización del suicidio en España en el siglo XIX. Describe el paso de la concepción del suicidio como acto libre del sujeto a una conducta patológica susceptible de tratamiento por parte de la Medicina Mental. Frente a este nuevo modelo, otras posiciones conservadoras provenientes de la Medicina y el Derecho siguieron defendiendo el esquema tradicional. El interés inicial de los médicos mentalistas por los aspectos sociales del suicidio se fue desarrollando durante este período. El hecho social que se invocó con más frecuencia fue la pérdida de ideas religiosas, lo que era comprensible teniendo en consideración la gran importancia que la religión tuvo en la ciencia y sociedad españolas. Con la introducción de la teoría de la de generación esta conducta acabó formando parte del cuerpo de «enfermedades sociales» de la España de fin de siglo(AU)

This paper analyzes the medicalization process of suicide in Spain during the 19th century. It describes the transition of suicide seen as an act of free will to a model, developed by mental doctors, which considered it a pathological behavior. Against this model, other conservative positions from the fields of Law and Medicine continued to defend the traditional view. The initial interest of mental medicine regarding the social aspects of suicide was developed during this period. The social factor that authors considered to be the most influential to suicide was the loss of religious ideas, which was understandable considering that religion was very present in Spanish science and society throughout the century. During the last decades of the 19thcentury, with the introduction of the degeneration theory in Spain, this behavior was finally included among the «Social Diseases» group(AU)

The introduction of the concept of dementia praecox into Spain, 1902-19.

Modern psychiatry has been shaped by Emil Kraepelin's nosological revolution. Historiography, accordingly, has taken an interest in how his ideas on psychiatry were introduced in different countries. This article will analyse the introduction of dementia praecox into Spanish psychiatry and its relationship with the theoretical debate taking place there at the time in the context of Spanish psychiatric care and institutions.

The treatment of madness in Spain in the second half of the 19th century: conceptual aspects.

This paper deals with the conceptual principles which governed the treatment of madness in Spain during the nineteenth century. Against the general view that treatments were targeted to diseases, we argue that clinicians were more syndrome-oriented than disease-oriented in their treatments. Mental syndromes were classified into groups according to the different treatments that were thought to be useful. We also describe the conceptual basis of moral treatment and study the correlation between somatic and mental disease in relation to treatment.

La clasificación de la locura en la psiquiatría española del siglo XIX / No disponible

Los alienistas europeos debatieron intensamente las clasificaciones en psiquiatría durante el siglo XIX. En este artículo revisamos las distintas opiniones sobre nosología publicadas por psiquiatras españoles durante ese período. Los sistemas clasificatorios españoles se estudian en relación con aspectos sociales y teóricos relevantes. Se toman en cuenta las implicaciones reales de esta discusión teórica en la asistencia

Classification in psychiatry has been intensely debated all through the nineteenth century by European alienists. In this paper, different nosological views published by Spanish psychiatrists are reviewed. Spanish classificatory systems are studied in relation to social and theoretical aspects relevant to them. Real implications ofthis theoretical discussion in psychiatric care are taken into account