Correction: Nursing Workload in Intensive Care Unit Trauma Patients: Analysis of Associated Factors.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112125.].

Predictive factors of mortality in patients with pelvic fracture and shock submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing.

INTRODUCTION: in recent decades, the extraperitoneal pelvic packing technique has been disseminated, but there are still few studies. Thus, it was decided to analyze the results of extraperitoneal pelvic tamponade, in patients with pelvic fracture and shock, in order to identify predictive factors for mortality. METHODS: a retrospective review of medical records of patients submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing was conduced. We analyzed their characteristics, prehospital and emergency room data, pelvic fracture classification, associated and severity injuries, laboratory and imaging exams, data on packing, arteriography, and other procedures performed, complications, hemodynamic parameters, and amount of transfused blood products before and after packing. RESULTS: data were analyzed from 51 patients, who showed signs of shock from prehospital care, presence of acidosis, with high base deficit and arterial lactate levels. Most patients underwent multiple surgical procedures due to severe associated injuries. The incidence of coagulopathy was 70.58%, and overall mortality was 56.86%. The group of non-surviving patients presented significantly higher age, prehospital endotracheal intubation, and lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (p<0.05). The same group presented, before and after extraperitoneal pelvic packing, significantly worse hemodynamic parameters of mean arterial pressure, pH, base deficit, hemoglobin, and arterial lactate (p<0.05). The non-surviving group received significantly more units of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and platelets within 24 hours following extraperitoneal pelvic packing (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: age and base deficit are independent predictors of mortality in patients submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing.

Predictive factors of mortality in patients with pelvic fracture and shock submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing / Fatores preditivos de mortalidade em pacientes com fratura de pelve e instabilidade hemodinâmica submetidos ao tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve

ABSTRACT Introduction: in recent decades, the extraperitoneal pelvic packing technique has been disseminated, but there are still few studies. Thus, it was decided to analyze the results of extraperitoneal pelvic tamponade, in patients with pelvic fracture and shock, in order to identify predictive factors for mortality. Methods: a retrospective review of medical records of patients submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing was conduced. We analyzed their characteristics, prehospital and emergency room data, pelvic fracture classification, associated and severity injuries, laboratory and imaging exams, data on packing, arteriography, and other procedures performed, complications, hemodynamic parameters, and amount of transfused blood products before and after packing. Results: data were analyzed from 51 patients, who showed signs of shock from prehospital care, presence of acidosis, with high base deficit and arterial lactate levels. Most patients underwent multiple surgical procedures due to severe associated injuries. The incidence of coagulopathy was 70.58%, and overall mortality was 56.86%. The group of non-surviving patients presented significantly higher age, prehospital endotracheal intubation, and lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (p<0.05). The same group presented, before and after extraperitoneal pelvic packing, significantly worse hemodynamic parameters of mean arterial pressure, pH, base deficit, hemoglobin, and arterial lactate (p<0.05). The non-surviving group received significantly more units of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and platelets within 24 hours following extraperitoneal pelvic packing (p<0.05). Conclusion: age and base deficit are independent predictors of mortality in patients submitted to extraperitoneal pelvic packing.

RESUMO Introdução: nas últimas décadas, tem sido difundida a técnica de tamponamento pélvico extraperitoneal, porém ainda existem poucos estudos. Decidiu-se analisar os resultados do tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve, em pacientes com fratura pélvica e choque, com objetivo de identificar fatores preditivos de mortalidade. Métodos: foi realizada revisão do prontuário dos pacientes submetidos ao tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve. Foram analisadas as características dos pacientes, dados do atendimento pré-hospitalar e na sala de emergência, classificação da fratura, presença de lesões associadas, exames laboratoriais e de imagem, dados relativos ao tamponamento, e outros procedimentos realizados, complicações, parâmetros hemodinâmicos e quantidade de hemoderivados transfudidos. Resultados: foram analisados os dados de 51 pacientes, com sinais de choque desde o atendimento pré-hospitalar, presença de acidose, elevado déficit de bases e lactato arterial. Houve alta prevalência de lesões graves associadas, requerendo múltiplos procedimentos cirúrgicos. A incidência de coagulopatia foi 70,58% e mortalidade 56,86%. O grupo de pacientes não sobreviventes apresentou idade e intubação orotraqueal pré-hospitalar maiores, e escores na escala de coma de Glasgow menores (p<0,05). O mesmo grupo apresentou, antes e após o tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve, parâmetros hemodinâmicos menores de pressão arterial média, pH, déficit de bases e hemoglobina, e maior de lactato arterial (p<0,05). O grupo de pacientes não sobreviventes recebeu mais concentrados de hemácias, plasma fresco congelado e concentrado de plaquetas nas 24h seguintes ao tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve (p<0,05). Conclusão: idade e o excesso de bases são fatores preditivos independentes de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos ao tamponamento extraperitoneal de pelve.

New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) adjustments for survival prediction.

Background: The objective of this study is to propose three new adjustments to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) equation and compare their performances with the original TRISS as well as this index with coefficients adjusted for the study population. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study evaluated trauma victims admitted to two hospitals in São Paulo-Brazil and San Diego-EUA between January 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2010. The proposed models included a New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS)-like model that included Best Motor Response (BMR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), and age variables; a TRISS peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) model that included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), SBP, SpO2, Injury Severity Score, and age variables; and a NTRISS-like SpO2 model that included BMR, SBP, SpO2, NISS, and age variables. All equations were adjusted for blunt and penetrating trauma coefficients. The model coefficients were established by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the models. Results: The original TRISS (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.90), TRISS with adjusted coefficients (AUC = 0.89), and the new proposals (NTRISS-like, TRISS SpO2, and NTRISS-like SpO2) showed no difference in performance (AUC = 0.89, 0.89, and 0.90, respectively). Conclusions: The new models demonstrated good accuracy and similar performance to the original TRISS and TRISS adjusted for coefficients in the study population; therefore, the new proposals may be useful for the assessments of quality of care in trauma patients using variables that are routinely measured and recorded.

Performance of new adjustments to the TRISS equation model in developed and developing countries.

BACKGROUND: The Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) has been criticized for being based on data from the USA and Canada-high-income countries-and therefore, it may not be applicable to low-income and middle-income countries. The present study evaluated the accuracy of three adjustments to the TRISS equation model (NTRISS-like; TRISS SpO2; NTRISS-like SpO2) in a high-income and a middle-income country to compare their performance when derived and applied to different groups. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of trauma patients admitted to two institutions: a university medical center in São Paulo, Brazil (a middle-income country), and a level 1 university trauma center in San Diego, USA (a high-income country). Patients were admitted between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. The subjects were 2416 patients from Brazil and 8172 patients from the USA. All equations had adjusted coefficients for São Paulo and San Diego and for blunt and penetrating trauma. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate performance of the models. RESULTS: Regardless of the population where the equation was generated, it performed better when applied to patients in the USA (AUC from 0.911 to 0.982) compared to patients in Brazil (AUC from 0.840 to 0.852). When the severity was considered and homogenized, the performance of equations were similar to both application in the USA and Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Survival probability models showed better performance when applied in data collected in the high-income countries (HIC) regardless the country they were derived. The severity is an important factor to consider when using non-adjusted survival probability models for the local population. Adjusted models for severely traumatized patients better predict survival probability in less severely traumatized populations. Other factors besides physiological and anatomical data may impact final outcomes and should be identified in each environment if they are to be used in the development of the trauma care performance improvement process in middle-income countries.

Nursing workload in intensive care unit trauma patients: analysis of associated factors.

BACKGROUND: From the perspective of nurses, trauma patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) demand a high degree of nursing workload due to hemodynamic instability and the severity of trauma injuries. This study aims to identify the factors related to the high nursing workload required for trauma victims admitted to the ICU. METHODS: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study using descriptive and correlation analyses, conducted with 200 trauma patients admitted to an ICU in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The nursing workload was measured using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS). The distribution of the NAS values into tertiles led to the identification of two research groups: medium/low workload and high workload. The Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney and multiple logistic regression tests were utilized for the analyses. FINDINGS: The majority of patients were male (82.0%) and suffered blunt trauma (94.5%), with traffic accidents (57.5%) and falls (31.0%) being prevalent. The mean age was 40.7 years (± 18.6) and the mean NAS was 71.3% (± 16.9). Patient gender, the presence of pulmonary failure, the number of injured body regions and the risk of death according to the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II were factors associated with a high degree of nursing workload in the first 24 hours following admission to the ICU. CONCLUSION: Workload demand was higher in male patients with physiological instability and multiple severe trauma injuries who developed pulmonary failure.

The role of the New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) for survival prediction / O papel do New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) para predição de sobrevida / El papel del New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) para predicción de sobrevida

The objective of this study was to verify if replacing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in the original Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) form would improve the survival rate estimation. This retrospective study was performed in a level I trauma center during one year. ROC curve was used to identify the best indicator (TRISS or NTRISS) for survival probability prediction. Participants were 533 victims, with a mean age of 38±16 years. There was predominance of motor vehicle accidents (61.9 percent). External injuries were more frequent (63.0 percent), followed by head/neck injuries (55.5 percent). Survival rate was 76.9 percent. There is predominance of ISS scores ranging from 9-15 (40.0 percent), and NISS scores ranging from 16-24 (25.5 percent). Survival probability equal to or greater than 75.0 percent was obtained for 83.4 percent of the victims according to TRISS, and for 78.4 percent according to NTRISS. The new version (NTRISS) is better than TRISS for survival prediction in trauma patients.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a substituição do Injury Severity Score (ISS) pelo New Injury Severity Score (NISS), na fórmula original do Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), melhora sua estimativa da taxa de sobrevida. Estudo retrospectivo realizado num centro de trauma nível I, durante um ano. A curva ROC foi utilizada para identificar o melhor indicador (TRISS ou NTRISS) para predição da probabilidade de sobrevida. O estudo incluiu 533 traumatizados, com idade média de 38±16 anos. Houve predomínio de acidentes de transporte (61,9 por cento). Lesões externas foram mais frequentes (63,0 por cento), seguidas por trauma craniencefálico/cervical (55,5 por cento). A taxa de sobrevida foi de 76,9 por cento. Houve predomínio dos valores do ISS variando de 9-15 (40,0 por cento) e, do NISS, de 16-24 (25,5 por cento). Probabilidade de sobrevida igual ou superior a 75,0 por cento foi obtida para 83,4 por cento das vítimas de acordo com o TRISS e por 78,4 por cento de acordo com NTRISS. A nova versão apresentou melhor desempenho que o TRISS na predição de sobrevida dos doentes traumatizados estudados.

El estudio objetivó verificar si la substitución del Injury Severity Score (ISS) por el New Injury Severity Score (NISS) en la fórmula original del Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) mejora su estimación de tasa de sobrevida. Estudio retrospectivo realizado en centro de trauma nivel I durante un año. Se usó curva ROC para identificar el mejor indicador (TRISS o NTRISS) para predicción de probabilidad de sobrevida. El estudio incluyó 533 traumatizados, edad media 38±16 años. Predominaron accidentes de transporte (61,9 por ciento). Prevalecieron las lesiones externas (63 por ciento), seguidas de trauma cráneo-encefálico/cervical (55,5 por ciento). Tasa de sobrevida: 76,9 por ciento. Predominaron valores de ISS variando de 9-15 (40,0 por ciento) y de NISS, de 16-24 (25,5 por ciento). Se obtuvo probabilidad de sobrevida igual o mayor a 75 por ciento para 83,4 por ciento de víctimas según TRISS y para 78,4 por ciento según NTRISS. La nueva versión (NTRISS) presentó mejor desempeño que TRISS en predicción de sobrevida en los pacientes traumatizados estudiados.

The role of the New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (NTRISS) for survival prediction.

The objective of this study was to verify if replacing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) by the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) in the original Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) form would improve the survival rate estimation. This retrospective study was performed in a level I trauma center during one year. ROC curve was used to identify the best indicator (TRISS or NTRISS) for survival probability prediction. Participants were 533 victims, with a mean age of 38±16 years. There was predominance of motor vehicle accidents (61.9%). External injuries were more frequent (63.0%), followed by head/neck injuries (55.5%). Survival rate was 76.9%. There is predominance of ISS scores ranging from 9-15 (40.0%), and NISS scores ranging from 16-24 (25.5%). Survival probability equal to or greater than 75.0% was obtained for 83.4% of the victims according to TRISS, and for 78.4% according to NTRISS. The new version (NTRISS) is better than TRISS for survival prediction in trauma patients.

Standard examination system for laparoscopy in penetrating abdominal trauma.

BACKGROUND: The high missed occult small bowel injuries (SBI) associated with laparoscopy in trauma (LIT) is a major reason why some surgeons still preclude LIT today. No standardized laparoscopic examination for evaluation of the peritoneal cavity is described for trauma. The objective of this article is to verify if a systematic standardized laparoscopic approach could correctly identify SBI in the peritoneal cavity for penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT). METHODS: Victims with PAT were evaluated in a prospective, nonrandomized study. A total of 75 hemodynamically stable patients with suspected abdominal injuries were operated by LIT and converted to laparotomy if criteria were met: SBI and lesions to blind spot zones--retroperitoneal hematoma, injuries to segments VI or VII of the liver, or injuries to the posterior area of the spleen. Inclusion criteria were equivocal evidence of abdominal injuries or peritoneal penetration; systolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg and <3 L of IV fluids in the first hour of admission; Glasgow Coma Scale score >12; and age >12 years. Exclusion criteria were back injuries; pregnancy; previous laparotomy; and chronic cardiorespiratory disease. RESULTS: Sixty patients were males and there were 38 stab wounds and 37 gunshot wounds. No SBI was missed, but a pancreatic lesion was undiagnosed due to a retroperitoneal hematoma. Twenty patients (26.6%) were converted. Unnecessary laparotomies were avoided in 73.33%. Therapeutic LIT was possible in 22.7%. Accuracy was 98.66% with 97.61% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Standard systematic laparoscopic exploration was 100% effective to detect SBI in the peritoneal cavity. Conversion from LIT to laparotomy should be done if injuries to blind spot zones are found which are poorly evaluated by LIT. Therapeutic LIT is feasible in PAT.

Avaliação de um esquema de realimentação utilizado após 43 dias de jejum voluntário / Evaluation of a refeeding plan employed after 43 days of voluntary fasting

Objetivo: Avaliar um esquema de realimentação utilizado em pacientes após jejum prolongado voluntário. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, com base em levantamento dos prontuários de 7 pacientes (média de idade de 41,6 anos e desvio-padrão=5,3) em jejum voluntário por 43 dias em jejum seguidos de 14 dias de realimentação. As variáveis estudadas foram: antropométricas, clínicas, dietéticas, laboratoriais e avaliação da composição corpórea por bioimpedância. Foram utilizadas as seguintes dietas por via oral na realimentação: oligomérica enriquecida com glutamina, associada à dieta hipogordurosa e isenta de lactose (primeira semana); dieta branda normolipídica com lactose (segunda semana). A análise descritiva dos dados apresentados incluiu média e desvio-padrão. A análise de variância ou o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis foramutilizados para comparação dos dados nos períodos de jejum e realimentação. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico SIGMA STAT versão 2,03 sendo considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: No jejum houve redução significativa do peso corpóreo (18,0% desvio-padrão=2,3), da prega cutânea do tríceps (48,2% desvio-padrão=9,0) e da hemoglobina (15,98g/dL desvio-padrão=0,99 para 12,74g/dL desvio-padrão=0,47). Na segunda semana de realimentação houve aumento significativo na contagem total de linfócitos (954 mil/mm3 desvio-padrão=242 para 1.619 mil/mm3 desvio-padrão=232) e dos distúrbios gastrointestinais, em relação à primeira semana. Não ocorreu Síndrome da Realimentação. Conclusão O esquema de realimentação utilizado promoveu resultado global adequado, mas requer redução do aporte energético e definição de momento mais adequado para reintrodução de lactose e da dieta normolipídica.

Objective: To evaluate a refeeding plan employed in patients after a long period of voluntary fasting. Methods: A retrospective study was done by reviewing the medical records of 7 male patients (mean age of 42.0 years; standard deviation of 5.3 years) who were refed for 14 days after a 43-day fast. The studied variables were:clinical, anthropometric; biochemical and body composition by bioimpedance analysis. The following diets were used orally in the refeeding program: glutamine-enriched oligomeric diet associated with a low-fat lactose-free diet (first week); normal-fat diet with lactose (second week). Descriptive analysis of the data included mean and standard deviation. Analysis of variance or the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare data during the fasting and refeeding periods. The SIGMA STAT statistics software package version 2.03 was used to analyze data with the significance level set at 5% (p<0.05). Results: During the fasting period there was a significant reduction in body weight (18.0%; standard deviation=2.3), triceps skinfold (48.2%; standard deviation=9.0) and hemoglobin concentration (from 15.98g/dL; standard deviation=0.99 to 12.74g/dL; standard deviation=0.47). During the second week of refeeding, there was a significant increase in total lymphocyte count (from 954 thousand/mm3; standard deviation=242 to 1.619 thousand/mm3; standard deviation=232); and gastrointestinal problems when compared with the first week. No case of refeeding syndrome was observed.Conclusion The refeeding program used promoted a satisfactory global result but it is necessary to reduce energy intakeand define the best moment to reintroduce lactose and a normal-fat diet.

Acute care surgeon South American model.

BACKGROUND: In the World Health Organization book by Murray and Lopez (The Global Burden of Disease), the authors make the point that there are major regional differences across the world for death from injury. In the European market economies, injuries accounted for 6% of all deaths, of which the majority were the result of road traffic accidents. In stark contrast, in Latin America and the Caribbean, injuries account for 12-13% of all deaths, and most of these are the result of violence. An estimated 30% of all male deaths are from external causes, and road traffic accidents are the number two cause of death. Within South American countries, trauma is the second most common cause of death in Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Brazil. In other South American countries, it is the third or fourth most common cause of death. If one examines the Disability Adjusted Life Years, South America is the third highest in the world. Death from injury primarily affects people in the middle- and low-income group. Traffic accidents and suicide are the main causes of trauma in the high-income population. South America is made up of developing and poor countries that have trauma as a very important cause of death and disability. METHODS: The author has reviewed information on injury from the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, and Brazilian Health Ministry. In addition, a search of injury was performed through MEDLINE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review show that trauma is a major public health problem in South America. At the present time, there is a lack of statewide system development. In addition, there are difficulties in training surgeons to cope with these problems.

Gut ischemia/reperfusion induced acute lung injury is an alveolar macrophage dependent event.

BACKGROUND: Although the role of the lung alveolar macrophage (AM) as a mediator of acute lung injury (ALI) after lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has been suggested by animal experiments, it has not been determined whether AMs mediate ALI after intestinal I/R. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of AM elimination on ALI after intestinal I/R in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 90) were randomly divided into three groups: the clodronate-liposomes (CLOD-LIP) group received intratracheal treatment with CLOD-LIP; the liposomes (LIP) group received intratracheal treatment with LIP; and the nontreated (UNTREAT) group received no treatment. Twenty-four hours later each group was randomly divided into three subgroups: the intestinal I/R subgroup was subjected to 45-minute intestinal ischemia and 2-hour reperfusion; the laparotomy (LAP) subgroup was subjected to LAP and sham procedures; the control (CTR) subgroup received no treatment. At the end of reperfusion, ALI was quantitated in all the animals by the Evans blue dye (EBD) method. RESULTS: ALI values are expressed as EBD lung leakage (microg EBD/g dry lung weight). EBD lung leakage values in the CLOD-LIP group were 32.59 +/- 12.74 for I/R, 27.74 +/- 7.99 for LAP, and 33.52 +/- 10.17 for CTR. In the LIP group, lung leakage values were 58.02 +/- 18.04 for I/R, 31.90 +/- 8.72 for LAP, and 27.17 +/- 11.48 for CTR. In the UNTREAT group, lung leakage values were 55.60 +/- 10.96 for I/R, 35.99 +/- 6.89 for LAP, and 30.83 +/- 8.41 for CTR. Within each group, LAP values did not differ from CTR values. However, in the LIP and UNTREAT groups, values for both the LAP and CTR subgroups were lower than values for the I/R subgroup (p < 0.001). The CLOD-LIP I/R subgroup value was less (p < 0.001) than the I/R subgroup values in the LIP and UNTREAT groups. These results indicated that I/R provokes ALI that can be prevented by CLOD-LIP treatment, and further suggested that AMs are essential for ALI occurrence induced by intestinal I/R in rats.

Obstructive jaundice induces early depression of mitochondrial respiration in rat hepatocytes / A icterícia obstrutiva induz depressão precoce da respiração mitocondrial em hepatócitos de ratos

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction of hepatocyte mitochondria is involved in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction following obstructive jaundice (OJ). However the time period from biliary occlusion to the occurrence of the dysfunction has not been determined decisively. PURPOSE: To evaluate the early effects (1 d and 7 d) of OJ on liver mitochondria respiratory function in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: laparotomy plus OJ for 24 h (1d group) (n = 10); laparotomy plus OJ for 7 d (7d group) (n = 10); sham control procedure (CTR group) (n = 12). At the end of OJ periods, total serum bilirubin level, hepatic enzyme activity levels (GOT, GTP, Gama-GT, ALP), mitochondrial respiration phases S3 and S4, as well as the respiratory control ratio (RC = S3/S4), and ADP consumption/oxygen consumption (ADP/O) ratio, were determined. RESULTS: Total serum bilirubin, activity of most hepatic enzymes, and O2 consumption during basal (S4) respiration were increased in the 1d and 7d groups (ANOVA, p = 0.05 vs. CTR). After ADP addition, the O2 consumption rate (S3) in the 1d group remained similar to the CTR rate (ANOVA p > .05), while the RC rate was reduced (ANOVA, p = 0.001) vs. CTR. The effects observed on mitochondrial respiration in the 1d group were exacerbated in the 7d group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that OJ induces early (24 h) depression of liver mitochondria respiration, and thus may lead to early reduction in the production of high energy bonds.

INTRODUÇÃO: A disfunção da fosforilação oxidativa das mitocôndrias do hepatócito está envolvida na fisiopatologia da disfunção orgânica subseqüente à icterícia obstrutiva (IO). Entretanto, a precocidade da ocorrência desta disfunção permanece obscura. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito precoce da IO na função respiratória mitocondrial em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (200 a 250g) foram randomizados em 3 grupos que foram submetidos a laparotomia mais: IO por 24hs (grupo 1d)(n=10); IO por 7 dias (grupo 7d)(n=10; procedimento simulado (grupo CTR)(n=12). Ao final dos períodos de IO, foram determinados: bilirrubina sérica total, atividade de enzimas hepáticas (TGO, TGP, Gama-GT, FA), e as fases S3 e S4 da respiração mitocondrial, bem como o razão do controle respiratório (RC = S3/S4), e a razão entre consumo de ADP/consumo de oxigênio (ADP/O). RESULTADOS: Observou-se significativo aumento de bilirrubina sérica total, enzimas hepáticas, e consumo de O2 durante a respiração basal (S4) no grupo de IO por 24hs (ANOVA, p=0.009). Após adição de ADP, a taxa de consumo de O2 (S3) não diminuiu significativamente no grupo de IO, comparado com o CTR (ANOVA, p>0.05); entretanto, a razão do controle respiratório (RC) foi significativamente mais baixa comparada com o CTR (ANOVA, p=0.001). Os efeitos observados na respiração mitocondrial no grupo do dia 1d estavam exacerbados no grupo 7d. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados indicam que a icterícia obstrutiva induz depressão precoce (24hs) da respiração mitocondrial, e pode assim levar à redução da produção de ligações de alta energia.

Obstructive jaundice induces early depression of mitochondrial respiration in rat hepatocytes

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction of hepatocyte mitochondria is involved in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction following obstructive jaundice (OJ). However the time period from biliary occlusion to the occurrence of the dysfunction has not been determined decisively. PURPOSE: To evaluate the early effects (1 d and 7 d) of OJ on liver mitochondria respiratory function in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: laparotomy plus OJ for 24 h (1d group) (n = 10); laparotomy plus OJ for 7 d (7d group) (n = 10); sham control procedure (CTR group) (n = 12). At the end of OJ periods, total serum bilirubin level, hepatic enzyme activity levels (GOT, GTP, Gama-GT, ALP), mitochondrial respiration phases S3 and S4, as well as the respiratory control ratio (RC = S3/S4), and ADP consumption/oxygen consumption (ADP/O) ratio, were determined. RESULTS: Total serum bilirubin, activity of most hepatic enzymes, and O2 consumption during basal (S4) respiration were increased in the 1d and 7d groups (ANOVA, p = 0.05 vs. CTR). After ADP addition, the O2 consumption rate (S3) in the 1d group remained similar to the CTR rate (ANOVA p > .05), while the RC rate was reduced (ANOVA, p = 0.001) vs. CTR. The effects observed on mitochondrial respiration in the 1d group were exacerbated in the 7d group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that OJ induces early (24 h) depression of liver mitochondria respiration, and thus may lead to early reduction in the production of high energy bonds.

INTRODUÇÃO: A disfunção da fosforilação oxidativa das mitocôndrias do hepatócito está envolvida na fisiopatologia da disfunção orgânica subseqüente à icterícia obstrutiva (IO). Entretanto, a precocidade da ocorrência desta disfunção permanece obscura. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito precoce da IO na função respiratória mitocondrial em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (200 a 250g) foram randomizados em 3 grupos que foram submetidos a laparotomia mais: IO por 24hs (grupo 1d)(n=10); IO por 7 dias (grupo 7d)(n=10; procedimento simulado (grupo CTR)(n=12). Ao final dos períodos de IO, foram determinados: bilirrubina sérica total, atividade de enzimas hepáticas (TGO, TGP, Gama-GT, FA), e as fases S3 e S4 da respiração mitocondrial, bem como o razão do controle respiratório (RC = S3/S4), e a razão entre consumo de ADP/consumo de oxigênio (ADP/O). RESULTADOS: Observou-se significativo aumento de bilirrubina sérica total, enzimas hepáticas, e consumo de O2 durante a respiração basal (S4) no grupo de IO por 24hs (ANOVA, p=0.009). Após adição de ADP, a taxa de consumo de O2 (S3) não diminuiu significativamente no grupo de IO, comparado com o CTR (ANOVA, p>0.05); entretanto, a razão do controle respiratório (RC) foi significativamente mais baixa comparada com o CTR (ANOVA, p=0.001). Os efeitos observados na respiração mitocondrial no grupo do dia 1d estavam exacerbados no grupo 7d. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados indicam que a icterícia obstrutiva induz depressão precoce (24hs) da respiração mitocondrial, e pode assim levar à redução da produção de ligações de alta energia.

Obstructive jaundice induces early depression of mitochondrial respiration in rat hepatocytes.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction of hepatocyte mitochondria is involved in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction following obstructive jaundice (OJ). However the time period from biliary occlusion to the occurrence of the dysfunction has not been determined decisively. PURPOSE: To evaluate the early effects (1 d and 7 d) of OJ on liver mitochondria respiratory function in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into the following 3 groups: laparotomy plus OJ for 24 h (1d group) (n = 10); laparotomy plus OJ for 7 d (7d group) (n = 10); sham control procedure (CTR group) (n = 12). At the end of OJ periods, total serum bilirubin level, hepatic enzyme activity levels (GOT, GTP, Gama-GT, ALP), mitochondrial respiration phases S3 and S4, as well as the respiratory control ratio (RC = S3/S4), and ADP consumption/oxygen consumption (ADP/O) ratio, were determined. RESULTS: Total serum bilirubin, activity of most hepatic enzymes, and O2 consumption during basal (S4) respiration were increased in the 1d and 7d groups (ANOVA, p = 0.05 vs. CTR). After ADP addition, the O2 consumption rate (S3) in the 1d group remained similar to the CTR rate (ANOVA p > .05), while the RC rate was reduced (ANOVA, p = 0.001) vs. CTR. The effects observed on mitochondrial respiration in the 1d group were exacerbated in the 7d group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that OJ induces early (24 h) depression of liver mitochondria respiration, and thus may lead to early reduction in the production of high energy bonds.

Lesão da artéria ilíaca interna bilateral associada com trauma pélvico, tratada por intervenção arteriografia com embolização / Bilateral internal iliac artery associated with pelvic trauma, treated with radiographic intervention and embolization

Ruptura traumática do anel pélvico resulta geralmente de impacto com grande dispêndio de energia levando à ruptura do complexo ósteo-ligamentar levando a hemorragia retroperitoneal oriunda do plexo venoso posterior da pelve e de superfícies ósseo-esponjosas,que juntamente com lesões associadas acarreta cerca de 15% a 25% de mortalidade nos pacientes com lesão do anel pélvico1. Em menos de 10% dos casos ocorre sangramento deartérias conhecidas, e em menos de 1% é relatado sangramento de vasos ilíacos ou femorais2,3,4. O objetivo do presente estudo é relatar o caso de um paciente vítima de trauma contuso comfratura pélvica e instabilidade hemodinâmica persistente após fixação pélvica externa, tendosediagnosticado por arteriografia lesão artérial ilíaca interna bilateral, e tratado por radiologia inervencionista com embolização.

Pelvic ring ruptures are a cause of great mortality and morbidity in trauma patients. The fatalities are, in general, consequence of the retroperitoneal hemorrhage and other associated damages due to the great force necessary to rip the pelvic ring. The mortality in theses cases are between 15 and 25%. The hemorrhage is usually due to the posterior pelvis venous plexus and the bony surface sponge bleedings. Less than 10% of the cases its caused by the bleeding of a known artery and in only 1%. by iliac or femoral arteries The objectives ofthis study is to report a case of a patient victim of a blunt trauma, with a complex pelvic fracture and hypotension by a bilateral iliac artery injury that was diagnosed and treated by interventionist radiology...

An experimental model for the treatment of lethal bleeding injury to the juxtahepatic vena cava with stent graft.

BACKGROUND: Juxtahepatic vein injuries present a high mortality rate. Our objectives were to develop an experimental model of endovascular lethal injury of the juxtahepatic inferior vena cava (JHIVC) and to evaluate its hemodynamic alterations; to treat the lesion with volume replacement, and a stent graft (SG); and to follow the animals after treatment. METHODS: Twenty dogs were anesthetized and monitored [heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), vesical and peritoneal pressures], and submitted to a JHIVC endovascular injury. After volume replacement the dogs were divided into two groups: control (GI) and experimental (GII). GI was observed until death. GII was treated with SG and followed by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) and cavography for 4 (GIIA), and 8 weeks (GIIB), and then sacrificed and IVC and SG were analyzed. RESULTS: GI presented increased abdominal pressures, arterial hypotension, and death after 80 minutes. GII had a 100% survival rate till sacrifice, without clinical repercussions. At DUS and cavography all SG were patent, with monophasic pulsatile flow. On US, SG diameters after 2, 4, and 8 weeks did not show differences. On cavography IVC diameters presented no difference between groups GIIA and GIIB throughout the experiment. These data analyzed for the GII as a whole, showed statistically significant differences. Average lumen diameter reduction of SG was 27.43+/-20,00%. Pressure values in the IVC cranially, caudally to the SG, and inside the SG, did not show differences. In the IVC with the SG we observed a thicker neointima layer, and the injury in the media layer was covered with fibroconnective tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an experimental dog model of endovascular lethal injury of the JHIVC with significant increase in abdominal pressures, and a mortality rate of 100%. The treatment of this lesion with SG resulted in a thickened neointima layer, and a 27% reduction in the JHIVC lumen diameter, without clinical repercussion, and with a 100% survival rate.

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion induces bronchial hyperreactivity and increases serum TNF-alpha in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal or hepatic ischemia/reperfusion induces acute lung injury in animal models of multiple organ failure. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha is involved in the underlying inflammatory mechanism of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although the inflammatory cascade leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome has been extensively investigated, the mechanical components of acute respiratory distress syndrome are not fully understood. Our hypothesis is that splanchnic ischemia/reperfusion increases airway reactivity and serum TNF-alpha levels. OBJECTIVE: To assess bronchial smooth muscle reactivity under methacholine stimulation, and to measure serum TNF-alpha levels following intestinal and/or hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in rats. METHOD: Rats were subjected to 45 minutes of intestinal ischemia, or 20 minutes of hepatic ischemia, or to both (double ischemia), or sham procedures (control), followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. The animals were then sacrificed, and the bronchial response to increasing methacholine molar concentrations (10(-7) to 3 x 10(-4)) was evaluated in an ex-vivo bronchial muscle preparation. Serum TNF-alpha was determined by the L929-cell bioassay. RESULTS: Bronchial response (g/100 mg tissue) showed increased reactivity to increasing methacholine concentrations in the intestinal ischemia and double ischemia groups, but not in the hepatic ischemia group. Similarly, serum TNF-alpha (pg/mL) concentration was increased in the intestinal ischemia and double ischemia groups, but not in the hepatic ischemia group. CONCLUSION: Intestinal ischemia, either isolated or associated with hepatic ischemia, increased bronchial smooth muscle reactivity, suggesting a possible role for bronchial constriction in respiratory dysfunction following splanchnic ischemia/reperfusion. This increase occurred in concomitance with serum TNF-alpha increase, but whether the increase in TNF-alpha caused this bronchial contractility remains to be determined.

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion induces bronchial hyperreactivity and increases serum TNF-alpha in rats

INTRODUCÃO: A isquemia/reperfusão intestinal ou hepática induz lesão pulmonar aguda em modelos animais de falência de múltiplos órgãos. O fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-a) está envolvido no mecanismo inflamatório da síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda. Embora a cascata inflamatória que leva à síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda tenha sido extensamente investigada, os componentes mecânicos desta ainda não são completamente compreendidos. Nós levantamos a hipótese de que a isquemia/reperfusão esplâncnica provoca aumento da reatividade contráctil das vias aéreas, bem como aumento do TNF-a sérico. OBJETIVO: avaliar a reatividade da musculatura lisa brônquica sob estimulação com metacolina, e medir os níveis séricos de TNF-a após isquemia/reperfusão intestinal e/ou hepática em ratos. MÉTODO: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a 45 min de isquemia intestinal, ou 20 minutos de isquemia hepática, ou a ambas (isquemia dupla), ou controle, seguidos por 120 min de reperfusão. A resposta brônquica a concentrações molares (10-7 to 3x10-4) de metacolina foi avaliada usando-se uma preparação ex-vivo de musculatura brônquica. RESULTADOS: A resposta brônquica (g/100mg de tecido) mostrou reatividade aumentada a concentrações crescentes de metacolina na isquemia intestinal e isquemia dupla, mas não na isquemia hepática. Similarmente, o TNF-a sérico aumentou na isquemia intestinal e isquemia dupla, mas não na isquemia hepática. CONCLUSÃO: Isquemia intestinal, quer isolada ou associada à hepática, provocou hiper-reatividade da musculatura brônquica, sugerindo um possível papel da constrição brônquica na disfunção respiratória conseqüente à isquemia/reperfusão esplâncnica. Este aumento foi simultâneo ao do TNF-a sérico, porém o possível efeito causal do TNF-a na contractilidade brônquica permanece a ser determinado.