Modeling Optimal Location Distribution for Deployment of Flying Base Stations as On-Demand Connectivity Enablers in Real-World Scenarios.

The amount of internet traffic generated during mass public events is significantly growing in a way that requires methods to increase the overall performance of the wireless network service. Recently, legacy methods in form of mobile cell sites, frequently called cells on wheels, were used. However, modern technologies are allowing the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as a platform for network service extension instead of ground-based techniques. This results in the development of flying base stations (FBS) where the number of deployed FBSs depends on the demanded network capacity and specific user requirements. Large-scale events, such as outdoor music festivals or sporting competitions, requiring deployment of more than one FBS need a method to optimally distribute these aerial vehicles to achieve high capacity and minimize the cost. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for FBS deployment in large-scale scenarios. The model is based on a location set covering problem and the goal is to minimize the number of FBSs by finding their optimal locations. It is restricted by users' throughput requirements and FBSs' available throughput, also, all users that require connectivity must be served. Two meta-heuristic algorithms (cuckoo search and differential evolution) were implemented and verified on a real example of a music festival scenario. The results show that both algorithms are capable of finding a solution. The major difference is in the performance where differential evolution solves the problem six to eight times faster, thus it is more suitable for repetitive calculation. The obtained results can be used in commercial scenarios similar to the one used in this paper where providing sufficient connectivity is crucial for good user experience. The designed algorithms will serve for the network infrastructure design and for assessing the costs and feasibility of the use-case.

Generation of Electromagnetic Field by Microtubules.

The general mechanism of controlling, information and organization in biological systems is based on the internal coherent electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is supposed to be generated by microtubules composed of identical tubulin heterodimers with periodic organization and containing electric dipoles. We used a classical dipole theory of generation of the electromagnetic field to analyze the space-time coherence. The structure of microtubules with the helical and axial periodicity enables the interaction of the field in time shifted by one or more periods of oscillation and generation of coherent signals. Inner cavity excitation should provide equal energy distribution in a microtubule. The supplied energy coherently excites oscillators with a high electrical quality, microtubule inner cavity, and electrons at molecular orbitals and in 'semiconduction' and 'conduction' bands. The suggested mechanism is supposed to be a general phenomenon for a large group of helical systems.

Prototype Design and Experimental Evaluation of Autonomous Collaborative Communication System for Emerging Maritime Use Cases.

Automated systems have been seamlessly integrated into several industries as part of their industrial automation processes. Employing automated systems, such as autonomous vehicles, allows industries to increase productivity, benefit from a wide range of technologies and capabilities, and improve workplace safety. So far, most of the existing systems consider utilizing one type of autonomous vehicle. In this work, we propose a collaboration of different types of unmanned vehicles in maritime offshore scenarios. Providing high capacity, extended coverage, and better quality of services, autonomous collaborative systems can enable emerging maritime use cases, such as remote monitoring and navigation assistance. Motivated by these potential benefits, we propose the deployment of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in an autonomous collaborative communication system. Specifically, we design high-speed, directional communication links between a terrestrial control station and the two unmanned vehicles. Using measurement and simulation results, we evaluate the performance of the designed links in different communication scenarios and we show the benefits of employing multiple autonomous vehicles in the proposed communication system.

Development of an Active Training Method for Belt Conveyor.

The global situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced employers to find an adequate way to conduct training in order to ensure work safety. The underground mining industry is one of the industries which, due to its nature, was not able to switch to remote work. Conducting traditional training risked spreading the virus among workers. For this purpose, it was necessary to start a search for a form of training that would be safe and would not cause additional stress for employees. Research on the development of an active employee training method and testing of the method itself was conducted online. In order to develop a method of active training, one of the most important workstations was selected, which is the operation of the conveyor belt. The training method comprises four training modules. The modules cover questions related to the operation of the conveyor belt, emergencies, its assembly and disassembly, repair and maintenance. The developed issues also take into account questions concerning natural hazards and work safety. The entire training course lasts 10 days. Every day, an employee receives a set of eight questions sent to their email address, which they must answer before starting work. The article describes the methodology and implementation of the training.

Warburg effect-damping of electromagnetic oscillations.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central defect in cells creating the Warburg and reverse Warburg effect cancers. However, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer has not yet been clearly explained. Decrease of mitochondrial oxidative energy production to about 50 % in comparison with healthy cells may be caused by inhibition of pyruvate transfer into mitochondrial matrix and/or disturbed H+ ion transfer across inner mitochondrial membrane into cytosol. Lowering of the inner membrane potential and shifting of the working point of mitochondria to high values of pH above an intermediate point causes reorganization of the ordered water layer at the mitochondrial membrane. The reorganized ordered water layers at high pH values release electrons which are transferred to the cytosol rim of the layer. The electrons damp electromagnetic activity of Warburg effect cancer cells or fibroblasts associated with reverse Warburg effect cancer cells leading to lowered electromagnetic activity, disturbed coherence, increased frequency of oscillations and decreased level of biological functions. In reverse Warburg effect cancers, associated fibroblasts supply energy-rich metabolites to the cancer cell resulting in increased power of electromagnetic field, fluctuations due to shift of oscillations to an unstable nonlinear region, decreased frequency and loss of coherence.

Energy parasites trigger oncogene mutation.

PURPOSE: Cancer initialization can be explained as a result of parasitic virus energy consumption leading to randomized genome chemical bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of experimental data on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) containing about 12,000 cases of healthy humans, cancer patients and patients with precancerous cervical lesions disclosed that the specific cancer and the non-specific lactate dehydrogenase-elevating (LDH) virus antigen elicit similar responses. The specific antigen is effective only in cancer type of its origin but the non-specific antigen in all examined cancers. CMI results of CIN patients display both healthy and cancer state. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the LDH virus parasitizing on energy reduces the ratio of coherent/random oscillations. Decreased effect of coherent cellular electromagnetic field on bonding electrons in biological macromolecules leads to elevating probability of random genome reactions. RESULTS: Overlapping of wave functions in biological macromolecules depends on energy of the cellular electromagnetic field which supplies energy to bonding electrons for selective chemical bonds. CMI responses of cancer and LDH virus antigens in all examined healthy, precancerous and cancer cases point to energy mechanism in cancer initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Dependence of the rate of biochemical reactions on biological electromagnetic field explains yet unknown mechanism of genome mutation.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Disturbed Coherence: Gate to Cancer.

Continuous energy supply, a necessary condition for life, excites a state far from thermodynamic equilibrium, in particular coherent electric polar vibrations depending on water ordering in the cell. Disturbances in oxidative metabolism and coherence are a central issue in cancer development. Oxidative metabolism may be impaired by decreased pyruvate transfer to the mitochondrial matrix, either by parasitic consumption and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. This can in turn lead to disturbance in water molecules' ordering, diminished power, and coherence of the electromagnetic field. In tumors with the Warburg (reverse Warburg) effect, mitochondrial dysfunction affects cancer cells (fibroblasts associated with cancer cells), and the electromagnetic field generated by microtubules in cancer cells has low power (high power due to transport of energy-rich metabolites from fibroblasts), disturbed coherence, and a shifted frequency spectrum according to changed power. Therapeutic strategies restoring mitochondrial function may trigger apoptosis in treated cells; yet, before this step is performed, induction (inhibition) of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (phosphatases) may restore the cancer state. In tumor tissues with the reverse Warburg effect, Caveolin-1 levels should be restored and the transport of energy-rich metabolites interrupted to cancer cells. In both cancer phenotypes, achieving permanently reversed mitochondrial dysfunction with metabolic-modulating drugs may be an effective, specific anti-cancer strategy.

Diseases caused by defects of energy level and loss of coherence in living cells.

Human and animal diseases are brought about by pathological alterations of production, composition, and conformation of macromolecules and structures in cells. Additional contributing factors include changes in physiological states caused by disturbances of energy supply, energy transduction, energy dissipation in moving or oscillating parts, and parasitic energy consumption. Disturbances of energy states may endanger existence of the system. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response of T lymphocytes correlating with their adherence properties was examined using antigen prepared from the serum of inbred laboratory mice strain C3H H(2k) infected with lactate dehydrogenase elevating (LDH) virus. LDH virus is a parasite on the cellular energy system. Significant CMI response was elicited in T lymphocytes prepared from the blood of patients with cancer of different phenotypes, acute myocardial infarctions, schizophrenia, and recurrent spontaneous abortions in early pregnancy from unknown reasons. The CMI response is assumed to monitor transferred information about decreased levels of energy states and decoherence in the cells caused by mitochondrial malfunction, parasitic consumption, production of lactate, and possibly other disturbances. The LDH virus infection or similar pathological processes caused by different agents might be connected with the diseases and monitored by the examined CMI response. A large amount of mitoses with chromosome defects in aborted fetuses suggest increased mutability of genomes caused by defective energy states.

Targeting mitochondria for cancer treatment - two types of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Two basic types of cancers were identified – those with the mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells (the Warburg effect) or in fibroblasts supplying energy rich metabolites to a cancer cell with functional mitochondria (the reverse Warburg effect). Inner membrane potential of the functional and dysfunctional mitochondria measured by fluorescent dyes (e.g. by Rhodamine 123) displays low and high values (apparent potential), respectively, which is in contrast to the level of oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction (full function) results in reduced (high) oxidative metabolism, low (high) real membrane potential, a simple layer (two layers) of transported protons around mitochondria, and high (low) damping of microtubule electric polar vibrations. Crucial modifications are caused by ordered water layer (exclusion zone). For the high oxidative metabolism one proton layer is at the mitochondrial membrane and the other at the outer rim of the ordered water layer. High and low damping of electric polar vibrations results in decreased and increased electromagnetic activity in cancer cells with the normal and the reverse Warburg effect, respectively. Due to nonlinear properties the electromagnetic frequency spectra of cancer cells and transformed fibroblasts are shifted in directions corresponding to their power deviations resulting in disturbances of interactions and escape from tissue control. The cancer cells and fibroblasts of the reverse Warburg effect tumors display frequency shifts in mutually opposite directions resulting in early generalization. High oxidative metabolism conditions high aggressiveness. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a gate to malignancy along the cancer transformation pathway, forms a narrow neck which could be convenient for cancer treatment.

Is the small size of a breast cancer tumor the crucial point for successful medical treatment?

The presented case displays a clinical study of a cancer phenotype with a poor clinical outcome. Prediction of cancer development and effects of treatment at the beginning of the clinical stage is difficult as the knowledge of cancer process and all necessary parameters of the host body are limited. Cancer is mainly studied on the basis of biochemical-genetic processes and their morphological manifestation. However, the malignant process is assumed to be of essential biophysical nature and develops after mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a direct result of oncogene mutation. Cancers based on the normal and the reverse Warburg effect should be distinguished. The cancer tumors with the reverse Warburg effect display aggressiveness associated with a high rate of recurrence and metastatic implantation. Besides the nature of the two basic types of breast cancer tumors the outcome depends not only on their type, size, and site but also on reactions and interaction with the surrounding tissue and the body aptitude for metastatic activity connected with individual blood or lymphatic vessels for metastatic transport. It is necessary to assess all favourable and adverse factors for cancer development. General reliable method of their specification for all cancers is not available. Nevertheless, the main factor seems to be aggressiveness of cancer cells as follows from interpretation. To reveal the aggressive reverse Warburg effect tumors, metabolic biomarkers of the fibroblast stress should be examined.

Postulates on electromagnetic activity in biological systems and cancer.

A framework of postulates is formulated to define the existence, nature, and function of a coherent state far from thermodynamic equilibrium in biological systems as an essential condition for the existence of life. This state is excited and sustained by energy supply. Mitochondria producing small packets of energy in the form of adenosine and guanosine triphosphate and strong static electric field around them form boundary elements between biochemical-genetic and physical processes. The transformation mechanism of chemical energy into useful work for biological needs and the excitation of the coherent state far from thermodynamic equilibrium are fundamental problems. The exceptional electrical polarity of biological objects and long-range interactions suggest a basic role of the endogenous electromagnetic field generated by living cells. The formulated postulates encompass generation, properties and function of the electromagnetic field connected with biological activity and its pathological deviations. Excited longitudinal polar oscillations in microtubules in eukaryotic cells generate the endogenous electromagnetic field. The metabolic activity of mitochondria connected with water ordering forms conditions for excitation. The electrodynamic field plays an important role in the establishment of coherence, directional transport, organization of morphological structures, interactions, information transfer, and brain activity. An overview of experimental results and physical models supporting the postulates is included. The existence of the endogenous biological electromagnetic field, its generation by microtubules and supporting effects produced by mitochondria have a reasonable experimental foundation. Cancer transformation is a pathological reduction of the coherent energy state far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Malignancy, i.e. local invasion and metastasis, is a direct consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed microtubule polar oscillations and the generated electromagnetic field.

Biophysical insights into cancer transformation and treatment.

Biological systems are hierarchically self-organized complex structures characterized by nonlinear interactions. Biochemical energy is transformed into work of physical forces required for various biological functions. We postulate that energy transduction depends on endogenous electrodynamic fields generated by microtubules. Microtubules and mitochondria colocalize in cells with microtubules providing tracks for mitochondrial movement. Besides energy transformation, mitochondria form a spatially distributed proton charge layer and a resultant strong static electric field, which causes water ordering in the surrounding cytosol. These effects create conditions for generation of coherent electrodynamic field. The metabolic energy transduction pathways are strongly affected in cancers. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells (Warburg effect) or in fibroblasts associated with cancer cells (reverse Warburg effect) results in decreased or increased power of the generated electromagnetic field, respectively, and shifted and rebuilt frequency spectra. Disturbed electrodynamic interaction forces between cancer and healthy cells may favor local invasion and metastasis. A therapeutic strategy of targeting dysfunctional mitochondria for restoration of their physiological functions makes it possible to switch on the natural apoptotic pathway blocked in cancer transformed cells. Experience with dichloroacetate in cancer treatment and reestablishment of the healthy state may help in the development of novel effective drugs aimed at the mitochondrial function.

Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for prevention of sudden cardiac death and management of postmyocardial infarction arrhythmias. A review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present paper is to review the evolution of concepts regarding the use of Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) in myocardial infarction over the past four decades. METHODS: Results of animal experiments carried out by the authors and papers published between 1970 and 2012 in journals and the PubMed search system were used. RESULTS: Animal experiments carried out as early as the 1970s showed that Class IB and IC AADs lose their antiarrhythmic effect and electrically destabilize ventricles in the very early phase of myocardial ischemic focus formation. The cause of this is interaction between Class IB and IC AADs as well as Class III AADs with sympathetic neural activation (SNA) of the heart in the early phase of myocardial ischemia. Given the extremely high and uneven distribution of noradrenaline in tissue, SNA results in dispersion of the depolarization and repolarization processes in the ventricles. The clinical sequels of the interaction between the effects of AADs and SNA are as follows: the antiarrhythmic effect of AADs is restored in AMI once SNA has resolved; membrane-destabilization of the ventricles can be restored any time in the presence of randomly occurring SNA not only due to increasing myocardial ischemia but, also, as a result of psychological stress (emotions), and any pre-existing structural heart disease will enhance the pro-fibrillatory effect of a randomly occurring SNA. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the above risks, AADs continue to play an irreplaceable role in suppressing post-myocardial arrhythmias and in preventing sudden cardiac death following ICD placement. The risk of AADs' proarrhythmic effect in SNA can be reduced by combining them with beta-blockers. The last recourse when attempting to suppress malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias is left sympathetic denervation of the heart.

High capacity optical channels for bioinformation transfer: acupuncture meridians.

Mammalian bodies are hierarchical systems whose internal cooperation and coherent activity require high capacity information transfer between the central control unit--the brain--and the periphery--the organs. A communication system capable of meeting information capacity requirements should be based on transmission of electromagnetic signals. Structures that fulfill requirements for such information transfer have not yet been analyzed. Acupuncture meridians have been demonstrated experimentally in some animals. They might represent systems of information transfer between the brain and the peripheral organs. The ducts of the meridians may correspond to optical fibers operating from the far infrared to the visible wavelength region. The main features of a model of the duct as an optical fiber are delineated and its properties outlined. However, to analyze essentials of the transmission capabilities, the whole meridian structure should be mapped and a more comprehensive set of physical parameters measured. In particular, experimental data concerning morphological arrangements of ordered water in the ducts and corpuscles, and a complete content of the biological particles in the flowing water and its permittivity are missing.

Cancer physics: diagnostics based on damped cellular elastoelectrical vibrations in microtubules.

This paper describes a proposed biophysical mechanism of a novel diagnostic method for cancer detection developed recently by Vedruccio. The diagnostic method is based on frequency selective absorption of electromagnetic waves by malignant tumors. Cancer is connected with mitochondrial malfunction (the Warburg effect) suggesting disrupted physical mechanisms. In addition to decreased energy conversion and nonutilized energy efflux, mitochondrial malfunction is accompanied by other negative effects in the cell. Diminished proton space charge layer and the static electric field around the outer membrane result in a lowered ordering level of cellular water and increased damping of microtubule-based cellular elastoelectrical vibration states. These changes manifest themselves in a dip in the amplitude of the signal with the fundamental frequency of the nonlinear microwave oscillator-the core of the diagnostic device-when coupled to the investigated cancerous tissue via the near-field. The dip is not present in the case of healthy tissue.

Technical aspects of measurement of cellular electromagnetic activity.

Electromagnetic fields generated by living cells have been experimentally investigated in the past 3 decades; however, the results are often inconsistent. In this paper we discuss some technical aspects of such challenging experiments, a brief review of which is also included. Special attention is paid to the sensor with respect to the power available from a cell and the power needed to excite the macroscopic measurement devices. We drew the conclusion that the nanoelectronic approach should be used.

Measurement of electrical oscillations and mechanical vibrations of yeast cells membrane around 1 kHz.

Fröhlich postulated coherent polar oscillations as a fundamental biophysical property of biological systems. Recently, Pelling et al. (2004, 2005) detected mechanical vibrations of yeast cell membrane with atomic force microscope (AFM) and analyzed by Fourier analysis in the frequency range 0.5-2 kHz with amplitudes of the order of 1 nm. This article describes the measurement of electric activity of yeast cells in the acoustic frequency range and of mechanical vibrations of cell membrane. Spectrum analyzer and electrically and electromagnetically screened box with point sensor and amplifiers fed by batteries were used for measurement of synchronized and non synchronized tubulin mutants of yeast cells. We show that the electric activity of synchronized cells in the M phase is greater that of non synchronized cells. That corresponds to the findings of Pohl et al. (1981). Obtained results of measurement of cell electric activity are in good agreement with AFM findings.

Electromagnetic field of microtubules: effects on transfer of mass particles and electrons.

Biological polar molecules and polymer structures with energy supply (such as microtubules in the cytoskeleton) can get excited and generate an endogenous electromagnetic field with strong electrical component in their vicinity. The endogenous electrical fields through action on charges, on dipoles and multipoles, and through polarization (causing dielectrophoretic effect) exert forces and can drive charges and particles in the cell. The transport of mass particles and electrons is analyzed as a Wiener-Lévy process with inclusion of deterministic force (validity of the Bloch theorem is assumed for transport of electrons in molecular chains too). We compare transport driven by deterministic forces (together with an inseparable thermal component) with that driven thermally and evaluate the probability to reach the target. Deterministic forces can transport particles and electrons with higher probability than forces of thermal origin only. The effect of deterministic forces on directed transport is dominant.