Traceability of organic contaminants in the sludge line of wastewater treatment plants: A comparison study among schemes incorporating thermal hydrolysis treatment and the conventional anaerobic digestion.

The traceability of conventional pollutants and 10 organic microcontaminants in the sludge line of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was evaluated. The application of thermal hydrolysis (TH) as pre-treatment to anaerobic digestion (AD) or as inter-treatment (between two AD stages) was considered and compared with the conventional digestion scheme. TH scenarios reduced the mass flow rate of biosolids (40-60%) as well as the ratio of solids (50-100%), organic matter (5-26%) and nitrogen (8-13%) destined to biosolids. Micropollutants showed a strong tendency to accumulate in the solid phase (more than 90% were sorbed) in spite of thermal and dewatering processes, but TH scenarios exhibited greater removal efficiency (80%) in comparison to conventional AD (50%), reducing the ratio of micropollutants destined to biosolids from a conventional 48% to 7-8%. These findings reveal that TH could increase the value of biosolids from sewage sludge treatment because of greater removal of pollutants and dewaterability.

Um estudo bibliométrico nos Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria (1943-1962): descortinando práticas e conhecimentos psicológicos / A bibliometric study on the Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria (1943-1962): Revealing p sychological practices and knowledges / Une étude bibliométrique aux Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria (1943-1962): Découvrir les pratiques et les connaissances psychologiques / Un estudio bibliométrico en los Archivos de Neuropsiquiatría (1943-1962): desentrañando las prácticas y conocimientos psicológicos

A profissionalização da Psicologia, no Brasil, ocorreu em meio a embates entre diferentes profissionais envolvidos com suas aplicações, na primeira metade do século XX. Parte desses embates estava circunscrita às aplicações clínicas dos métodos e técnicas psicológicas, elementos que circulavam entre a Psicologia, a Psiquiatria e a Psicanálise. Nessa direção, esta pesquisa lança luz historiográfica a práticas e conhecimentos psicológicos que circularam nos Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, entre 1943 e 1962. Os resultados sugerem a presença de métodos e técnicas psicológicas para lidar com quadros clínicos variados, sendo prevalente a apropriação de teorias psicodinâmicas. Nota-se, portanto, apropriações clínicas da neuropsiquiatria que auxiliam em uma compreensão ampliada de embates científico-profissionais quando da regulamentação da formação e da profissão de psicólogo, no país.

In Brazil, the professionalization of Psychology is a consequence of debates among different professions involved into its applications during the first half of the 20th century. Part of this debate was limited to the clinical applications of psychological methods and techniques; elements connected to Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis. In this regard, this study highlights psychological practices and knowledges in circulation in the "Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria", between 1943 and 1962. The results show the use of psychological methods and techniques to address different conditions, and a strong appropriation of psychodynamic theories. Clinical appropriations of Neuropsychiatry that helps to a better comprehension of the scientific and professional debates are noteworthy, connected to the institutionalization of the training and the profession of Psychologist, in the country.

Au Brésil, la professionnalisation de la Psychologie s'est produite au milieu des conflits entre différents professionnels de la santé mentale au cours de la première moitié du XXème siècle. Une partie de ces conflits était limitée aux applications cliniques des méthodes et techniques psychologiques qui circulaient entre Psychologie, Psychiatrie et Psychanalyse. Ainsi, cette recherche met en évidence les pratiques et connaissances psychologiques qui ont circulé dans les «Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria¼ (1943-1962). Les résultats suggèrent l'utilisation de méthodes et techniques psychologiques, principalement de théories psycho-dynamiques, pour traiter différents états cliniques. On remarque donc que des appropriations cliniques de neuropsychiatrie aident à comprendre les conflits scientifiques-professionnels de la réglementation de la profession de psychologue au Brésil.

La profesionalización de la Psicología en Brasil se dio en la primera mitad del siglo XX, en medio de enfrentamientos entre diferentes profesionales involucrados con su aplicación. Parte de estos enfrentamientos se limitaba a las aplicaciones clínicas de los métodos y técnicas psicológicas, elementos que circulaban entre la Psicología, la Psiquiatría y el Psicoanálisis. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esta investigación ilumina historiográficamente las prácticas y los conocimientos psicológicos que circularon en los Archivos de Neuropsiquiatría, entre 1943 y 1962. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de métodos y técnicas psicológicas para manejar cuadros clínicos variados, prevaleciendo la apropiación de teorías psicodinámicas. Se observan, por lo tanto, apropiaciones clínicas de la neuropsiquiatría que ayudan para una comprensión ampliada de los enfrentamientos científico-profesionales en el momento de la reglamentación de la formación y la profesión de psicólogo en el país.

Die Professionalisierung der brasilianischen Psychologie ist das Ergebnis von Debatten zwischen Vertretern unterschiedlicher Theorien, die in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts stattfanden. Ein Teil dieser Debatten betraf die klinische Anwendung psychologischer Methoden und Techniken, sowie Aspekte der Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychoanalyse. Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet die psychologischen Praktiken und das psychologische Wissen, welche zwischen 1943 und 1962 ihren Niederschlag in den „Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria" fanden. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchung zeigen auf, dass der Einsatz dieser psychologischen Methoden und Techniken zum Ziel hatte, unterschiedliche klinische Krankheitsbilder zu behandeln, wobei psychodynamische Theorien eine bedeutende Rolle spielten. Die Tatsache der damaligen Hinwendung zur Neuropsychiatrie führt ebenfalls zu einem besseren Verständnis des wissenschaftlichen und professionellen Diskurses zur Institutionalisierung der Ausbildung und des Berufes des Psychologen in Brasilien.

Anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (AnSMBR) treating municipal wastewater at ambient temperature: Operation and potential use for agricultural irrigation.

A 496 L pilot scale anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (AnSMBR) for the treatment of municipal wastewater was evaluated during a year of stable operation at ambient (28-10 °C) temperature, and inoculated with mesophilic inoculum. The temperature was the main parameter affecting the process performance. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent was around 150 mg O2/L in the summer period, operating with a volumetric loading rate (VLR) of 5 kg COD/m3 d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8-10 h, with a specific methane production between 0.09 and 0.14 Nm3/kg CODremoved. However, during the winter season, an important increase of effluent COD was observed, and therefore the VLR was decreased to values around 1 kg COD/m3 d in order to recover the quality of the effluent. Biogas production was negligible in this period. The effluent complies with the parameters stipulated by Spanish law regarding the use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation.

H2 addition through a submerged membrane for in-situ biogas upgrading in the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.

In-situ upgrading of biogas in a mesophilic anaerobic digester of sewage sludge by sparging H2 through a membrane was studied. Large gas recirculation rates were required to facilitate H2 transfer to the bulk liquid phase; at  ∼200 L Lreactor-1 d-1, H2 utilization efficiency averaged 94% and the specific CH4 production increased from 0.38 L Lreactor-1 d-1, during conventional digestion, to 0.54 L Lreactor-1 d-1. Sludge digestion was not compromised by elevated H2 partial pressure nor by the associated rise in the pH (8.1) because of CO2 removal. In this regard, VFA accumulation was not detected and the performance of VS removal was similar to the observed without H2 supply. Microbial analysis revealed that homoacetogens were outcompeted by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Methanoculleus sp., Methanospirillum sp., Methanolinea sp. and Methanobacterium sp. were the hydrogenotrophic archaea present over the experiment.

The anatomical relationship between the sural nerve and small saphenous vein: An ultrasound study of healthy participants.

Procedures involving the small saphenous vein (SSV) can result in sural nerve (SN) damage due to the proximity of the two structures. The relationship between the SN and SSV has previously been described in cadaveric studies with limited scope on surface landmarks. This study investigates the relationship between the SN and SSV in vivo through ultrasound. Transverse/short-axis ultrasound scans of 128 legs (64 healthy participants) were taken by a single observer using a GE Logiq e ultrasound system with a 5-13 Hz linear transducer (GE Logiq 12L-RS). The SN was identified and traced from the lateral malleolus to the popliteal fossa noting its course and proximity to the SSV. The distance between the SN and SSV was measured at points representing the distal 50% and 25% of the total leg length (the distance between the medial tibial condyle and the inferior edge of the medial malleolus). The SN and SSV were visualized in all participants regardless of BMI and atypical anatomical relationship were noted in 20.3%. The SN pierced the fascia in the distal 25.9% ± 5.3% of the total leg length. The distance between the SN and SSV was 4.06 ± 1.8 mm and 3.4 ± 1.4 mm in the distal 50% and 25% points of the total leg length, respectively. There was no significant effect of sex or body side. The SSV is a viable option for multiple vein harvest. Ultrasound visualization can be a beneficial tool for delineating variations of the SN in relation to SSV prior to surgery. Clin. Anat. 32:277-281, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The female labor world and psychology: from vocational guidance to job placement for institutionalized girls and youth / El mundo laboral femenino y la psicología: de la orientación vocacional a la asignación de trabajo de niñas y jóvenes institucionalizadas

The present article journal from the local area. The results show that in the labor field we investigated vocational orientation and those of institutionalized infants. The work is shown with a clear division of gender and social class a historiographical study on the feminine labor world in San Luis, Argentina, from 1951 to 1965. The data were collected and analyzed of Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Pedagógicas/Psicopedagógicas. We seek to give a general overview from the epistemic and extra-epistemic discourses, present in the research published in this scientific journal from the local area. The results show that in the labor field we investigated vocational orientation and those of institutionalized infants. The work is shown with a clear division of gender and social class.

El presente artículo es un estudio histórico sobre el punto de vista de la psicología del mundo laboral femenino en la Región de Cuyo, Argentina. La presente investigación tomó como principal fuente de análisis los Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Pedagógicas / Psicopedagógicas, principal órgano de publicación del ámbito científico local, que se editó entre los años 1951 y 1965. Buscamos presentar un panorama general desde los discursos epistémicos y extra-epistémicos, presente en las investigaciones publicadas en este medio de divulgación científica. Los resultados muestran que las investigaciones sobre el ámbito laboral son en especial definidos por el campo de la orientación vocacional y las de infantas institucionalizadas, en un marco donde el trabajo es pensado con clara división de género y de clase social.

Evaluation of process performance, energy consumption and microbiota characterization in a ceramic membrane bioreactor for ex-situ biomethanation of H2 and CO2.

The performance of a pilot ceramic membrane bioreactor for the bioconversion of H2 and CO2 to bioCH4 was evaluated in thermophilic conditions. The loading rate was between 10 and 30 m3 H2/m3reactor d and the system transformed 95% of H2 fed. The highest methane yield found was 0.22 m3 CH4/m3 H2, close to the maximum stoichiometric value (0.25 m3 CH4/m3 H2) thus indicating that archaeas employed almost all H2 transferred to produce CH4. kLa value of 268 h-1 was reached at 30 m3 H2/m3reactor d. DGGE and FISH revealed a remarkable archaeas increase related to the selection-effect of H2 on community composition over time. Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus was the archaea found with high level of similarity. This study verified the successful application of membrane technology to efficiently transfer H2 from gas to the liquid phase, the development of a hydrogenotrophic community from a conventional thermophilic sludge and the technical feasibility of the bioconversion.

Steam explosion pretreatment improved the biomethanization of coffee husks.

This study evaluated the potential of energy generation using a combined heat and power co-generation system (CHP) from biogas produced during the anaerobic digestion of coffee husks (CH) pretreated with steam explosion. Pretreatment conditions assessed were time (1, 5, 15 and 60min) and temperature (120, 180 and 210°C). Polysaccharides solubilisation and biogas production were not correlated. While pretreatment with severities higher than 4 resulted in a highest solubilisation of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin; however, furans concentration in those cases hindered biomass biodegradation. Considering a CHP, all pretreatment conditions were worthwhile when compared to non-pretreated CH. The best condition was 120°C for 60min, in which a 2.37 severity showed the highest methane yield (144.96NmLCH4gCOD-1) and electricity production (0.59kWhkgCH-1). However, even better results could be achieved using 120°C for only 5min, which would lead to a larger amount of CH daily processed.

Improvement of municipal wastewater pretreatment by direct membrane filtration.

The high content of particulate matter in municipal wastewater hinders the conventional anaerobic treatments at psychrophilic temperatures. The hydrolysis of the particulate chemical oxygen demand (pCOD) could be the limiting step under these conditions. Therefore, new pretreatments or improved conventional pretreatments are needed in order to separate pCOD. In this work, direct membrane filtration of municipal wastewater, using an ultrafiltration membrane, was investigated. This intensive pretreatment, which aims to separate soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and to concentrate pCOD, together with anaerobic treatments of both streams at psychrophilic and mesophilic conditions respectively, could be an alternative to the conventional activated sludge process. The obtained results show a removal yield of 24.9% of the total solids (TS) and 45% of total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), obtaining a permeate free of suspended solids. This physical removal implies the accumulation of solids inside the membrane tank, reaching the values of 45.4 and 4.4 g/L of TS in the sedimentation and filtration sections, respectively. The membrane operated with filtration, backwashing cycles and continuous gas sparging, with a permeate flux predominantly around 10 L/(m2 h). The results show the viability of the technology to concentrate pCOD and so to improve energy recovery from municipal wastewater.

From pre-treatment toward inter-treatment. Getting some clues from sewage sludge biomethanation.

The conventional application of thermal pretreatment of sewage sludge has been to apply it prior to the anaerobic digestion. In this study, the thermal treatment of the digestate was assessed at lab-scale under several temperature and time conditions. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were set up to evaluate the methane production kinetic by using the Gompertz modified and the first order equation. A full-scale digester evaluation was done by using the ADM1 model under different scenarios and by using the parameters drawn from the BMP tests. The best results were obtained at 180°C and 200°C both at 30min where an improvement of 50% in the methane yield in regards to raw digestate. Full-scale simulations show that a scenario with two anaerobic reactors with thermal inter-treatment would improve the methane production by 45% and 20% compared to conventional anaerobic digestion and pretreatments followed by anaerobic digestion, respectively.

El concepto de conducta en psicología: un análisis socio-histórico-cultural / The concept of behavior in psychology: a historical and socio-cultural analysis

El concepto de conducta o comportamiento, es de uso común en nuestro lenguaje. Sin embargo, durante el siglo XX alcanzó una relevancia inusitada convirtiéndose en el objeto de estudio de las ciencias sociales, particularmente de la psicología. Por ello, se realizó una revisión sociológica, histórica y cultural del concepto de conducta, bajo una metodología de estudio ex post facto, a través del análisis y descripción del mismo en fuentes primarias y secundarias. Como resultado se observó que dicho concepto tuvo dos usos: a) como sinónimo de carácter, con un significado moral y ético; b) un uso neutro y verbal, refiriéndose a todo lo que hace un organismo o cosa. Este último uso, fue el que tuvo mayor impacto en el campo de la psicología adquiriendo el lugar de objeto de estudio. Sus alcances y dimensiones fueron amplios, teniendo un núcleo central de ideas compartidas por todos, y una serie de hipótesis aledañas que se diferencian en aspectos variables. Es así que se concluye, que es importante definir de manera necesaria y objetiva dicho concepto, para no genera usos y alcances contradictorios o erróneos en el campo científico, sobre todo si el mismo forma parte de las categorías u objetos de estudio principal de la investigación, como en el caso de la psicología conductual.

The concept of behavior is commonly used in our everyday speech. In the twentieth century, it became an important term because he began to take the place of the subject matter of the social sciences, particularly psychology. Therefore, we conducted an investigation where we analyze sociologically, historically and culturally the term behavior. Primary and secondary sources were reviewed. As a result, it is observed that the concept had two historical uses: a) as synonymous with character, with an emphasis of meaning in the moral and ethical; b) with the neutral use, as a verb, denoting an action or performance of an act. This last use was the one that had the greatest impact on the field of psychology. Its scope and dimensions were wide, having a central immutable idea, and a number of neighboring hypotheses in many ways in its different uses. The conclusion is to be defined in a necessary and objective not to generate conflicting uses in the scientific field, especially if this concept is part of the categories or objects of study.

The Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease in Canadian and International Aboriginal Populations.

For Aboriginal populations, as in all populations, understanding the genetic component of cardiovascular disease informs effective treatment and prevention strategies. The term, "genetics of cardiovascular disease," broadly includes the genetics of susceptibility for atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and congenital heart disease, collectively a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the life course. Aboriginal populations are often genetically and culturally distinct, and as would be expected with distinct ethnic differences, there are also differences in rates and types of heart disease, which supports the importance of understanding possible genetic factors that might alter susceptibility. In Canada, higher rates of congenital heart malformations have been identified in some Inuit and First Nations than in the non-Aboriginal population. Moreover, at least 3 different First Nations communities in Canada have been found to have disproportionately higher rates of congenital long QT syndrome, a genetic predisposition to arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Although rates of ischemic heart disease historically have been lower in Aboriginal populations, more recent evidence suggests equal or higher rates than in non-Aboriginal populations. Although relatively few Aboriginal communities in Canada have participated in research to explore the genetic component of cardiovascular disease, recent progress in research standards of practice that require collaborative approaches have opened the doors for more involvement. Herein we present what has been learned to date through research and the apparent gaps in the understanding of the genetics of heart disease in Canadian, American, Circumpolar, and other international Indigenous populations.

Simplified mechanistic model for the two-stage anaerobic degradation of sewage sludge.

Two-phase anaerobic systems are being increasingly implemented for the treatment of both sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Despite the good amount of mathematical models in anaerobic digestion, few have been applied in two-phase systems. In this study, a three-reaction mechanistic model has been developed, implemented and validated by using experimental data from a long-term anaerobic two-phase (TPAD) digester treating sewage sludge. A sensitivity analysis shows that the most influential parameters of the model are the ones related to the hydrolysis reaction and the activity of methanogens in the thermophilic reactor. The calibration procedure highlights a noticeable growth rate of the thermophilic methanogens throughout the evaluation period. Overall, all the measured variables are properly predicted by the model during both the calibration and the cross-validation periods. The model's representation of the organic matter behaviour is quite good. The most important disagreements are observed for the biogas production especially during the validation period. The whole application procedure underlines the ability of the model to properly predict the behaviour of this bioprocess.

Recepción del conductismo en Argentina y Brasil: Un estudio de dos universidades, 1960-1970 / Behaviorism reception in Argentina and Brazil: A study of two universities, 1960-1970

Describimos y analizamos la recepción del conductismo en Argentina y Brasil, a través de dos ejemplos: la Universidad Nacional de San Luis y la Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. En Argentina, desde 1960 el conductismo fue ampliamente criticado. Excepcionalmente en San Luis en la década de 1970 hubo un grupo de estudiantes y psicólogos jóvenes que fue receptivo a este modelo por razones ideológicas, profesionales y científica. En Brasil, durante esas décadas, la creación de carreras de grado de psicología comenzó a extenderse. El conductismo circuló a través del laboratorio didáctico del análisis del comportamiento. La recepción del conductismo en estos países nos ayuda a entender la circulación del conocimiento psicológico en diferentes lugares. También nos muestra cómo cada uno de estos sitios ha incorporado el conductismo en su propio contexto.

We are describing and analyzing the reception of behaviorism in Argentina and Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s. We look deeply at two examples: the Universidad Nacional de San Luis and the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. In Argentina, the first psychological courses took place during the late 1950s and early 1960s when behaviorism was widely criticized. In the 1970s, exceptionally in San Luis, there was a group of students and young psychologists that were receptive to its model for ideological, professional and scientific reasons. In Brazil, during those decades, the creation of psychology undergraduate courses started to spread. Behaviorism has circulated through the didactic laboratory of behavior analysis in those psychology courses. The reception of behaviorism in these countries helps us to understand the circulation of psychological knowledge in different places. It also shows us how each one of these places incorporated behaviorism uniquely into its own context.

Thermal pretreatment and hydraulic retention time in continuous digesters fed with sewage sludge: assessment using the ADM1.

Thermal pretreatment is an interesting technique not only for increasing sludge biodegradability, leading to higher methane productivity, but also for improving degradation rates, allowing full-scale plants to reduce the size of digesters. In this study, the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was used as a tool to assess the effects of thermal pretreatment and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the performance of three pilot-scale digesters fed with mixed sludge with/without pretreatment applied to the waste activated sludge fraction. Calibration procedures using batch tests showed an increase of up to five times in the model disintegration coefficient due to the pretreatment, and the validations performed presented good accuracy with the experimental data, with under/overestimation lower than 15% in both average and global accumulated CH4 productions. Therefore, the ADM1 demonstrated its feasibility and usefulness in predicting and assessing the behavior of the digesters under these conditions.

Resistencia antibiótica en infecciones urinarias en niños atendidos en una institución privada, periodo 2007-2011 / Antibiotic resistance of pathogens causing urinary tract infections in children attended at a private institution from 2007-2011

La resistencia antibiótica es un serio problema de salud, sobre todo en pacientes con recurrencia de episodios y anomalías del sistema urinario. Objetivo: Describir el patrón de resistencia antibiótica de las bacterias causantes de la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) como primer episodio, recurrente o complicada en niños menores de 5 años. Material y métodos: Estudio tipo serie de casos observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ITU con cultivo de orina positivo, durante un periodo de 5 años en una institución de salud privada. Resultados: Se incluyeron 111 niños de 1 mes a 5 años; 97 (87,4%) fueron mujeres; 68 (61,3%) fueron lactantes; hubieron 77 pacientes con ITU, 34 con ITU recurrente o complicada. Escherichia coli (63,1%) fue el microorganismo más frecuente en todos los grupos. La resistencia antibiótica fue: ampicilina 80,6%, cefalotina 59%, amoxicilina/clavulánico 55,4%, trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol 51,6%, ácido nalidixico 51%, cefalexina 40%, cefotaxima 31%, cefuroxima 29,8%, ceftriaxona 28,6%, ceftazidima 27,3%, norfloxacino 21,2%, ciprofloxacino 21,1%; y con menos resistencia fueron nitrofurantoína 17%, gentamicina 13,2%, amikacina 1%. Conclusiones: La resistencia antimicrobiana para los antibióticos usados para el tratamiento de ITU es alta para las aminopenicilinas, sulfas, cefalosporinas de primera, segunda y tercera generación así como quinolonas; los aminoglucósidos aún presentan muy baja resistencia porque lo que serían útiles para la terapia de primera elección.

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern among patients with urinary tract infections (UTI), particularly among those with recurrent infections and in those with urinary tract anomalies. Objective: Describe the antimicrobial resistant pattern of bacterial pathogens causing UTI including fist episodes, recurrent episodes and complicated UTIs in children below 5 years of age. Methods: Retrospective case-series over a 5-year period that included patients with confirmed UTI whose charts were reviewed to extract relevant data. Results: A total of 111 children were included from 1 month to 5 years of age; 97 (87,4%) were females; 68 (61,3%) were breastfed; 77% had UTI; 34 had recurrent or complicated UTI. Escherichia coli (63,1%) was the most common pathogen in all age groups, and the antibiotic resistance profile was as follows: 80,6% to ampicillin, 59% to cefalotine, 55,4% to amoxicillin-clavunaic acid, 51,6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol, 51% to nalidix acid, 40% to cephalexin, 31% to cefotaxime, 29,8% to cefuroxime, 28,6% to ceftriaxone, 27,3% to ceftazidime, 21,2% to norfloxacin, 21,1% to ciprofloxacin, 17% to nitrofurantoin, 13,2% to gentamycin and 1% to amikacin. Conclusions: There is a high antibiotic resistance profile to most of the common antimicrobials used to treat UTIs. Aminolgycosides are the first choice based on their antibiotic resistant profile.

ADM1 calibration using BMP tests for modeling the effect of autohydrolysis pretreatment on the performance of continuous sludge digesters.

Improving anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge through pretreatment techniques is a suitable solution for better sludge management. In this sense, modeling may present itself as an important tool to assess and predict process performance and pretreatment effects. In this study, the feasibility of using biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests data for calibrating the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) was evaluated, in order to simulate the operation of continuous digesters fed, at different HRTs, with raw and autohydrolysis-pretreated waste activated sludge. This was achieved using a simplified COD fractioning methodology proposed to define ADM1 inputs. Hydrolysis constant rates were determined as the most sensitive parameters, and estimated using BMP tests. The calibrated model was then cross-validated with continuous digesters data sets. Good model performance was attained employing these techniques. The ADM1 was able to successfully represent the consumption of slowly biodegradable organic matter in BMP tests, the changes in hydrolytic limiting steps due to the autohydrolysis pretreatment and the behavior of the continuous digesters in overall. The COD fractioning methodology and the Xc variable manipulation proposed seemed to be crucial for proper model predictions. Results indicate that BMP tests are a suitable data source for ADM1 calibration, and that the model can be a powerful tool to assess the effect of the autohydrolysis pretreatment on the anaerobic digestion of sewage waste activated sludge.

Long-term hydrolytic capacity evaluation of a thermophilic anaerobic digester treating sewage sludge.

This study presents an evaluation of the hydrolytic activity of a continuous thermophilic anaerobic reactor in long-term operation. The hydrolytic coefficient was estimated by fitting a three-reaction model of the anaerobic digestion process with experimental data obtained from a pilot thermophilic digester operated for about 2 years. The model fitting and the cross-validation indicate that this model can represent the behavior of the system in a proper way; moreover, the results show a variation of the hydrolytic capacity of the system throughout the evaluation period. The increase in the hydrolytic coefficient is in agreement with the increase in the organic load applied to the reactor, which shows the capacity of the continuous reactor to select populations according to the input conditions of the system.

La Psicología y su enseñanza en Argentina: entrevista con Hugo Klappenbach / Education in Psychology in Argentina: Hugo Klappenbach’s interview

Dialogamos con el reconocido investigador de la historia y enseñanza de la Psicología, Hugo Klappenbach, quien presenta una mirada crítica sobre la enseñanza de esta ciencia en Argentina, donde tiene como particularidad la impronta casi exclusiva del Psicoanálisis y la práctica clínica. Además, realiza una comparación con la formación profesional en otros países latinoamericanos, en norteamericanos y en europeos. Por último, señala las posibles proyecciones en la enseñanza y la investigación, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.

We dialogue with Dr. Hugo Klappenbach, the well-known Latin-American researcher in the field of history of psychology as well as in the field of Psychology Education. Klappenbach gives a critical overview over the teaching of psychology in Argentina. From his perspective, psychology education in the whole country has been biased almost exclusively by Psychoanalysis and by clinical interests. Klappenbach compares such psychoanalytical perspective with teaching of psychology in other countries in Latin America, Europe or United States. Finally, he points out possible future directions related to psychology education both at national and international level.

Um precedente da psicologia comportamental na Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Argentina) / A precedent of psychology behaviour at the University National of San Luis (Argentine)

Around 1970, a group of undergraduate students at the Program in Psychology at National University of San Luis, Argentina, engaged themselves with the development of a scientific psychology, based on the principles of behavioural analysis. This paper points out the first steps of such student movement and the foundation of the Center for Objective Psychology I. P. Pavlov (CEDEPO). The paper analyses as well CEDEPO’s increased critics toward psychoanalysis in academic environment, institutional achievements and main activities: periodical meetings, training courses, attendance to public institutions, researches and scientific publications. Finally, the paper analyses CEDEPO’s breakup after the military coup d’ètat on 1976, due to the political commitment of their members with revolutionary left movement(AU)