RESUMO
A través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, publicada entre 1973 y 2009, se consultaron las siguientes bases de datos, a saber: ScienceDirect, Ebsco, Springerlink y Medline, para la búsqueda de la información. Como palabras clave se utilizaron: perros de libre ambulación, vínculo animal-humano, población de mascotas, sobrepoblación y control de población. Además se consultó el banco de publicaciones de la Sociedad Mundial para la Protección Animal (WSPA) y la Organización Internacional de Epizootias (OIE). El objetivo de esta revisión fue presentar una posición crítica sobre la problemática de la sobrepoblación de mascotas, su percepción cultural y la relación hombre-animal. Asimismo, los fracasos asociados con esta relación, estableciendo posibles soluciones sin desconocer nuestro marco cultural. Se obtuvo un total de dieciséis referencias, a las que se aplicó los criterios de inclusión y exclusión; los artículos que cumplieron estos criterios son los que constituyeron la unidad de análisis de esta revisión. A medida que aumente nuestro conocimiento acerca de la tenencia responsable de las mascotas, mejorarán nuestros vínculos afectivos con estas. Solo a través de la educación sanitaria se puede adquirir el conocimiento necesario para evitar fracasos con respecto a una tenencia adecuada, de allí la responsabilidad y el papel fundamental que ejerce el médico veterinario en la comunidad.
Through a systematic review of literature comprising publications between 1973 and 2009, the following databases were consulted: Science Direct, EBSCO, Springer Link and MEDLINE. Key words used included stray dogs, animal-human bond, pet population, overpopulation and population control. The databases of the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and the International Organization of Epizootics (OIE) were also consulted. The objective of the present review was to present a critical position about the pet overpopulation problem, cultural perception and relationships between human and animals, and failures associated with this relationship with the purpose of establishing possible solutions to the problem taking into consideration cultural issues. A total of 16 references were found, which, we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles that met these criteria are those that constitute the unit of analysis of this review. As the knowledge about responsible ownership of pets is increased, the bond with them is enhanced. Only through health education, it is possible to acquire the necessary knowledge needed to avoid failures with respect to proper keeping. In this respect the veterinarian plays a pivotal role with his community.
RESUMO
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in 309 unwanted dogs from Bogotá, Colombia, South America was determined. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and found in 52 (16.8%) of 309 dogs with titers of 1:20 in 20, 1:40 in six, 1:80 in 17, 1:160 in three, 1:320 in three, 1:1280 or higher in three. Some organs obtained after necropsy of dogs (hearts, tongues and brains, either separately or pooled) were used in bioassays carried out in mice (37 samples, of which 20 were assayed with separate organs and 17 were assayed with pooled organs), cats (pooled organs from six) and pooled organs of two dogs both in mice and cat. Mice receiving dog tissues were examined for T. gondii infection. Feces of cats that received dog tissues were examined for oocyst shedding. In total, T. gondii was isolated from tissues of 20 dogs (16 by bioassays in mice, 3 by bioassay in cats and 1 by bioassay in mice and cat). All infected mice from 7 of 17 isolates bioassayed in this host died of toxoplasmosis during primary infection. Only 10 of the 20 dogs whose tissues were bioassayed separately induced infections in mice. Interestingly, dog organs varied in their capacity to induce T. gondii infection in mice, hearts and tongues producing more positive results than the brain. The 20 T. gondii isolates obtained from seropositive dogs were PCR-RFLP genotyped using polymorphisms at 10 nuclear markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, a new SAG2 and an apicoplast marker Apico. Ten genotypes were revealed. These genotypes are different from the three predominant Types I, II and III lineages that are widely spread in North America and Europe. A new allele denoted u-3 at PK1 locus was identified in three isolates. This result supports previous findings that T. gondii population is highly diverse in Colombia.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Cães , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Masculino , Prevalência , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Cats are important in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally-resistant oocysts. In the present study, prevalence of T. gondii was determined in serum, feces, and tissues of 170 unwanted cats from Colombia, South America. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test and found in 77 of 170 (45.2%) cats with titers of <1:5 in 93, 1:5 in eight, 1:10 in 17, 1:20 in 10, 1:40 in seven, 1:80 in four, 1:160 in eight, 1:320 in six, and 1:640 or higher in 17 cats. T. gondii oocysts were not found in feces of any cat as ascertained by bioassay in mice. Tissues (brain, heart, tongue) of 116 cats were bioassayed in mice or cats. T. gondii was isolated from tissues of 15 of the 42 cats with titers of 1:40 or higher and not from any of the 90 cats titers of 1:20 or lower. Of the 29 cats whose tissues were bioassayed individually, T. gondii was isolated from the tongues of nine, hearts of eight, and brains of five. Mice inoculated with tissues of 12 of 15 infected cats died of toxoplasmosis; with nine T. gondii isolates all infected mice died. Overall, 65 of 92 (70%) of T. gondii-infected mice died of toxoplasmosis. Genotyping of these 15 isolates using polymorphisms at the SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, and GRA6 loci revealed that three isolates (TgCtCo1, 2, and 7) had Type I alleles and one isolate (TgCtCo8) had Type II allele at all five loci. Eleven isolates contained the combination of Type I and III alleles and were divided into three genotypes, with TgCtCo3,5,6,9,12,13 and 15 had alleles I, I, III, I and III, TgCtCo4,10,11 had alleles I, III, III, I and I, and TgCtCo14 had alleles I, III, III, III, and III, at loci SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB and GRA6, respectively. All infected mice from each group had identical genotype except one mouse infected with TgCtCo5 had a Type III allele at locus BTUB and a unique allele (u-1) at locus SAG1 indicating mixed infection for TgCtCo5, whereas the rest seven mice had a Type I alleles at both loci.
