[Antibacterial prophylaxis with fosfomycin at the time of the urethral catheter removal after radical prostatectomy (prospective randomized trial)].

AIM: To evaluate the effect of antibacterial prophylaxis using oral fosfomycin during the removal of a urethral catheter after radical prostatectomy on the development of urinary tract infection, severity of leukocyturia and bacteriuria, as well as the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, non-blind, prospective, randomized controlled trial was carried out. The main group included 40 patients, and the control group included 37 patients. In the group 1, patients received two doses of oral fosfomycin, 3 g, namely in the evening on the day of catheter removal (the first dose) and 48 hours after catheter removal (the second dose). In the group 2, patients did not receive any antibacterial prophylaxis after urethral catheter removal. The endpoints of the study were confirmed episodes of urinary tract infection within 1 month after removal of the urethral catheter, leukocyturia and bacteriuria in urinalysis/urine culture) and severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms assessed by IPSS questionnaire. RESULTS: In the group 2, urinary tract infection was noted in 17.1%, while in the group 2 only in 2.6% of patients (p=0.032). Leukocyturia and bacteriuria were significantly less common in the group receiving antibacterial prophylaxis with fosfomycin (18.4% vs. 48.6%, respectively; p=0.006). Positive urine culture was observed in 7.9% vs. 25.7%, respectively (p=0.035). Four weeks after removal of the urethral catheter, the average IPSS score was significantly higher in the group 2 (13.2 vs. 9.5 points; p=0.002). There were no cases of allergic reaction and pseudomembranous colitis associated with C. difficile in both groups. Diarrhea cured with sorbents was noted in 2 patients (5.2%) in fosfomycin group. CONCLUSION: Antibacterial prophylaxis using two oral doses of fosfomycin 3 g on the day of urethral catheter removal and 48 hours after catheter removal after radical prostatectomy appears to be an effective scheme that reduces the incidence of urinary tract infection and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, and is characterized by a minimal risk of adverse events. It is necessary to carried out further research and develop clear recommendations for antibacterial prevention in urological interventions requiring prolonged urethral catheterization.

[Functional transcranial dopplerography is a diagnostic tool for cognitive impairment syndrome]. / Funktsional'naya transkranial'naya dopplerografiya v diagnostike kognitivnykh narushenii.

Functional transcranial dopplerography (FTCD) is a non-invasive ultrasound examination that allows recording the dynamics of cerebral blood flow parameters under conditions of factors stimulated the activity of the structures of the central nervous system. Judgments about the sensitivity and specificity of FTCD are based on the close connection between changes in the activity of the nervous (somatic) system and the response of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). The technique is a portable and accessible diagnostic method used in assessing the possibility of expanding functional activity during the recovery period after a stroke. An increase in mental activity in response to the presentation of a cognitive task, accompanied by an increase in glucose and oxygen consumption and naturally requiring an increase in cerebral perfusion parameters, can also be assessed by changes in regional blood flow parameters while maintaining the reactive mechanisms of autoregulation. A search of literature sources was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus. For the subject search, Medical Subject Headings were used. A total of 36 sources that mentioned the terms «cognitive function¼ and «functional transcranial Doppler¼ were selected for preliminary analysis. At the present stage, methodological problems are obvious, requiring the development and implementation of a standard package of targeted functional tests to assess cognitive status. Available equipment and software require technological solutions to ensure objective recording of changes in cerebral blood flow during testing and training.

[Motor impairments in children with autism spectrum disorders: causes and possibilities for correction]. / Dvigatel'nye narusheniya u detei s rasstroistvami autisticheskogo spektra: prichiny vozniknoveniya i vozmozhnosti korrektsii.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by triad of abnormalities in the form of developmental distortion with a lack of communicative abilities, behavioral and motor stereotypies. Etiology and pathogenesis of disease currently are unknown, but multifactorial causes of this pathology have been suggested. Although social disorders are considered a defining characteristic, motor disorders are a key feature of ASD. They are based on a postural control impairment, which is accompanied by delayed psychomotor development, reduced ability to motor synchronism in early childhood, modified arrangement of muscles, problems with balance and gait, postural instability, coordination deficiency, presence of motor dyspraxia and other abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To analyze current scientific data about motor disorders in ASD and their correction possibilities in children with this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of publications, contained in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, which give consideration to motor disorders in children with ASD, was carried out. The search was done by keywords: motor disorders, children, autism spectrum disorder, causes, correction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Adaptive physical culture during individual training is one of the available and effective methods of physical rehabilitation in patients with ASD. Children with ASD need three levels of psychological support, each of which offers individual exercises, depending on the nature and severity of speech and cognitive impairment.

Optogenetic cytosol acidification of mammalian cells using an inward proton-pumping rhodopsin.

Ion gradients are a universal form of energy, information storage and conversion in living cells. Advances in optogenetics inspire the development of novel tools towards control of different cellular processes with light. Rhodopsins are perspective tools for optogenetic manipulation of ion gradients in cells and subcellular compartments, controlling pH of the cytosol and intracellular organelles. The key step of the development of new optogenetic tools is evaluation of their efficiency. Here, we used a high-throughput quantitative method for comparing efficiency of proton-pumping rhodopsins in Escherichia coli cells. This approach allowed us to show that an inward proton pump xenorhodopsin from Nanosalina sp. (NsXeR) is a powerful tool for optogenetic control of pH of mammalian subcellular compartments. Further, we demonstrate that NsXeR can be used for fast optogenetic acidification of the cytosol of mammalian cells. This is the first evidence of optogenetic cytosol acidification by an inward proton pump at physiological pH values. Our approach offers unique opportunities to study cellular metabolism at normal and pathological conditions and might help to understand the role of pH dysregulation in cellular dysfunctions.

[Signaling molecules as biomarkers for predicting implant survival in people of different ages.]

Most patients over 50 years of age are diagnosed with diseases of the dentoalveolar apparatus, in particular, bone tissue disorders, which leads to a decrease in the survival rate of implants. Identification of the causes, as well as the development of a methodology for predicting survival by minimally invasive methods, is relevant. The aim of the study was to study the markers of tight junctions in the buccal epithelium (BE) in people of different ages. BE scrapings were taken before and after implantation in patients divided into 5 age groups, from young to centenarians. Immunocytochemical method was used to study markers for tight junction proteins - claudin-1, -7 and 10. It has been shown that with age there is a decrease in the intensity of expression of adhesion molecules, in particular claudin -1, -7 and -10 in the mucous membranes, the minimum values were recorded in the group of centenarians. The study found that after dental implantation, there was a decrease in the expression of claudin-1 and -10 and an increase in the expression of claudin-7. Changes in the expression of claudins may indicate the development of a pathological process in the body, including the success of implantation, especially in people of older age groups.

[Early carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis in the acute period of ischemic stroke]. / Ranniaia karotidnaia éndarteréktomiia u patsientov s ostroi tserebral'noi ishemiei na fone simptomnogo stenoza sonnoi arterii.

AIM: To identify the optimal timing of CEA in patients with hemodynamic significant stenosis of carotid arteries in the acute period of ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five samples (n=30 911) based on the search results from January 2008 to April 2016 in Russian and English-language scientific databases were analyzed. The main endpoints of the studies in both groups (repeated stroke, death, cardiac complications, frequency of restenosis) were studied depending on the timing of operative intervention and preoperative selection criteria. Perioperative morbidity and mortality were analyzed within 30 days after disease onset. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are heterogeneous and contradictory information on the safety of CEA in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis in acute period of IS. Fundamentally, a new individual approach is required to select best candidates for timed surgery after disease onset, taking into account the severity of the condition, risk factors, comorbidity and surgical techniques.

[The informational technologies for the comprehensive rehabilitation of the patients presenting with juvenile cerebral palsy (a review)].

This article is devoted to the application of the up-to-date technologies for the treatment and rehabilitation of the children presenting with juvenile cerebral palsy (JCP). It is shown that the use of computer classes, play therapy toys, and robotic exercise machines collectively make up a promising tool for the correction of limb movements in the JCP patients. Lessons with the use of modified technical devices make it possible to develop the creative capacities of the children, improve memory, attention, coordination and precision of the movements of their extremities. One of the important components of the comprehensive rehabilitation of the patients suffering from juvenile cerebral palsy is teaching. It is concluded that the informational technologies provide a powerful tool for remote learning to enable the invalid children to receive education in the future.

[The role of the Consultative and Diagnostic Centre "Healthy Nutrition" in the diagnosis and nutritional prevention of non-communicable diseases].

In a consultative and diagnostic center "Healthy Nutrition" of Institute of Nutrition the nutritional status of 3500 patients (mean age 48.4 ± 0.3 years) liv- ing in the Moscow region, using a system Nutritest IP-3, including genomic analysis has been examined. In the analysis of dietary intake by an average review, increased energy intake due to excess intake of the total (44.2% energy) and saturated fat (13.6%) has been shown. 30.0% of patients were overweight and 34.1% were obese. Osteopenia was detected in 31.0% of men and 25.0% women, osteoporosis--20.9% and 30.3%, respectively. Analysis of the results of biochemical studies revealed increased cholesterol in 68.7% of patients, LDL cholesterol--at 63.9%, triglycerides-- at 22.5%, glucose--at 29.4%. The frequency of the occurrence of risk alleles of genes associated with the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus was: 47.8%--for the polymorphism rs9939609 (FTO gene), 8.3%--for polymorphism rs4994 (gene ADRB3), 60.2%--for the polymorphism rs659366 (gene UCP2), 36.6%--for the rs5219 polymorphism in the gene of ATP-dependent potassium channel.

Natural polysaccharide carrageenan inhibits toxic effect of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins.

The protective effect of polysaccharide carrageenan on the damaging effect of endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria was studied in vivo and in vitro. Carrageenan increased mouse resistance to the toxic effect of LPS. The degree of protection depended on polysaccharide concentration and administration time and route. Pretreatment of donor platelets with carrageenan reduced their aggregation activity caused by cooperative effect of LPS and ADP.

Microbial conversion of fungicide vinclozolin.

An ecological safety study of using vinclozolin in field and laboratory experiments showed that the effect of the preparation led to a decrease in the abundance of actinomycetes and mycelial fungi and an enhancement of nitrification. The residual amounts of vinclozolin in soil after 12 months were 6-12% of the dose introduced. The persistent chlorinated derivatives of the toxicant were found. Microbial strains pertaining to the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus were isolated that utilized vinclozolin as the sole source of carbon and energy.

Medical investigations results obtained in 125-day flight on "Salyut-7" and "Mir" orbital stations.

In 1986 in USSR medical investigations were continued in 125-day flight on "Salyut-7" and "Soyuz-T-15" orbital stations and on "Mir" basic block. Medical program consisted of medical control during active parts of flight and works in open space, profound medical examinations in rest and in function tests, metabolism and its regulation analysis, hygienic estimation of environment, estimation of prophylactic methods to prevent unfavourable influence of weightlessness on human organism. Cosmonauts felt well in all parts of flight on the dates of radio exchange, TV-seances, self- and each other control. Profound medical investigations discovered several individual changes in parametres of every cosmonaut's blood system. This charactaral changes appeared not in rest only, but with the influence of loading test and depended on initial hemodynamic status before the test.

The fate of methoxychlor in soils and transformation by soil microorganisms.

Methoxychlor was found to be sufficiently persistent in soil and its residues were present even 18 months after the soil treatment. Saprophytes, fungi and actinomyces were unaffected by varying concentrations of methoxychlor, azotobacter however was susceptable. Soil strains isolated did not utilize methoxychlor as a sole carbon source except for 9 cultures belonging to the genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Rhodococcus which carried out the complete dechlorination, demethylation and splitting of one of methoxychlor aromatic rings. Anaerobic conditions were more favorable for methoxychlor biodegradation by soil and pure microbial cultures.