Studying Well and Performing Well: A Bayesian Analysis on Team and Individual Rowing Performance in Dual Career Athletes.

On many occasions, the maximum result of a team does not equate to the total maximum individual effort of each athlete (social loafing). Athletes often combine their sports life with an academic one (Dual Career), prioritizing one over the over in a difficult balancing act. The aim of this research is to examine the existence of social loafing in a group of novice university rowers and the differences that exist according to sex, academic performance, and the kind of sport previously practiced (individual or team). Therefore, a study was conducted from a probabilistic perspective using the Bayesian Network analysis methodology. The results confirm the existence of the Ringelmann effect or social loafing. The Bayesian analysis let us confirm that having a good student who practices a team sport, even in the individual rowing concept, increases the probability of obtaining greater performance (higher number of strokes and more power in each one). Therefore, when rowing partnerships are formed, the occurrence probability chain is quickly simplified, along with values of the top and bottom variables. Finally, the instantiations undertaken on the bottom variable that appears to be common in the two BNs, the watt input, enhance the results obtained. In short, rowers who have a better academic record are more involved in team testing, so this characteristic is defining when it comes to achieving better performance in team testing.

Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety in Athletes/Students: A Probabilistic Study Using Bayesian Networks.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports - Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety - through Bayesian Networks (BN) analysis. We analyzed 674 university students that are athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in Mexico, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years' (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, firstly, classification using the CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine the dependence links between variables; Secondly, a BN was developed to reduce the uncertainty in the relationships between the two key psychological variables. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the "bottom" variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance.

Competitive Psychological Disposition and Perception of Performance in Young Female Soccer Players.

The athletes' psychological disposition is a factor that is increasingly considered by researchers as a key to sports performance, even as a mediator between the physical, technical and tactical abilities of the athlete and their competitive performance, thus acquiring great relevance in training and in sports performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of young soccer players and their relation to their performance perception, made both by the player herself and by their coaches. The sample is composed of 108 women (M age = 15.53, SD age = 1.05), with ages between 13 and 17 years (13 years, n = 1, 14 years, n = 18, 15 years, n = 36, 16 years, n = 29, 17 years, n = 24), and with a sport practice experience of 7.27 years on average (SD = 2.64). For to address this aim, we used the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance Questionnaire (CPRD) and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS). In addition, regarding the evaluation of performance perception, an ad hoc short questionnaire was created, composed by one question addressed to the player and one directed to the coach. The results indicate that the group of players of the under-16 category obtained higher scores in all the psychological dimensions than the U-18 players, showing significant differences in Team Cohesion (p < 0.048). Regarding the degree of congruence between the player's psychological features, and the player's and coach's performance perceptions, the results show statistically significant and negative correlations between the Team Cohesion factor and the athlete's own outcome perception for the match #1 (rxy = -0.479; p < 0.001), and match #2 (rxy = -0.402; p < 0.01). The results of this study may contribute to establish the differences between different constellations of psychological characteristics according to the categories of competition and their relationship with the perception of performance. This knowledge can be used by sports professionals: coaches, psychologists, physical educators, etc., in order to help athletes to reach their maximum performance.

Is fair play losing value in grassroots sport

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Competitive anxiety in grassroots sport in the Balearic Islands

In this investigation, the relation between youth footballers’ sportive anxiety and management behaviours, pressure, support, comprehension and active participation from their parents is analysed in their children sport events. One hundred and seventy-six youth football players who belonged to U-15 2nd division league of the Balearic Islands, with an average age of 14.26 years, (SD= .48) have participated voluntarily with this study during the 2016/17 season. To analyse the psychological variables, the Spanish version adapted of Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2) and the Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) were given to the athletes. The results show differences among values of the three elements of the competitive anxiety: somatic, which promotes losing concentration and worry about the performance, but no significant relation was found about parents influence

Effect of a Psychological training on football grassroot coaches upon young player's fairplay and disposition to cheat

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Análisis bayesiano de la motivación, el clima motivacional y la ansiedad en jóvenes jugadores de equipo / A Bayesian Analysis of the motivation, motivational climate and anxiety in young competitive team players

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la autodeterminación, la disposición de orientación a metas, y el clima motivacional percibido por jóvenes deportistas, así como su impacto sobre los componentes somático y cognitivo de la ansiedad competitiva, y sobre la aceptación del uso del engaño y la astucia en el deporte. Se administraron los instrumentos PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED y SAS-2 a 270 jugadores de fútbol, balonmano y baloncesto (M = 14.67; DE = 1.53). Las relaciones de dependencia e independencia probabilística de las variables estudiadas fueron establecidas mediante una red Bayesiana implementada con Netica y Tetrad IV. Posteriormente, se instanciaron valores de probabilidad hipotéticos en algunas variables de la RB para analizar la variación sobre las probabilidades de las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran un distinto peso causal de la motivación autodeterminada y de la motivación de logro sobre la ansiedad competitiva, y evidencian una controvertida relación entre los climas motivacionales percibidos y las orientaciones de tarea y de ego de los jugadores. Asmismo, se confirma el papel residual de la ansiedad somática; el rol instrumental de la aceptación del engaño y la astucia, y finalmente, la validación de la red Bayesiana

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-determinated motivation, the goal orientation and the perceived motivational climate and their impact on the cognitive and somatic components of the competitive anxiety in young athletes, and their acceptance of the use of cheating and gamesmanship in sport. We administered PMCSQ,TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED and SAS- 2 to 270 football, handball and basket ballplayers (Mean age = 14.67, SD = 1.53). Probabilistic relationships of dependence and independence of the variables were studied by a Bayesian network (BN), developed using Netica and Tetrad IV. After the validation of the BN, we instantiated hypothetical probability values of several dependent variables in order to analyze the variation of the probability of the independent variables. Results show different statistical dependence relationships between the self-determined motivation and achievement motivation, respect to the competitive anxiety, and also show a controversial relationship between the perceived motivational climate and the task and egoorientation of the players. It also shows the residual role of the somaticanxiety, and the instrumental role of the the use of cheating and gamemanship

Acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating in young competitive athletes in relation to the motivational climate generated by parents and coaches.

The goal was to assess the relation between the acceptance of using gamesmanship and cheating in sports and the type of motivational climate created by coaches and parents. The sample consisted of 110 soccer, basketball, and handball players from the Balearic Islands competition (70 boys, 40 girls; M age = 14.7 yr., SD = 2.1, range 10-19). As for the motivational climate generated by coaches, task climate was negatively related to the acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating, but ego climate was related to higher acceptance. Motivational climate generated by parents was not related to acceptance of cheating or gamesmanship.

El Cuestionario de Disposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED): su aplicación a jóvenes deportistas / Disposition to cheating in sport questionnaire (CDED): its application to young athletes

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido desarrollar, adaptar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de un Cuestionario de Disposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED), derivado del Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire. La muestra estaba formada por 110 adolescentes (70 niños y 41 niñas) con una media de edad de 14.65 años (Rango: 10 - 19 años; DE = 2.09 años). Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario CDED, formado por las dos subescalas Aceptación del engaño y Aceptación de la astucia, discrimina correctamente, con una fiabilidad y una validez factorial aceptables, entre las variables de la muestra estudiada (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Disposition to Cheating in Sport Questionnaire (CDED), derived from the Attitudes to Moral Decision-Making in Youth Sport Questionnaire (AMDYSQ-1, Lee, Whitehead and Ntoumanis, 2007). The sample included 110 adolescents (70 boys and 41 girls) with a mean age of 14.65 (Range: 10-19; SD = 2.09 years). The results show that the CDED, composed of the Acceptance of Cheating and Acceptance of Gamesmanship subscales, discriminates the population’s variables acceptably and demonstrates an acceptable reliability and factorial validation (AU)