RESUMO
A straightforward and high-yielding synthesis of 1,4-diaryl-1H-imidazoles is reported. 1,4-Diaryl-1H-imidazoles have been difficult to access in ambient conditions, but our method utilizes two different facets of isocyanide reactivity to achieve it. The reaction is believed to involve (1) NHC-copper-catalyzed isocyanide insertion into alcohol to form an N-arylformimidate intermediate and (2) subsequent base-promoted cycloaddition with benzyl isocyanide derivatives. There is cooperation between these two processes through the deprotonation of benzyl isocyanide by KOtBu. The deprotonation gives tert-butyl alcohol and the benzyl isocyanide anion, which are used for the first and second steps of the reaction, respectively. Various control and kinetic experiments were carried out to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism and isocyanide reactivity. The reaction mechanism determined by density functional theory calculations was consistent with the experimental data and provided detailed explanations for the reactivity trends.
RESUMO
The role of CH-π and CF-π interactions in determining the structure of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) palladium complexes were studied using (1) Hâ NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and DFT calculations. The CH-π interactions led to the formation of the cis-anti isomers in 1-aryl-3-isopropylimidazol-2-ylidene-based [(NHC)2 PdX2 ] complexes, while CF-π interactions led to the exclusive formation of the cis-syn isomer of diiodobis(3-isopropyl-1-pentafluorophenylimidazol-2-ylidene) palladium(II).
