Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) position statement on chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children, adolescents and adults in Australia and New Zealand.

This position statement, updated from the 2015 guidelines for managing Australian and New Zealand children/adolescents and adults with chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis, resulted from systematic literature searches by a multi-disciplinary team that included consumers. The main statements are: Diagnose CSLD and bronchiectasis early; this requires awareness of bronchiectasis symptoms and its co-existence with other respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Confirm bronchiectasis with a chest computed-tomography scan, using age-appropriate protocols and criteria in children. Undertake a baseline panel of investigations. Assess baseline severity, and health impact, and develop individualized management plans that include a multi-disciplinary approach and coordinated care between healthcare providers. Employ intensive treatment to improve symptom control, reduce exacerbation frequency, preserve lung function, optimize quality-of-life and enhance survival. In children, treatment also aims to optimize lung growth and, when possible, reverse bronchiectasis. Individualize airway clearance techniques (ACTs) taught by respiratory physiotherapists, encourage regular exercise, optimize nutrition, avoid air pollutants and administer vaccines following national schedules. Treat exacerbations with 14-day antibiotic courses based upon lower airway culture results, local antibiotic susceptibility patterns, clinical severity and patient tolerance. Patients with severe exacerbations and/or not responding to outpatient therapy are hospitalized for further treatments, including intravenous antibiotics and intensive ACTs. Eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa when newly detected in lower airway cultures. Individualize therapy for long-term antibiotics, inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators and mucoactive agents. Ensure ongoing care with 6-monthly monitoring for complications and co-morbidities. Undertake optimal care of under-served peoples, and despite its challenges, delivering best-practice treatment remains the overriding aim.

Need and baseline for harmonising nursing education in respiratory care: preliminary results of a global survey.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic confirmed that respiratory nurses are critical healthcare providers. Limited knowledge is available about appropriate education to prepare nurses to deliver high-quality respiratory care. A survey was developed by the International Coalition for Respiratory Nursing (ICRN) group to identify the need for a respiratory nursing core curriculum. Method: A 39-item survey was distributed to 33 respiratory nursing experts in 27 countries. Questions asked about current roles, perception of need, expectations for a core curriculum project and respiratory content in nursing education in their countries. Results: 30 responses from 25 countries were analysed; participants predominantly worked in academia (53.3%, 16/30) and clinical practice (40%, 12/30). In total, 97% (29/30) confirmed a need for a core respiratory nursing curriculum. Post-registration nursing programmes at bachelor (83.3%, 25/30) and masters (63.3%, 19/30) levels include internal/medical nursing care; less than half identified separate respiratory nursing content. The core educational programme developed should include knowledge (70%, 21/30), skills (60%, 18/30), and competencies (50%, 15/30), with separate paediatric and adult content. Conclusion: Survey results confirm a wide variation in nursing education and respiratory nursing education across the world, with many countries lacking any formal educational programmes to prepare nurses capable of providing enhanced quality respiratory care. These findings support the need for a core respiratory curriculum. To advance this significant work the ICRN group plans to conduct a Delphi study to identify core curriculum requirements for respiratory nursing education at pre-registration and advanced educational levels to flexibly meet each country's specific educational requirements for recognition of respiratory nursing speciality practice.

Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Position Statement: Respiratory nursing.

The Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand's (TSANZ) Position Statement recognizes the pivotal role respiratory nurses play in the lung health of Australians and New Zealanders. The national and international lung health strategies are evidence based to ensure optimal professional clinical support for patients. Respiratory nurses are essential to the success of these strategies as a professional workforce, irrespective of healthcare setting, as they are at the forefront of the delivery of world-class evidence-based respiratory care. Respiratory nursing, as an entity, does not have the status as a nursing specialist area despite its range of professional practice across the life span and diverse settings, including disease prevention, public health, occupational health, symptom management, health education, surgery, rehabilitation, non-invasive ventilation, support for a life-limiting illness and adjustments to living with a chronic disease. Recognition of the specialized nature of work and specialist nursing practice status has been conferred by nurse registration boards upon cancer, emergency, cardiac, critical care, midwifery, mental health and palliative care nurses. It is time to confer this speciality practice recognition upon respiratory nurses of Australia and New Zealand. Through this position statement, the TSANZ advocates for respiratory nursing as a speciality area of professional nursing practice, thus supporting registered nurses in respiratory practice as well as the development of future generations of respiratory nurses. Furthermore, this statement validates the strong partnerships between all professions within the society for the advancement of lung health.

New Zealand COPD Guidelines: Quick Reference Guide.

The purpose of the Asthma and Respiratory Foundation of New Zealand's COPD Guidelines: Quick Reference Guide is to provide simple, practical, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment, and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in clinical practice. The intended users are health professionals responsible for delivering acute and chronic COPD care in community and hospital settings, and those responsible for the training of such health professionals.

Asthma and Respiratory Foundation NZ Adolescent and Adult Asthma Guidelines 2020: a quick reference guide.

The purpose of the 2020 Asthma and Respiratory Foundation NZ Adolescent and Adult Asthma Guidelines is to provide simple, practical and evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment and management of asthma in adolescents and adults (aged 12 and over) in a quick reference format. The intended users are health professionals responsible for delivering asthma care in the community and hospital settings, and those responsible for the training of such health professionals. The main changes in the 2020 update are: 1) combining the recommendations for both adolescents and adults in a single document, 2) the recommendation to avoid SABA-only treatment in the long-term management of asthma, 3) the use of budesonide/formoterol reliever, with or without maintenance budesonide/formoterol, is preferred to SABA reliever, with or without maintenance ICS or ICS/LABA, across the spectrum of asthma severity, 4) introduction of the terminology 'anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR)' therapy to describe the use of budesonide/formoterol as a reliever medication, with or without maintenance budesonide/ formoterol therapy. This approach encompasses and extends the 'Single combination ICS/LABA inhaler Maintenance And Reliever Therapy' (SMART) approach recommended in the previous guideline, 5) the inclusion of two stepwise management algorithms, 6) a clinical allergy section, 7) the role of LAMA therapy in severe asthma, 8) the role of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma and mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma, 9) an appendix detailing educational materials.

Potentially inappropriate medicine prescribing by nurse practitioners in New Zealand.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nurse practitioners (NPs) in New Zealand (NZ) prescribe a broad range of medicines; little is known about their prescribing practice for older adults. Potentially inappropriate medicines (PIMs) can cause more harm than benefit. This study reports on the prescribing of PIMs to older adults (≥65 years) by NPs in NZ. METHODS: A subset analysis using data from NZ Ministry of Health pharmaceutical collection from 2013 to 2015 was completed. Data included NP registration number, medicines dispensed, patient age, sex, and NZ Deprivation level. Those <65 years were excluded. Beers 2015 criteria were used to identify the PIMs. RESULTS: There were 106 NPs that prescribed medicines to 12,410 patients aged ≥65 years. One third of the patients were prescribed ≥1 PIMss. Most (68.4%) were prescribed one PIM; 21.9% two PIMs; 7.1% three PIMs; and 2.6% were prescribed ≥4 PIMs. NPs prescribed an average of 14.9% PIMs. Primary care NPs were more likely to prescribe PIMs, compared to those with a scope of older adults and long-term conditions (p ≤ 0.001). The most common Beers 2015 PIMs prescribed were proton pump inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha blockers, hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and benzodiazepines. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: NPs prescribe lower rates of PIMs to older adults than other prescribers in NZ. However, prescribing practices can be improved and the findings indicate that a more specific educational focus on prescribing to older adults is required. The findings provide an important baseline internationally for NP PIM prescribing and can be used by NPs, and educationally to review and improve practices.

Cognitive function during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: The reported prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranges 36-77%. Few studies report the prevalence of cognitive impairment in acutely unwell COPD patients. AIMS: To determine the prevalence and time course of cognitive impairment in patients with COPD during and after an admission to hospital with an exacerbation of the disease. METHODS: Patients admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD between October 2013 and November 2014 were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool, COPD assessment test and modified Borg dyspnoea scale at three points in time: within 24 h of admission, between 48 and 72 h after admission and 6 weeks post discharge. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients agreed to participate. Four withdrew from the study after the initial evaluation. The mean (range) COPD assessment test score 24 h after admission was 26 (18-37). Cognitive impairment was found in 19/25 (76%) patients at the initial evaluation, 16/21 (76%) patients at the second evaluation. Overall, 22/25 (88%) showed cognitive impairment within 72 h of an exacerbation of COPD. Fourteen out of 21 (66%) patients showed cognitive impairment at the final evaluation. The mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores improved from admission (22.6) to the second evaluation (23.3) to the final evaluation 3 (24.4), but this change was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent during hospital admissions with an exacerbation of COPD. This impairment does improve with time, but only a minority recover within a normal range. This will affect patients' abilities to understand and remember information given to them in hospital and adhere to medication regimens.

Prescribing by nurse practitioners: Insights from a New Zealand study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nurse practitioners (NPs) in New Zealand have been able to prescribe medicines since 2001; however, little is known about their prescribing practice. This study describes the NPs who prescribe community-dispensed medicines, the patients, and identifies the most frequently prescribed medications. METHODS: A retrospective search of the Ministry of Health pharmaceutical collection was completed from 2013 to 2015. NP registration number, patient age, gender, deprivation index, and the name and date of dispensed medication, including the New Zealand pharmaceutical schedule therapeutic group, were identified. CONCLUSIONS: NPs prescribe a broad range of medications across all therapeutic groups with antibacterial and analgesics being the most commonly prescribed medicines. This is comparable to all prescribers in New Zealand and NPs in Australia. The majority of patients lived in the more deprived areas of New Zealand indicating that NPs are working in areas of greater health need. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The majority of NPs registered in New Zealand prescribe medicines. Those in primary care prescribe the most medications. NPs prescribe a broad range of medicines across all drug therapeutic groups. The patients seen by NPs often live in the most deprived areas of New Zealand. Understanding prescribing patterns will help to inform curricular development and continuing education programs for NPs.

Asthma and Respiratory Foundation NZ adult asthma guidelines: a quick reference guide.

The purpose of the Asthma and Respiratory Foundation NZ Adult Asthma Guidelines is to provide simple, practical and evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment and management of asthma in adults (aged 16 and over) in a quick reference format. The intended users are health professionals responsible for delivering asthma care in the community and hospital Emergency Department settings, and those responsible for the training of such health professionals.

Interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

BACKGROUND: People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are believed be at higher risk of problems with sexual function than age-matched peers. Problems with sexuality or sexual function associated with COPD may arise as a results of hormonal, physiological, or psychological problems, or as a result of changes in intimate relationships arising from the chronic nature of the condition. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with COPD. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group's Specialised Register on 8 July 2015 and conducted supplementary searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, four other databases, and two trials registers to July 2015, together with reference checking, citation searching, and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. We used no language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, and quasi-RCTs evaluating the effects of pharmacological, mechanical, psychological, or educational interventions to address problems with sexual well-being in people with COPD and their partners. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently reviewed search results against predetermined inclusion criteria. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias for included studies. We contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: We included two studies involving a total of 48 participants. One of these studies (an RCT) investigated the effect of a pharmacological intervention (testosterone therapy) compared to a placebo over a four-month period. The other study (a quasi-RCT) compared one month of long-term oxygen therapy to a single 24-hour dose of oxygen therapy over a one-month period. Both studies only included men with moderate to very severe COPD (mean FEV1% across both studies 41%; standard deviation (SD) 11.7%) who were under the age of 74 (mean age across both studies 65 years; SD 7.1). We found low-quality evidence that testosterone therapy for men with COPD results in improvements in erectile function, but no evidence of effect regarding overall satisfaction with sexual function. There is insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding the possibility of adverse events arising from testosterone therapy for COPD or the effect of oxygen therapy on erectile dysfunction. Neither study provided additional data on sexual function, other than erectile function. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is currently insufficient evidence from clinical trials at present to inform the best way of providing interventions to improve sexual function and sexual satisfaction for people with COPD and their partners. Consequently, clinicians need to rely on clinical trials involving people without COPD and expert opinion in order to guide clinical practice in this area. Considerably more trials need to be conducted in this area of clinical practice.

ANTECEDENTES: Se considera que los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tienen un mayor riesgo de problemas con la función sexual que sus pares igualados por la edad. Los problemas con la sexualidad o la función sexual asociados con la EPOC pueden surgir como resultado de problemas hormonales, fisiológicos o psicológicos, o como resultado de los cambios en las relaciones íntimas que aparecen por la naturaleza crónica de la afección. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones para la disfunción sexual en los pacientes con EPOC. MÉTODOS DE BÚSQUEDA: Se buscó en el registro especializado del Grupo Cochrane de Vías Respiratorias (Cochrane Airways Group) el 8 de julio de 2015 y se realizaron búsquedas suplementarias en el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, en otras cuatro bases de datos y en otros dos registros hasta julio 2015, junto con la verificación de las referencias, la búsqueda de citas y el contacto con autores de estudios para identificar estudios adicionales. No se aplicó ninguna restricción de idioma o de fecha. CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN: Ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA), ECA grupales y ensayos controlados cuasialeatorios que evaluaron los efectos de las intervenciones farmacológicas, mecánicas, psicológicas o educacionales para enfrentar los problemas con el bienestar sexual en pacientes con EPOC y sus parejas. OBTENCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS: Dos revisores de manera independiente examinaron los resultados de la búsqueda contra los criterios predeterminados de inclusión. Dos autores de la revisión, de forma independiente, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos. Se contactó con los autores de los estudios para obtener información adicional. RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES: Se incluyeron dos estudios con un total de 48 participantes. Uno de estos estudios (un ECA) investigó el efecto de una intervención farmacológica (tratamiento con testosterona) comparada con placebo durante un período de cuatro meses. El otro estudio (un ensayo controlado cuasialeatorio) comparó un mes de oxigenoterapia a largo plazo con una dosis única de 24 horas de oxigenoterapia durante un período de un mes. Ambos estudios solamente incluyeron hombres con EPOC moderada a muy grave (VEF1% medio en ambos estudios 41%; desviación estándar [DE] 11,7%) que tenían menos de 74 años (edad promedio en ambos estudios 65 años; DE 7,1). Se encontraron pruebas de baja calidad de que el tratamiento con testosterona en los hombres con EPOC da lugar a mejorías en la función eréctil, pero no se obtuvieron pruebas del efecto con respecto a la satisfacción general con la función sexual. No hay datos suficientes para establecer conclusiones con respecto a la posibilidad de eventos adversos con el tratamiento con testosterona para la EPOC o el efecto de la oxigenoterapia sobre la disfunción eréctil. Ningún estudio proporcionó datos adicionales sobre la función sexual, aparte de la función eréctil. CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES: Actualmente no hay pruebas suficientes de ensayos clínicos que informen la mejor manera de proporcionar intervenciones para mejorar la función sexual y la satisfacción sexual de los pacientes con EPOC y sus parejas. Por lo tanto, los médicos deben depender de ensayos clínicos que incluyen pacientes sin EPOC y de la opinión de expertos para guiar la práctica clínica en esta área. Es necesario realizar muchos más ensayos en esta área de la práctica clínica.