In vivo measurement of strain in the periodontal space of pig (Sus scrofa) incisors using in-fiber Bragg sensors.

The incisor teeth in pigs, Sus scrofa, function in association with a disc-shaped snout to explore the environment for potential food. Understanding how mechanical loading applied to the tooth deforms the periodontal ligament (PDL) is important to determining the role of periodontal mechanoreceptors during food exploration and feeding. The objective of this study was to use fiber Bragg (FBG) sensors to measure strain in vivo within the PDL space of pig incisors. The central mandibular incisors of pigs underwent spring loaded lingual tipping during FBG strain recording within the labial periodontal space. FBG sensors were placed within the periodontal space of the central mandibular incisors of ~2-3-month-old farm pigs. The magnitude and orientation of spring loads are expected to mimic incisor contact with food. During incisor tipping with load calibrated springs, FBG strains in vitro (N = 6) and in vivo (N = 6) recorded at comparable load levels overlapped in range (-10-20 µÎµ). Linear regressions between peak FBG strains, that is, the highest recorded strain value, and baseline strains, that is, strain without applied spring load, were significant across all in vivo experiments (peak strain at 200 g vs. baseline, p = .04; peak strain at 2000 g vs. baseline p = .03; peak strain at 2000 g vs. 200 g, p = .004). These linear relationships indicate that on a per experiment basis, the maximum measured strain at different spring loads showed predictable differences. A Friedman test of the absolute value of peak strain confirmed the significant increase in strain between baseline, 200 g, and 2000 g spring activation (p = .02). Mainly compressive strains were recorded in the labial PDL space and increases in spring load applied in vivo generated increases in FBG strain measurements. These results demonstrate the capacity for FBG sensors to be used in vivo to assess transmission of occlusal loads through the periodontium. PDL strain is associated with mechanoreceptor stimulation and is expected to affect the functional morphology of the incisors. The overall low levels of strain observed may correspond with the robust functional morphology of pig incisors and the tendency for pigs to encounter diverse foods and substrates during food exploration.

Hyaluronan-CD44 interactions mediate contractility and migration in periodontal ligament cells.

The role of hyaluronan (HA) in periodontal healing has been speculated via its interaction with the CD44 receptor. While HA-CD44 interactions have previously been implicated in numerous cell types; effect and mechanism of exogenous HA on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is less clear. Herein, we examine the effect of exogenous HA on contractility and migration in human and murine PDL cells using arrays of microposts and time-lapse microscopy. Our findings observed HA-treated human PDL cells as more contractile and less migratory than untreated cells. Moreover, the effect of HA on contractility and focal adhesion area was abrogated when PDL cells were treated with Y27632, an inhibitor of rho-dependent kinase, but not when these cells were treated with ML-7, an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase. Our results provide insight into the mechanobiology of PDL cells, which may contribute towards the development of therapeutic strategies for periodontal healing and tissue regeneration.

Advances in defining regulators of cementum development and periodontal regeneration.

Substantial advancements have been made in defining the cells and molecular signals that guide tooth crown morphogenesis and development. As a result, very encouraging progress has been made in regenerating crown tissues by using dental stem cells and recombining epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of specific developmental ages. To date, attempts to regenerate a complete tooth, including the critical periodontal tissues of the tooth root, have not been successful. This may be in part due to a lesser degree of understanding of the events leading to the initiation and development of root and periodontal tissues. Controversies still exist regarding the formation of periodontal tissues, including the origins and contributions of cells, the cues that direct root development, and the potential of these factors to direct regeneration of periodontal tissues when they are lost to disease. In recent years, great strides have been made in beginning to identify and characterize factors contributing to formation of the root and surrounding tissues, that is, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This review focuses on the most exciting and important developments over the last 5 years toward defining the regulators of tooth root and periodontal tissue development, with special focus on cementogenesis and the potential for applying this knowledge toward developing regenerative therapies. Cells, genes, and proteins regulating root development are reviewed in a question-answer format in order to highlight areas of progress as well as areas of remaining uncertainty that warrant further study.

Load transmission in the nasofrontal suture of the pig, Sus scrofa.

The nasofrontal suture links the nasal complex with the braincase and is subject to compressive strain during mastication and (theoretically) tensile strain during growth of nasal soft tissues. The suture's ability to transmit compressive and tensile loads therefore affects both cranioskeletal stress distribution and growth. This study investigated the in vitro viscoelastic and failure properties of the nasofrontal suture in the pig, Sus scrofa. Suture specimens from two ages were tested in compression and tension and at fast and slow rates. In additional specimens, strain gauges were applied to the suture and nasal bone for strain measurement during testing. Relaxation testing demonstrated higher elastic moduli in tension than compression, regardless of test rate or pig age. In contrast, maximum elastic moduli from failure tests, as well as peak stresses, were significantly higher in compression than in tension. Sutures from older pigs tended to have higher elastic moduli and peak stresses, significantly so for tensile relaxation moduli. Strain gauge results showed that deformation at the suture was much greater than that of the nasal bone. These data demonstrate the viscoelasticity and deformability of the nasofrontal sutural ligament. The suture achieved maximal resistance to tensile deformation at low loads, corresponding with the low tensile loads likely to occur during growth of nasal soft tissues. In contrast, the maximal stiffness in compression at high loads indicates that the suture functions with a substantial safety factor during mastication.

The crowning achievement: getting to the root of the problem.

An ideal goal of oral-craniofacial dental reconstructive therapy is to establish treatment modalities that predictably restore functional tissues. One major area of focus has been in the area of dental materials with marked improvements in the design of materials used to restore teeth/periodontium/bone lost as a consequence of disease or disorders. With advances in understanding the cell and molecular controls for development and regeneration of tooth structures, it is now possible to consider therapies that promote regeneration of lost tissues, along with replacement of these tissues. This review presents a background on our current knowledge as to the composition of the tooth/periodontium followed by a discussion on successes to date, both in vitro and in vivo, toward regenerating a whole tooth and next steps required to regenerate a functional tooth.

Postcanine dental form in the mustelidae and viverridae (Carnivora: Mammalia).

This study investigates whether the gross morphology of mustelid and viverrid postcanine dentitions corresponds with differences in diet. For each species, the predominant foods ingested are used to form predictions of dental form and measurements of the carnassial and molar teeth determine the extent of shearing and crushing surfaces on the postcanine teeth. Principal components analysis distinguishes species according to morphological differences in the dentition and these differences are compared with predictions of dental form based on diet. Dietarily specialized species are more likely to be correspondingly specialized in the dentition and species with varied food sources are more likely to possess dental characteristics that are generalized in function. Consumers of foods with high fracture resistance, such as vertebrate tissue and hard-surfaced invertebrates, possess specialized shearing or crushing postcanine teeth. On the other hand, species that consume foods of lesser fracture resistance, such as fruit and soft invertebrates, differ greatly in dental form and are more generalized in dental function. A few species possess postcanine dentitions that do not correspond with diet; the absence of dental-dietary correlation in these species suggests that other factors, such as phylogeny, are important in determining dental form.