The genetic population structure of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle slaughtered at the Yaoundé and Douala abattoirs in Cameroon.

Bovine tuberculosis is still prevalent and under-evaluated in cattle destined for human consumption in Cameroon. Potential reservoirs of the disease include livestock imported from countries endemic for bovine tuberculosis, such as Nigeria and Chad, and potential residual reservoirs in local livestock and wildlife. Few studies have been done in Cameroon to genotype the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) strains responsible for bovine tuberculosis. The aim of this work is to describe the population structure of MTC strains isolated from cattle, using spoligotyping as the genotyping method. Out of 218 organs or tissues from cattle with suspected tuberculosis lesions, 90 MTC strains were isolated and underwent molecular typing; among them, 86 strains were identified as M. bovis and four strains as M. tuberculosis. The M. tuberculosis strains belonged to rare M. tuberculosis lineages of the U family; among the M. bovis strains SB0944 was the most prevalent. Eight new spoligotype patterns were identified, representing 33% (30/90) of all isolates. Among these new spoligotypes, SB1955 was dominant. The spoligotype patterns of 85 M. bovis strains lacked spacer 30, a common characteristic of the M. bovis lineage African 1, described earlier in Cameroon, Chad, Mali and Nigeria. This study shows ongoing tuberculosis transmission involving M. bovis lineages not previously described as the leading cause of disease. It also shows a possible reverse zoonosis from humans to cattle.

[Prevention of HIV mother to child transmission in Cotonou: child follow-up]. / Suivi de l'enfant de mère infectée par le VIH dans le cadre de la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant à Cotonou (Bénin).

UNLABELLED: The aim of this survey was to analyse the constraints of implementing on a larger scale the protocol of prevention of HIV/AIDS from mother to child by Nevirapine intake. This survey takes stock of the components of the children medical care follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODOLOGY: Here is a straight line survey on 231 newborns from 222 screened mothers during pregnancy in 36 Health Centres in Cotonou and suburbia. Nevirapine has been administered in a single dose of 200 mg to mothers during labour and a dosage of 7 mg to the infant at birth. These infants have been steadily followed-up from 13 June 2000 to 30 April 2002. Exclusively feeding either on artificial milk or breastfeeding and a premature weaning at four months of age have been recommended. PCR screening has been conducted at one and six months of age or one month after the effective weaning. Cotrimoxazole has been systematically administered at six weeks. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS sero prevalence was globally evaluated at 4% in the screened pregnant women. One hundred and ninety seven mothers and children have effectively benefited from nevirapine intakes and this protocol has been adequately observed in 51% cases. The medical check-up rate was 18.5%. The average age of children under medical care was 10.8 months at the end of the study. The mother to child transmission rate was globally estimated at 20.4% and 7% in an optimal situation (the protocol was observed and the rate of CD4 above 500). In case of breastfeeding exclusively followed by a premature weaning in most cases, the average age of effective weaning was 8.3 months. Twenty-three children died during medical care follow-up basically from dehydration brought about by diarrhea and vomiting during weaning period. CONCLUSION: The survey confirms the potency of nevirapine in preventing HIV transmission from mother to child in non immunosuppressed women and lays emphasis on real problems for which appropriate solutions should be found before the implementation on a larger scale of this protocol.