Proteção cerebral em pacientes idosos durante implante de stent carotídeo / Cerebral protection in elderly patients during carotid stenting

INTRODUÇÃO: O tipo de proteção cerebral utilizado durante o implante de stent carotídeo é controverso em idosos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados dos dispositivos de proteção embólica cerebral (PEC), proximal e distal, em pacientes > 70 anos de idade, por meio da ressonância magnética ponderada de difusão (RM-PD). MÉTODOS: Entre 2008 e 2011, 60 pacientes com indicação de stent carotídeo foram randomizados para PEC com Mo.Ma® ou Angioguard®, dos quais 26 tinham > 70 anos de idade. Os resultados da RM-PD realizada antes e 48 horas após o procedimento foram avaliados por neuro­logista independente e cego para o tipo de PEC utilizado. Foram analisados o número de novos focos isquêmicos, sua localização e o tamanho. RESULTADOS: Novos focos isquêmicos cerebrais foram encontrados em 8/12 (66,7%) pacientes do grupo Mo.Ma® e em 12/14 (85,7%) pacientes do grupo Angioguard® (P = 0,37). A maioria das lesões (> 90%) era ipsilateral à artéria tratada em ambos os grupos, e o tamanho das lesões foi < 0,5 cm na maioria dos casos. O número de lesões por paciente foi menor com o dispositivo Mo.Ma® (mediana [variação]: 3 [1 a 8] lesões vs. 15 [2 a 76] lesões; P < 0,001). Todos os pacientes que tiveram mais de 40 lesões pertenciam ao grupo Angioguard®. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo utilizando PEC (proximal ou distal), novas lesões isquêmicas foram observadas em ambos os grupos em pacientes idosos. Proporcionalmente maior número de pacientes com Angioguard® teve novos focos isquêmicos se comparados aos pacientes do grupo Mo.Ma®. O dispositivo de PEC Mo.Ma® parece diminuir o número de lesões por paciente.

BACKGROUND: The type of cerebral protection used during carotid stenting in the elderly is controversial. Our objective was to evaluate the results of proximal and distal cerebral embolic protection devices (EPDs), in patients > 70 years through diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). METHODS: Between 2008 and 2011, 60 patients with indication for carotid stenting were randomized to EPD with Mo.Ma® or Angioguard®, of which 26 patients were > 70 years of age. Results of DW-MRI performed before and 48 hours after the procedure were evaluated by an independent neurologist blinded to the type of EPD used. New ischemic lesions, their localization and size were analyzed. RESULTS: New cerebral ischemic lesions were found in 8/12 (66.7%) patients in the Mo.Ma® group and 12/14 (85.7%) patients in the Angioguard® group (P = 0.37). The vast majority of the lesions (> 90%) were ipsilateral to the treated artery in both groups and the size of the lesions was < 0.5 cm in most cases. The number of lesions per patient was lower with the Mo.Ma® device (median [variation]: 3 [1 to 8] lesions vs 15 [2 to 76] lesions; P < 0.001). All of the patients with more than 40 lesions were in the Angioguard® group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of EPDs (proximal or distal), new ischemic lesions were observed in both groups in elderly patients. A proportionately larger number of patients with Angioguard® had new ischemic lesions when compared to those with Mo.Ma®. The Mo.Ma® device seems to decrease the number of lesions per patient.

Randomized comparison of distal and proximal cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting

Objectives This study sought to randomly compare cerebral protection with ANGIOGUARD (CordisCorporation, Bridgewater, New Jersey) with Mo.Ma (Invatec/Medtronic Vascular Inc, Santa Rosa,California) during carotid artery stenting (CAS), using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging(DW-MRI) to detect new ischemic cerebral lesions. The number, size, and location of lesions wereanalyzed.Background The choice of the type of cerebral protection during CAS is controversial.Methods From July 2008 to July 2011, 60 patients undergoing CAS were randomized toANGIOGUARD or Mo.Ma, distributed by chance, 30 patients for each group. All patients underwentDW-MRI before and after CAS. An independent neuroradiologist blinded to the cerebral protectionused analyzed the images. Univariate and multivariate logistic models were fitted to analyze newischemic lesions. Alternatively, a propensity score approach was used to reduce the bias due todifferences between the groups. For the number of lesions, we used Poisson regression models.Results New ischemic lesions seen on DW-MRI were present in 63.3% of the ANGIOGUARD groupversus 66.7% of the Mo.Ma cohort (p » 0.787). The number of ischemic cerebral lesions per patient,when present, was significantly lower in the Mo.Ma group (a median of 6 lesions per patient vs.a median of 10 in the ANGIOGUARD, p 60%, but thenumber of lesions per patient was greater in the ANGIOGUARD group. No death or disabling strokeoccurred during at least 1 year of follow-up in both cohorts.

CT and MR in non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: radiological findings with pathophysiological correlations.

Non-neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a clinical condition often related to cardiopulmonary arrest that demands critical management and treatment decisions. Management depends mainly on the degree of neurological impairment and prognostic considerations. Computed tomography (CT) is often used to exclude associated or mimicking pathology. If any, only nonspecific signs such as cerebral edema, sulci effacement, and decreased gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) differentiation are evident. Pseudosubarachnoid hemorrhage, a GM/WM attenuation ratio <1.18, and inverted GM attenuation are associated with a poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is more sensitive than CT in assessing brain damage in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Some MR findings have similarities to those seen pathologically, based on spatial distribution and time scale, such as lesions distributed in watershed regions and selective injury to GM structures. In the acute phase, lesions are better depicted using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) because of the presence of cytotoxic edema, which, on T2-weighted images, only become apparent later in the early subacute phase. In the late subacute phase, postanoxic leukoencephalopathy and contrast enhancement could be observed. In the chronic phase, atrophic changes predominate over tissue signal changes. MR can be useful for estimating prognosis when other tests are inconclusive. Some findings, such as the extent of lesions on DWI and presence of a lactate peak and depleted N-acetyl aspartate peak on MR spectroscopy, seem to have prognostic value.

Laceration of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery by suboccipital puncture of the cisterna magna: case report.

We report the case of a 27 year old man who presented to the emergency room of a hospital with headache, vomiting and an episode of loss of conciousness. A cranial CT scan was normal and the patient discharged. Ten hours later he came to the emergency room of our hospital with the same complaints. A technically difficult cisternal puncture in an anxious patient who moved during the needle introduction was done. The CSF sample showed 1600 intact red blood cells without other alterations. His headache worsened and after 6 hours he became drowsy, numb and exhibited decerebration signs. A new CT scan showed diffuse subarachnoid and intraventricular blood. An emergency angiogram demonstrated laceration of a left posterior-inferior cerebellar artery in its retrobulbar loop with a pseudoaneurysm. He was successfully treated by surgical clipping without injury. Sixteen days later he was discharged with a normal neurological exam.

Laceration of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery by suboccipital puncture of the cisterna magna: case report

Relatamos o caso de um homem de 27 anos que procurou o pronto atendimento de um hospital com cefaléia intensa, vômitos e um episódio de perda de consciência. Uma tomografia de crânio foi normal e o paciente foi dispensado. Dez horas após, o paciente procurou o setor de emergência do nosso hospital com as mesmas queixas. Uma punção suboccipital tecnicamente dificultada pela ansiedade do paciente que se movimentou durante a coleta foi realizada evidenciando amostra de LCR levemente hemorrágico. A análise do LCR mostrou presença de 1600 hemácias íntegras sem aumento de leucócitos nem alterações bioquímicas. Houve piora acentuada da cefaléia e após 6 horas apresentou sonolência, torpor e sinais de descerebração. Nova tomografia mostrou sangue no espaço subaracnóideo e nos ventrículos. Uma angiografia realizada de emergência demonstrou laceração da artéria cerebelar póstero-inferior esquerda com a formação de um pseudoaneurisma. O paciente foi de imediato operado tendo sido realizada a clipagem do pseudoaneurisma com sucesso. Dezesseis dias após o paciente teve alta com exame neurológico normal.

IV Ventrículo isolado: consideraçöes e relato de 3 casos / Isolated IV ventricle: considerations and report of 3 cases

Inúmeras säo as complicaçöes das derivaçöes usadas no tratamento da hidrocefalia. O isolamento do IV ventrículo das demais cavidades e espaços liquóricos, sua dilataçäo conseqüente e a sintomatología associada constituem a chamada síndrome do IV ventrículo isolado. A literatura recente é revisada e 3 novos casos säo descritos, chamando-se a atençäo para a importância que tem a causa inicial da hidrocefalia na etiologia do isolamento do IV ventrículo. O diagnóstico atualmente é feito pela demonstraçäo, por tomografia computadorizada, da dilataçäo persistente ou tardia do IV ventrículo, com dimensöes normais ou reduzidas do restante do sistema ventricular. A drenagem adicional deste ventrículo por derivaçäo é o tratamento de escolha