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J Biomater Sci Polym Ed ; 34(1): 108-146, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35924585

RESUMO

Four-dimensional (4 D) printing is a novel emerging technology, which can be defined as the ability of 3 D printed materials to change their form and functions. The term 'time' is added to 3 D printing as the fourth dimension, in which materials can respond to a stimulus after finishing the manufacturing process. 4 D printing provides more versatility in terms of size, shape, and structure after printing the construct. Complex material programmability, multi-material printing, and precise structure design are the essential requirements of 4 D printing systems. The utilization of stimuli-responsive polymers has increasingly taken the place of cell traction force-dependent methods and manual folding, offering a more advanced technique to affect a construct's adjusted shape transformation. The present review highlights the concept of 4 D printing and the responsive bioinks used in 4 D printing, such as water-responsive, pH-responsive, thermo-responsive, and light-responsive materials used in tissue regeneration. Cell traction force methods are described as well. Finally, this paper aims to introduce the limitations and future trends of 4 D printing in biomedical applications based on selected key references from the last decade.


Assuntos
Bioimpressão , Medicina Regenerativa , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Bioimpressão/métodos , Impressão Tridimensional , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Alicerces Teciduais/química
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