The effect of a community-based, integrated and nurturing care intervention on early childhood development in rural China.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether an integrated, community-based and nurturing care intervention led to a reduction in the prevalence of suspected neurodevelopmental delay in children. The study also considered how the programme could be sustained to promote early development in children aged under 3 years in the poorest areas of rural China. STUDY DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was applied, with data collection before and after a 2-year programme implementation, in both intervention and comparison (control) areas. METHODS: From July 2014, the Integrated Early Childhood Development (IECD) programme was implemented in poverty-stricken areas in four counties of China. Nurturing care intervention focusing on five components (child health, nutrition, responsive care, protection and early learning support) was delivered mainly by the village early childhood development centre and township/village clinic. Another two counties of similar per capita gross domestic product, geographical characteristics, under-five mortality rate, under-five underweight prevalence and ethnicity to the four programme counties were selected as the comparison and received no IECD programme intervention. The Ages & Stages Questionnaire was used to evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcome of children; the overall suspected developmental delay (SDD) referred to any developmental delay in the communication, gross-motor, fine-motor or problem-solving or personal-social domains of the questionnaire. Children underwent anthropometric measurements and haemoglobin concentration testing through peripheral blood. Face-to-face interviews of caregivers were conducted to collect intervention use, cognitive stimulation and child-protection behaviours. A difference-in-differences regression approach, adjusting for confounding factors, was applied to estimate intervention impact on the neurodevelopmental outcomes in the children. Path analysis was employed to examine the mediating effects of growth, nutrition status, cognitive stimulation and child-protection behaviours through which the IECD intervention predicted children's developmental health. RESULTS: In total, 2953 children aged under 3 years and their caregivers were enrolled at baseline, and 2745 child-caregiver pairs completed the postintervention assessment. Prevalence of overall SDD was reduced by 18% (from 37% at baseline to 19% at postintervention) in intervention counties, which is a significant difference compared with the 10% reduction in control counties (from 30% to 20%), with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.89). Consistent findings were found across domains. Path analysis indicated that the effect of the intervention on promoting developmental health was mediated by multiple nurturing care-associated factors, including cognitive stimulation frequency, positive discipline, length-for-age growth and haemoglobin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The community-based integrated intervention could significantly prevent developmental delay in children aged under 3 years in rural China.

Pharmacokinetics of terbutaline after subcutaneous administration.

The pharmacokinetics of terbutaline has been studied after subcutaneous adminsitration of a therapeutic dose of 250 microgram in 14 patients. Short absorption half-lives of about 7 min resulted in a fast uptake of the drug. Serum concentrations of terbutaline were measured up to 10 hr after administration, depending on the individual. An open one-compartment model appeared adequate for the mathematical description of the kinetics in most patients. Elimination constants of 0.27 +/- 0.07 hr-1 were observed. The elimination process was biphasic in 5 patients with a mean elimination constant of the second phase of 0.10 +/- 0.04 hr-1. This resulted in a comparatively high concentration of 0.7 ng/ml 10 hr after administration. Regular use of terbutaline did not influence the pharmacokinetic data in a significant way.